Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 391 - 420 of 8743

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Developing A Multimodal Approach To Channel Characterization On Youtube, Shadi Shajari Jan 2026

Developing A Multimodal Approach To Channel Characterization On Youtube, Shadi Shajari

Theses and Dissertations

YouTube has become a dominant arena for global information sharing, where creators and audiences interact through content, comments, and engagement dynamics. Understanding how these interactions shape a channel’s identity requires a comprehensive characterization of both audience behavior and content structure. This dissertation develops a unified framework for characterizing YouTube channels through multimodal analysis that integrates behavioral modeling, dimensionality reduction, clustering, and content-based characterization to provide a holistic view of audience and editorial patterns. The framework begins by analyzing the structural relationships within co-commenter networks, where users who repeatedly comment on the same videos are connected to capture patterns of interaction …


Grassroots Governance And Resilience: The Role Of Barangay Disaster Communication Amid Political Uncertainty, Karl Lenin Calaramo Benigno, Elsie Pilar, Yolanda Sabado-Lao Jan 2026

Grassroots Governance And Resilience: The Role Of Barangay Disaster Communication Amid Political Uncertainty, Karl Lenin Calaramo Benigno, Elsie Pilar, Yolanda Sabado-Lao

Jurnal Wacana Politik

This study examines the role of barangay-level communication in disaster preparedness and response amid political uncertainty, focusing on Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Specifically, it investigates how comprehension of disaster warnings and COVID-19-related terms affects citizens’ compliance, and how demographic and barangay-related factors moderate this relationship. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving surveys of 44 respondents (household heads, barangay officials, and Sangguniang Kabataan officers) and key informant interviews to document communication practices, sources of information, and community trust. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.843, p < 0.001) between comprehension and compliance, highlighting the critical role of understanding in disaster response. Findings also show that traditional communication channels, such as barangay announcements and personal networks, remain central, while political uncertainty can indirectly undermine trust and affect message adherence. Youth participation via SK initiatives contributes to information dissemination but requires enhanced resources and training. This study contributes novel insights by integrating statistical evidence, qualitative analysis, and political context to explain the dynamics of grassroots disaster communication. Policy recommendations include capacity-building, hybrid communication strategies, participatory governance, youth engagement, and integration of political risk into preparedness planning, aimed at enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity in local communities.


“Fairy-Tale Beginnings Are Often Pretty Bad.” Filling The Gaps Of The Adoption Experience With Narrative Inquiry, Christina B. Gunther, Michelle A. Cole, Robin L. Danzak Jan 2026

“Fairy-Tale Beginnings Are Often Pretty Bad.” Filling The Gaps Of The Adoption Experience With Narrative Inquiry, Christina B. Gunther, Michelle A. Cole, Robin L. Danzak

The Qualitative Report

This study utilized narrative inquiry to delve into some of the less-celebrated experiences of adoptees and their families. Drawing on focus group data from 17 adult participants with various connections to adoption, we co-constructed three composite narratives centering on darker aspects of the adoption experience: adoptees’ sense of loss, adoption as a secret or taboo, and the challenging implications of interracial adoption. By weaving together participants' authentic voices, the study provides rich insights into the multifaceted experiences of those touched by adoption. The narratives reveal complex emotional journeys of adoptees, including feelings of rejection and grief, identity struggles, and the …


Implementation Of Sustainable Development Goals Into Technical And Vocational Education And Training Curricula: Regional Differences In Southeast Asia And South Asia, G.L.D. Wickramasinghe, Vathsala Wickramasinghe Jan 2026

Implementation Of Sustainable Development Goals Into Technical And Vocational Education And Training Curricula: Regional Differences In Southeast Asia And South Asia, G.L.D. Wickramasinghe, Vathsala Wickramasinghe

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

The implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into curricula is within the current discourse of education for sustainable development to maintain a curriculum relevant to SDGs. We present findings of a research study that investigated the implementation of SDGs into Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) curricula in the Global South - Southeast Asia and South Asia. The objectives of the paper are to present findings on 1) the implementation of nine (9) SDGs into TVET curricula, namely, 1 – ‘No Poverty’, 2 – ‘Zero Hunger’, 3 – ‘Good Health and Well-being’, 10 – ‘Reduced Inequalities’, 11 – ‘Sustainable …


Play For All: Financial And Legal Dilemmas In Proposing Adaptive Playgrounds, John J. Miller Dr., Jason W. Lee Jan 2026

Play For All: Financial And Legal Dilemmas In Proposing Adaptive Playgrounds, John J. Miller Dr., Jason W. Lee

The COSMA Journal

This case study examines the complexities of designing, funding, and legally complying with adaptive and inclusive playgrounds for children with disabilities. Inclusive playgrounds prioritize social integration by enabling children of all abilities to play together, while adaptive playgrounds focus on accommodating specific functional needs through specialized equipment. Both approaches support physical, cognitive, and social development and promote equitable community participation. Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), mandate accessibility in public and private recreational spaces, yet compliance alone does not guarantee meaningful inclusion. Additionally, funding remains a significant challenge, with full-scale adaptive playgrounds often costing hundreds …


How Do Women Maintain Access To Land In The Context Of Multiple Land Users In Contemporary Rural Tanzania?, Rose George Mbezi, Rosemarie Mwaipopo Jan 2026

How Do Women Maintain Access To Land In The Context Of Multiple Land Users In Contemporary Rural Tanzania?, Rose George Mbezi, Rosemarie Mwaipopo

Tanzania Journal of Sociology

Rural Tanzania is increasingly experiencing a growing heterogeneity of land users, driven by demographic shifts, socio-economic changes, and policy transformations, all of which influence women's ability to maintain secure access to land. Customary practices such as marriage, inheritance, and communal property access are now being practiced alongside statutory frameworks, including land policies and the transformation of communal land into private property, often influenced by economic investments and land acquisitions. Although legislative frameworks have been established to facilitate land access for both men and women, they remain insufficient, as women continue to face challenges in sustaining access to land amidst the …


2026 January 8 - Academic Council Agenda And Minutes, Academic Council, East Tennessee State University Jan 2026

2026 January 8 - Academic Council Agenda And Minutes, Academic Council, East Tennessee State University

Academic Council Agenda and Minutes

The Academic Council met on January 8, 2026, under the leadership of Provost Dr. Kimberly McCorkle to conduct routine business and receive several informational updates. The meeting featured presentations on two major topics: a proposal to rename the Department of Exercise Science to Exercise and Sport Science to more accurately reflect its academic programs in sport performance and strength and conditioning, and an overview of the newly established Center for Community Engagement, which formalizes the university’s long-standing commitment to outreach, collaborative partnerships, and Carnegie Community Engagement classification efforts. Additional updates included spring 2026 enrollment monitoring, with attention to payment deadlines …


The Built Environment And Its Effects On Health Outcomes In Metropolitan Miami, Jared Sanchez Hoehing Jan 2026

The Built Environment And Its Effects On Health Outcomes In Metropolitan Miami, Jared Sanchez Hoehing

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

Obesity, depression and social isolation rates are an increasing worry in the United States. As planners, we help shape the built environment, which can influence a person’s health outcomes. To assess the effects the built environment has on health outcomes, this paper looks at the percentage of park space, the population density and the national walk index score, combined with several demographic and socioeconomic variables in the Metropolitan Miami region. The study uses the spatial autoregression results of the variables on each health measurement to determine the connection with each health outcome. Despite initial hypotheses that the built environment leads …


Refusing To Run Away From The Hard Part: Notes On Reflexivity Towards Abolitionist Pedagogy & Teaching, Julissa O. Muñiz, Casey P. Wong Jan 2026

Refusing To Run Away From The Hard Part: Notes On Reflexivity Towards Abolitionist Pedagogy & Teaching, Julissa O. Muñiz, Casey P. Wong

Feminist Pedagogy

In this critical commentary, we enter into conversation with educators who have practiced abolition, culturally sustaining pedagogy, and critical pedagogies, and consider what it means to sustain a learning community experiencing harm in real time. We assess a case involving a teacher-student interaction at a private minimum security women’s state prison in Texas. Following one of the author's critical reflections, we think about the importance of abolitionist educators giving benefit of the doubt, grasping at the roots of harm, and controlling their affective responses. We argue that community is a practice and a discipline that must be continuously sustained and …


Airbnb And The End Of The Local, Nadia Beyersdorf Jan 2026

Airbnb And The End Of The Local, Nadia Beyersdorf

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines how second-home ownership and self-catered tourism reshape community life in Tenby, Wales. While gentrification research often focuses on permanent displacement, less attention has been given to the movement of temporary residents that erodes local culture, social ties, and transforms everyday relationships in coastal towns.


Poverty & Period Products: Achieving Menstrual And Abortion Justice Through Public Benefit Programs, Allyson Crays Jan 2026

Poverty & Period Products: Achieving Menstrual And Abortion Justice Through Public Benefit Programs, Allyson Crays

American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law

Low-income people need and deserve access to quality menstrual products through public benefit programs as a public health and reproductive justice issue. Whether someone is managing their monthly period, a medical abortion, or post-pregnancy discharge, menstrual products are essential to ensure that person’s safety and bodily

autonomy. Low-income people on public benefit programs who menstruate face a variety of stigmas and barriers, and these programs are in a unique position to increase access to menstrual products to work toward menstrual and abortion justice. This Article outlines the history of public benefit programs and the stigmas accompanying them. It also details …


Biliteracy And Bilingualism: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners Jan 2026

Biliteracy And Bilingualism: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Biliteracy and Bilingualism: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 25 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding biliteracy and bilingualism. These annotations build on the annotations regarding biliteracy and bilingualism in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and excellence for ELs.

The contributors provide a comprehensive selection of …


Leadership And Creative Placemaking In Central Appalachia: Morehead, Kentucky, Toni C. Hobbs Jan 2026

Leadership And Creative Placemaking In Central Appalachia: Morehead, Kentucky, Toni C. Hobbs

Theses and Dissertations--Arts Administration

In rural Appalachia, longstanding patterns of extractive economic development, coupled with limited public investment and uneven institutional support, have contributed to persistent economic stagnation and a diminished sense of pride among residents. These conditions reflect deeper structural challenges, including economies shaped by resource extraction and external control. Addressing these conditions is critical to fostering economic growth, promoting cultural heritage, and enhancing overall well-being in the region. By cultivating resilient communities, leaders can create environments in which both the economy and local pride can thrive, contributing to a more prosperous and unified Appalachian region.

This study investigates the organizational and leadership …


Welcoming Hospitality, Adam Cheney Jan 2026

Welcoming Hospitality, Adam Cheney

Doctor of Leadership

This project seeks to cultivate a deeper practice of welcoming hospitality. It addresses the core problem that the community of Rochester, Minnesota, lacks welcoming hospitality between Evangelical Christians and Somali Muslims, minimizing our common humanity. The project aims to invite Christians into a biblically grounded posture of hospitality toward their Somali neighbors.

Rooted in both research and lived experience, this work sits at the intersection of Evangelical ministry, support for refugees and immigrants, and community engagement. Throughout the research process, I observed the deep need for marginalized voices to be heard and understood. The study identifies four primary barriers contributing …


Considerations For Assigned Water After Expiration Of The 2007 Guidelines, Kathryn Sorensen, Sarah Porter, Anne Castle, John Fleck, Eric Kuhn, Jack Schmidt, Katherine Tara Jan 2026

Considerations For Assigned Water After Expiration Of The 2007 Guidelines, Kathryn Sorensen, Sarah Porter, Anne Castle, John Fleck, Eric Kuhn, Jack Schmidt, Katherine Tara

The Traveling Wilburys of the Colorado River

As Colorado River supplies and demands reach razor-thin margins, new tools to provide adaptive capacity will play a critical role in sustaining communities across the West. We must reduce our consumption of water, while finding ways to cushion the impact. One of the most innovative tools for doing this, developed over the last two decades, is “Assigned Water” - giving users the ability to store conserved water earmarked for their own future use. Originally developed as “Intentionally Created Surplus” in the 2007 Colorado River Interim Guidelines, Assigned Water has been revised and expanded through U.S. Mexico Treaty Minutes and as …


Holding The District Together With Duct Tape And Determiniation: A Study Of Superintendent Stress, Robert Orion Thompson Jan 2026

Holding The District Together With Duct Tape And Determiniation: A Study Of Superintendent Stress, Robert Orion Thompson

Dissertations and Theses

Researchers’ work found the superintendent role was increasingly complex. Superintendents experienced elevated stress, burnout, and turnover. However, the ways in which district context and coping strategies interacted to shape superintendent well-being remain insufficiently understood, particularly in rural settings. This study examined how school superintendents perceived and experienced occupational stress, the impact of that stress on their well-being and leadership, and the coping strategies they used. Notably, there was a focus on district size differentiation. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through two focus groups in the western side of a rural state with superintendents representing districts with large …


Rural Black Church Leadership And Community Development In Midwest Illinois, Derrick Smith Jan 2026

Rural Black Church Leadership And Community Development In Midwest Illinois, Derrick Smith

Dissertations of Practice

This qualitative study examines the role of a rural Black church in leadership development and community sustainability within a Midwestern Illinois town. While extensive scholarship documents the historical significance of the Black church in civil rights, political mobilization, and social advocacy, limited research explores the founding of contemporary Black churches and the intentional processes through which they develop leaders and support community sustainability in rural or small-town settings. This study addresses that gap by investigating the establishment and evolution of New Hope Missionary Baptist Church (NHMBC) in DeKalb, Illinois, and its impact on leadership development and Black community development.

Guided …


Expanding Access To Urban Nature: Floating Gardens As Equitable And Inclusive Blue-Green Infrastructure In The Chicago River, Michael Hendricks, Alec Foster, Noha Shawki, Mariela Fernandez, Sage Rossman, Sierra Mack-Erb, Eric Peterson Jan 2026

Expanding Access To Urban Nature: Floating Gardens As Equitable And Inclusive Blue-Green Infrastructure In The Chicago River, Michael Hendricks, Alec Foster, Noha Shawki, Mariela Fernandez, Sage Rossman, Sierra Mack-Erb, Eric Peterson

Faculty Publications – Politics and Government

This study examines the social dimensions of Urban Rivers’ Free Kayak Days at the Bubbly Creek Floating Gardens in Chicago, Illinois. Floating gardens are a form of blue-green infrastructure that provide ecological benefits, including nutrient removal, habitat creation, and shoreline stabilization, while also offering recreational and educational opportunities. Guided by environmental justice scholarship, our interdisciplinary team conducted participant observation to evaluate whether Urban Rivers’ Freek Kayak Days effectively engaged residents from surrounding marginalized communities. Four themes emerged: (1) access and inclusion, highlighting reduced financial barriers but ongoing challenges related to safety perceptions, cultural relevance, and physical accessibility; (2) community engagement …


Situating Stillbirth Within A Reproductive Justice Methodology Amidst Perilous Politics, Jamie Abrams Jan 2026

Situating Stillbirth Within A Reproductive Justice Methodology Amidst Perilous Politics, Jamie Abrams

Book Reviews

Stillbirth and the Law, published in 2025 by the University of California Press, offers both a deeply personal and rigorously insightful examination of how law, medicine, and policy intersect around stillbirth. Jill Lens brings her full self to this work in ways that reflect deep feminist roots cultivated over years of Lens’s impressive scholarly production. Lens channels her lived experience of stillbirth into a comprehensive analysis that combines data, theory, law, narrative, policy, and pragmatic solutions.

The reader leaves the book equally feeling Lens’s deep love and longing for her son, Caleb, and equipped with a lengthy list of tools, …


Caught In The Midwife’S Hands: A Black Feminist Exploration Of Reproductive Health And Justice In Massachusetts, Nina Bakum Jan 2026

Caught In The Midwife’S Hands: A Black Feminist Exploration Of Reproductive Health And Justice In Massachusetts, Nina Bakum

Gender, Sexuality, and Intersectionality Studies Honors Papers

No abstract provided.


Transformational Leadership And Change Management In Equity-Centered Nonprofit Organizations, Lisa M. Merchant Jan 2026

Transformational Leadership And Change Management In Equity-Centered Nonprofit Organizations, Lisa M. Merchant

All Capstone Projects

This qualitative study explores how nonprofit leaders use transformational leadership strategies to respond to rapid or unprecedented change and how these behaviors contribute to resilient change management. Grounded in transformational leadership theory and change management frameworks, including Lewin’s three-stage model and Kotter’s eight-step model, this study examines leadership practices within mission-driven organizations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nonprofit leaders representing organizations advancing equity in areas such as education, healthcare, economic opportunity, and social justice. Findings indicate that leadership during disruption in equity-centered nonprofit organizations is not episodic; rather, it is sustained, relational, and values-anchored. Leaders sustain organizational resilience by anchoring …


Over-Tourism Of Naoshima Island: Comparison With Venice Using Tourists Carrying Capacity Model, Takutaro Onoe Jan 2026

Over-Tourism Of Naoshima Island: Comparison With Venice Using Tourists Carrying Capacity Model, Takutaro Onoe

MA Theses

This paper first proves Naoshima’s status as over-tourism in comparison with Venice and then finds out about logistical and infrastructural constraints. My argument will go further to discuss whether eliminating constraints through investment and development is the right direction for the island’s sustainable prosperity. Naoshima is in critical overtourism situation, especially during the year of Setouchi Triennale. The number of tourists per resident demonstrates that the situation is worse than in Venice. It may deteriorate living environment for residents, potentially causing anti-tourism sentiment on the island. As for tourists, their experience on the island may not be favored because of …


Roles, Responsibilities, Considerations, And Beyond: Community Musical Care, Renate 艶子 Rohlfing Jan 2026

Roles, Responsibilities, Considerations, And Beyond: Community Musical Care, Renate 艶子 Rohlfing

Music and Health Research Briefs

Community musical care is about creating spaces where people come together, connect, and imagine healthier futures through music. It is about nurturing environments where creativity becomes a tool for well-being and collective strength. The concept is grounded in a fundamental belief: People inherently understand how to use creativity to care for themselves and others. In their daily lives, they use music to deepen relationships, process emotions, and navigate the complexities of being human. A crucial aspect of this work involves sustaining cultural practices and honoring the musical traditions that communities carry forward through generations.


Institutional Reform In Support Of Xi’S Anti-Corruption Campaign, Rixin Wen Jan 2026

Institutional Reform In Support Of Xi’S Anti-Corruption Campaign, Rixin Wen

CGU Theses & Dissertations

Corruption remains a pervasive challenge that distorts markets, undermines public service delivery, destabilizes social order, and erodes governmental legitimacy. In China, anti-corruption has been a recurring policy priority since 1949, culminating in Xi Jinping’s sweeping campaign launched in late 2012. Conceptualizing corruption through a principal–agent framework, this dissertation argues Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign represents not merely an institutional inflection point in China’s supervisory architecture substantially enhancing enforcement capacity and elite discipline, but also the enforcement–perception interactive change, reproducing an asymmetry between punishment and public perception under the unvarying political foundation. This study employs a multi-method research design that integrates institutional …


The Utah English Journal, Volume 54, 2026: Full Issue Jan 2026

The Utah English Journal, Volume 54, 2026: Full Issue

The Utah English Journal

No abstract provided.


Digital Learning For English Learners: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners Jan 2026

Digital Learning For English Learners: A Selected Annotated Bibliography For English Learner Research, Policy, And Practice, Center For Equity For English Learners

Annotated Bibliographies

Digital Learning for English Learners: A Selected Annotated Bibliography for English Learner Research, Policy, and Practice is comprised of 17 annotations from recent and seminal literature regarding digital learning resources for English Learners (ELs) and Multilingual Learners (MLs). These annotations build on the annotations regarding digital learning in CEEL’s 2022 annotated bibliography, Ensuring Equity and Excellence for English Learners: An Annotated Bibliography for Research, Policy, and Practice (Center for Equity for English Learners, 2022) to include publications from 2022-2025. This selected annotated bibliography serves as a resource for researchers, policymakers, educators, and advocates who are working for equity and …


The Adolescent Development Of Small Business Owners’ Entrepreneurial Mindset, Fern Arredondo Jan 2026

The Adolescent Development Of Small Business Owners’ Entrepreneurial Mindset, Fern Arredondo

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe how small business owners in Southern California interpret experiences before age 20 that influenced the development of the eight domains of the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE) Entrepreneurial Mindset Index (EMI). This study used a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore how adult small business owners reflect upon and interpret experiences before age 20 that influenced the development of their entrepreneurial mindset. By examining the influence of pre-adulthood on these owners, the study aimed to deepen the understanding of how early experiences shape entrepreneurial mindsets and contribute to long-term entrepreneurial success. …


4-H Stem Ambassador Impact Study: The Lasting Effects Of Informal Stem Service Learning Through 4-H Camp Instruction, Emma Hay Gardner Jan 2026

4-H Stem Ambassador Impact Study: The Lasting Effects Of Informal Stem Service Learning Through 4-H Camp Instruction, Emma Hay Gardner

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Although short-term outcomes of service learning are widely documented, far less is known about how these experiences influence participants years after their service concludes. Research on STEM-focused service learning is especially limited. This mixed methods study examined the long-term impacts of a West Virginia University STEM Ambassador program, in which college students served as near-peer STEM educators during summer youth 4-H programs. This study explored the lasting effects on former participants across four domains identified in the Service Learning Benefit (SELEB) scale: practical skills, interpersonal skills, citizenship skills, and personal responsibility skills.

Survey data from former participants (n=75), follow up …


Helena María Viramontes’ Under The Feet Of Jesus And Sandra Cisneros’ The House On Mango Street: An Exploratory Analysis Of Female Friendship In The Chicana Feminist Bildungsroman, Patrice Donnelly Jan 2026

Helena María Viramontes’ Under The Feet Of Jesus And Sandra Cisneros’ The House On Mango Street: An Exploratory Analysis Of Female Friendship In The Chicana Feminist Bildungsroman, Patrice Donnelly

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

This exploratory analysis examines female friendships presented in two mid-twentieth century Chicana feminist Bildungsroman, each between a Chicana protagonist and a female friend as foil. One friendship in Under the Feet of Jesus, by Helena María Viramontes, is interracial; the other, in The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, is Chicana. Both friendships interrogate the boundaries within mainstream feminism, particularly its monolithic views and complicity with power. Each friendship offers a Chicana feminist perspective centering family and cultural community. The theoretical foundation includes classical and contemporary understandings of Bildungsroman as literary form, Toni Morrison’s American Africanism, …


Examining The Enactment Of Teacher Leadership Through Self-Created Social Network Maps, Shanna Dawn Anderson Jan 2026

Examining The Enactment Of Teacher Leadership Through Self-Created Social Network Maps, Shanna Dawn Anderson

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Much of a teacher’s work is unseen. It extends beyond classroom instruction and into collaborative, relational work that positions teachers as essential actors in educational change. Yet this work occurs within a neoliberal education system that intensifies accountability, erodes professional autonomy, and reinforces hierarchical, patriarchal models of authority. Although schools depend on teachers’ expertise, these structures constrain opportunities for collaborative professionalism and relational forms of leading and learning. This study pushed back on the neoliberal agenda and examined the phenomenon of teacher leadership. Using descriptive and interpretive phenomenology, I analyzed self-created social network maps and narrative data to understand how …