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Academic Officers And Services, Saint Mary's College Of California Jul 2020

Academic Officers And Services, Saint Mary's College Of California

Undergraduate Academic Catalog

No abstract provided.


Using The Technology Acceptance Model To Analyze K–12 Students’ Behavioral Intention To Use Augmented Reality In Learning, Lei Ping, Yan Liu Jul 2020

Using The Technology Acceptance Model To Analyze K–12 Students’ Behavioral Intention To Use Augmented Reality In Learning, Lei Ping, Yan Liu

Teaching and Learning Faculty Research

Augmented reality (AR) has gained popularity in K-12 education in the past decades; researchers and educators generally agree that AR is a useful pedagogical tool in teaching because it is grounded on efficient teaching and learning models such as constructivist learning, situated learning, and inquiry-based learning. Research on AR in the K-12 context tends to focus on its impact on learning processes and outcomes. However, it is essential to understand K-12 students’ behavioral intentions of use for AR—their perceptions of usefulness, ease of use, and enjoyment—so that teachers can better design and integrate AR-based learning into their courses. Guided by …


Strength In Community: A Community-Based Health Program To Improve Weight Loss And Blood Pressure Within An African American Faith-Based Organization, Leonna Sylvitrice Ameduite Jul 2020

Strength In Community: A Community-Based Health Program To Improve Weight Loss And Blood Pressure Within An African American Faith-Based Organization, Leonna Sylvitrice Ameduite

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

In general, conventional health promotion strategies have not successfully mitigated health inequality and health disparities in African American communities. Health disparities among African Americans continue to persist. Obesity and hypertension are more prevalent in African Americans and are well-known precursors to chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and stroke. A wholistic solution to health disparities is complex and multifaceted. However, community-based programs such as faith-based health promotion programs can be an integral part of the solution. The purpose of this project was to provide a community faith-based weight loss program for African Americans to help guide weight loss and …


Culture In The Classroom: A Study For Strategies For Bridging Classroom Divides, William Rolison Jul 2020

Culture In The Classroom: A Study For Strategies For Bridging Classroom Divides, William Rolison

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to explore how teachers perceive the impact of socioeconomic class and culture on student/teacher interactions and to identify specific strategies that may be implemented to bridge cultural divides between students and teachers. To do this I employed a qualitative action research design incorporating semi-structured interviews, recorded dialogue, and researcher generated questionnaires. Together with two collaborating teachers, I examined teacher views of sociocultural influences on student/teacher interactions and identified cross-cultural strategies to implement in bridging sociocultural divides between students and teachers.

Study participants reported that participation in interviews and group dialogue made them more aware …


Evaluation Of Coach-Based Technical Assistance: An Evolving Focus On Coachability And Goal Setting, Kimberly J. Mccarthy, Daniel F. Perkins, Matthew Roberts, Shane Potter, Autumn H. Guin, Jan B. Carroll, Nancy C. Deringer, James E. Ballard, Lynne M. Borden Jun 2020

Evaluation Of Coach-Based Technical Assistance: An Evolving Focus On Coachability And Goal Setting, Kimberly J. Mccarthy, Daniel F. Perkins, Matthew Roberts, Shane Potter, Autumn H. Guin, Jan B. Carroll, Nancy C. Deringer, James E. Ballard, Lynne M. Borden

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

In 2013, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture supported the creation of a professional development and technical assistance center to promote strong implementation and evaluation of University-led, community-based projects serving low-resource populations. Within this center, a coaching cadre was established to provide proactive and responsive technical assistance. Formative evaluation involving coaches and their primary contacts was used for refinement of coaching practices. Initially, coaches were encouraged to build strong interpersonal rapport. This set the stage for trusting, reciprocal interactions, but coaches recognized a need for targeted support and more tools for quality programming, evaluation, and sustainability. Greater emphasis was …


Extension’S Response To The Change In Public Value: Considerations For Ensuring Financial Security For The Cooperative Extension System, Jeremy Elliott-Engel, Donna M. Westfall-Rudd, Megan Seibel, Eric Kaufman Jun 2020

Extension’S Response To The Change In Public Value: Considerations For Ensuring Financial Security For The Cooperative Extension System, Jeremy Elliott-Engel, Donna M. Westfall-Rudd, Megan Seibel, Eric Kaufman

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Cooperative Extension is a partnership of county, state, and federal governments to fund the translation and community education of applied research from the land-grant university system. Cooperative Extension’s funding since the 1980s has experienced a few key trends such as federal budget stagnation as well as state and county cyclic funding cycles based on the states’ economic health. Accompanying the state-level budget cuts have been calls for Cooperative Extension to reinvent and improve communication about what it does. As budget stability has become a greater concern, ideas around value and return on investment have become more integrated into the messaging …


Mining The Borderlands: Industry, Capital, And The Emergence Of Engineers In The Southwest Territories, 1855-1910. Grossman, Sarah E.M. University Of Nevada Press, 2018, James Altman Jun 2020

Mining The Borderlands: Industry, Capital, And The Emergence Of Engineers In The Southwest Territories, 1855-1910. Grossman, Sarah E.M. University Of Nevada Press, 2018, James Altman

Executive Vice President & Provost Faculty Research

In Mining the Borderlands: Industry, Capital, and the Emergence of Engineers in the Southwest Territories, 1855‐1910, distinguished scholar Sarah E.M. Grossman examines the early history of commercial mining along the US‐Mexico border. She brings to the task her extensive knowledge of the region, and a forensic detective's thirst for the truth. Her mission is to understand precisely how much, and in what specific ways, various commercial mining ventures in the desert Southwest contributed not only to the economic development of the region, but also to improvements in mining techniques, engineering methods, equipment, efficiency, working conditions, mining education, and most importantly, …


A Qualitative Exploration Of Community Ownership Of A Maternity Waiting Home Model In Rural Zambia, Constance P. Fontanet Mph, Rachel M. Fong, Jeanette L. Kaiser, Misheck Bwalya, Thandiwe Ngoma, Taryn Vian, Godfrey Biemba, Nancy A. Scott Jun 2020

A Qualitative Exploration Of Community Ownership Of A Maternity Waiting Home Model In Rural Zambia, Constance P. Fontanet Mph, Rachel M. Fong, Jeanette L. Kaiser, Misheck Bwalya, Thandiwe Ngoma, Taryn Vian, Godfrey Biemba, Nancy A. Scott

Nursing and Health Professions Faculty Research and Publications

Context

Ownership is an important construct of sustainability for community-based health programming, though it is often not clearly defined or measured. We implemented and evaluated a community-driven maternity waiting home (MWH) model in rural Zambia. We engaged stakeholders at all levels and provided intensive mentorship to an MWH governance committee comprised of community-selected members. We then examined how different stakeholders perceive community ownership of the MWH.

Methods

We conducted 42 focus group discussions with community stakeholders (pregnant women, fathers, elders, and community health volunteers) and 161 in-depth interviews with MWH stakeholders (health facility staff, district health officials, and MWH governance …


Gather, Educate, Prepare: Libraries As Champions To Build Informed And Climate-Resilient Communities, Adrian K. Ho, René Tanner, Monika Antonelli Jun 2020

Gather, Educate, Prepare: Libraries As Champions To Build Informed And Climate-Resilient Communities, Adrian K. Ho, René Tanner, Monika Antonelli

Library Presentations

The past few years have witnessed increasing numbers of discussions and programs about the impacts of climate change, addressing topics from the devastating wildfires in California, relentless heat waves in Europe, to the accelerating thaw of the ice sheet in Greenland. The media has described the social atmosphere using such terms as climate angst, ecological grief, and existential crisis. Weighed down by a steady stream of climate news, some people have sought professional help for guidance on tackling emotional responses to natural disasters and climate trauma. Meanwhile, many of us are wondering what can be done. As a central player …


Rutgers Reading Club: An After School Program To Motivate And Enhance Literacy For Struggling Readers, Lesley Morrow, Susan M. Dougherty, Kenneth Kunz, Maureen Hall Jun 2020

Rutgers Reading Club: An After School Program To Motivate And Enhance Literacy For Struggling Readers, Lesley Morrow, Susan M. Dougherty, Kenneth Kunz, Maureen Hall

Michigan Reading Journal

No abstract provided.


Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking With Serious Geogames: Project Lily Pad, Brian Tomaszewski, Amy Walker, Emily Gawlik, Casey Lane, Scott William, Deborah Orieta, Claudia Mcdaniel, Matthew Plummer, Anushka Nair, Nicolas San Jose, Kyle Pecsok, Emma Thomley, Erin Mahoney, Emily Haberlack, David Schwartz Jun 2020

Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking With Serious Geogames: Project Lily Pad, Brian Tomaszewski, Amy Walker, Emily Gawlik, Casey Lane, Scott William, Deborah Orieta, Claudia Mcdaniel, Matthew Plummer, Anushka Nair, Nicolas San Jose, Kyle Pecsok, Emma Thomley, Erin Mahoney, Emily Haberlack, David Schwartz

Articles

The need for improvement of societal disaster resilience and response efforts was evident after the destruction caused by the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. We present a novel conceptual framework for improving disaster resilience through the combination of serious games, geographic information systems (GIS), spatial thinking, and disaster resilience. Our framework is implemented via Project Lily Pad, a serious geogame based on our conceptual framework, serious game case studies, interviews and real-life experiences from 2017 Hurricane Harvey survivors in Dickinson, TX, and an immersive hurricane-induced flooding scenario. The game teaches a four-fold set of skills relevant to spatial thinking and disaster …


The Rise (And Rise) Of Vertical Studentification: Exploring The Drivers Of Studentification In Australia, Mark Holton, Clare M. Mouat Jun 2020

The Rise (And Rise) Of Vertical Studentification: Exploring The Drivers Of Studentification In Australia, Mark Holton, Clare M. Mouat

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

No abstract provided.


[2020 Honorable Mention] The Chinatown Of Soledad Street: A Historical Analysis Of A Multicultural Ethnic Enclave From Early 20th Century Salinas, Alfonso Calderon Reyna Jun 2020

[2020 Honorable Mention] The Chinatown Of Soledad Street: A Historical Analysis Of A Multicultural Ethnic Enclave From Early 20th Century Salinas, Alfonso Calderon Reyna

Ethnic Studies Research Paper Award

Abstract: The current conditions of the Salinas Chinatown cause many to avoid the area. In recent years, most have become unaware that Chinatown holds a significant part of our local history. The works of Lori A. Flores, and Rina Benmayor have served as an influence for engaging in this project. The main intent of this research is to expand on these works, and to support the notion that Chinatown’s history must be preserved. This study will provide a cohesive analysis which will look at themes that emerge from scholarly work and raw data. Between 2008 and 2015, Rina Benmayor led …


Maintaining Power Over The Ballot Box And Our Bodies: The Nineteenth Amendment's Impact On Women's Right And Access To Reproductive Healthcare, Brittany L. Raposa Jun 2020

Maintaining Power Over The Ballot Box And Our Bodies: The Nineteenth Amendment's Impact On Women's Right And Access To Reproductive Healthcare, Brittany L. Raposa

Chapman Law Review

No abstract provided.


An Analysis Of International Health Regulations Emergency Committees And Public Health Emergency Of International Concern Designations, Lucia Mullen, Christina Potter, Lawrence O. Gostin, Anita Cicero, Jennifer B. Nuzzo Jun 2020

An Analysis Of International Health Regulations Emergency Committees And Public Health Emergency Of International Concern Designations, Lucia Mullen, Christina Potter, Lawrence O. Gostin, Anita Cicero, Jennifer B. Nuzzo

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

Nine public health events have been assessed for the potential declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR), a PHEIC is defined as an extraordinary event that constitutes a public health risk to other states through international spread and requires a coordinated international response. The WHO Director-General convenes Emergency Committees (ECs) to provide their advice on whether an event constitutes a PHEIC. The EC rationales have been continuously criticised for being non-transparent and contradictory to the IHR. This first comprehensive analysis of EC rationale provides recommendations to …


Economic Contributions Of Mega-Dam Infrastructure As Perceived By Local And Displaced Communities: A Case Study Of Merowe Dam, Sudan, Al Noor Abdullah, Sanzidur Rahman, Stephen Essex, James Benhin Jun 2020

Economic Contributions Of Mega-Dam Infrastructure As Perceived By Local And Displaced Communities: A Case Study Of Merowe Dam, Sudan, Al Noor Abdullah, Sanzidur Rahman, Stephen Essex, James Benhin

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Investigations on the socioeconomic impacts of mega-dam projects have tended to focus on conventional cost–benefit analysis, while studies exploring perceptions of local communities, who are some of the prime beneficiaries of these development initiatives, are limited. This paper aims to address this research gap through a case study of community perceptions on the socioeconomic impacts of the Merowe Dam in Sudan from the residents of upstream, downstream, and relocated locations. Data were collected primarily through surveys and interviews with residents, government officials, dam implementation authority, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other key informants and a series of indicators were developed for …


Integrated Strategy To Promote Pro Environmental Behavior In University Campuses Case Study Of American University In Cairo New Campus., Sara Khalil, Sherief Sheta, Khaled Tarabieh Jun 2020

Integrated Strategy To Promote Pro Environmental Behavior In University Campuses Case Study Of American University In Cairo New Campus., Sara Khalil, Sherief Sheta, Khaled Tarabieh

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The motivation behind this study is to explore the relation between human behavior and sustainable practices, as almost all environmental degradation is a result of some kind of harmful human behavior. Studies about sustainability on campuses usually focus on the environmental benefit of sustainability strategies taken by the university, while the educational and awareness effects of these strategies are neglected. This study focuses on the role of sustainable campus in encouraging and promoting pro environmental behavior among students, thereafter, spreading the culture of sustainability in Egyptian community. The research aims to review and analyze integrated sustainability strategies to stimulate pro …


Life Cycle Assessment Of Pv Systems: Integrated Design Approach For Affordable Housing In Al-Burullus Graduates Villages., Mohamed Eldabosy, Sherief Sheta Jun 2020

Life Cycle Assessment Of Pv Systems: Integrated Design Approach For Affordable Housing In Al-Burullus Graduates Villages., Mohamed Eldabosy, Sherief Sheta

Mansoura Engineering Journal

the integration of renewable energy techniques with building industry is a significant approach for the development of remote areas, which helps to create self-sustaining communities in terms of energy consumption; particularly in housing planning and design. To the North of Al-Burullus Lake, three villages have been built by the Egyptian government in mid 90s to develop this vital region of the Egyptian north coasts. The optimal integration of affordable renewable energy techniques with these low income villages is the scope of a research project funded by Mansoura University as a part of the university vision to improve the quality of …


An Approach Towards Achieving Urban Resilience In Threatened Urban Communities., Marwa Elsayed, Asmaa El Badrawy, Sherief Sheta Jun 2020

An Approach Towards Achieving Urban Resilience In Threatened Urban Communities., Marwa Elsayed, Asmaa El Badrawy, Sherief Sheta

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The ongoing events and risks surrounding cities, whether natural, such as earthquakes, floods or unnatural ones (poverty, unemployment and lack of resources, etc.) have led to the need to examine and resilience of cities to resist such pressures and risks. This research presents the theoretical study of urban resilience and its characteristics and the concept of the resilient city in addition to studying the framework of the city's resilience and its goals and indicators. An analytical study is also undertaken in form of a comparative analysis of three city examples that face similar risks to that of Egypt. Finally, a …


Sustainable Building Material Technology As An Approach To Thermal Comfort In Low Income Housing In Hot Regions., Mohamed Elsaied, Mona Elwazeer, Yara Elfayoumy Jun 2020

Sustainable Building Material Technology As An Approach To Thermal Comfort In Low Income Housing In Hot Regions., Mohamed Elsaied, Mona Elwazeer, Yara Elfayoumy

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Due to increasing the demand for low income housing projects, the Egyptian Government has constructed a large number of identical residential units all over the country regardless the climatic condition of each location and the economic and environmental aspects in design and construction process. This has led to lack of thermal comfort in the indoor environment and increasing in energy consumption. On the other hand, this problem can be solved by choosing the appropriate building material with respect to environmental design principles. It can greatly improve the thermal performance and reduce the negative impact of these projects on human and …


Resisting Marginalisation And Reconstituting Space Through Lgbtqi+ Events, Oscar Vorobjovas-Pinta, Anne Hardy Jun 2020

Resisting Marginalisation And Reconstituting Space Through Lgbtqi+ Events, Oscar Vorobjovas-Pinta, Anne Hardy

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The field of event studies has attracted a breadth of research on the triple-bottom line of economic efficiency, environmental integrity and social equity. The focus of many studies related to event tourism, however, has fallen upon the economic and environmental dimensions of events with far less attention on “social equity.” The potential of events tourism to facilitate justice and equity for marginalised and minority groups has been especially overlooked. LGBTQI+ communities utilise gay events, such as pride parades, as mediums to communicate their identities and seek support from broader society. This paper examines a unique festival space where LGBTQI+ communities …


Investigating The Relationship Between User's Densities And Functions Distribution On Mediterranean Waterfronts: Statistical Analysis Approach, Sima El-Cheikh, Mary Felix, Nabil Mohareb, Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi Jun 2020

Investigating The Relationship Between User's Densities And Functions Distribution On Mediterranean Waterfronts: Statistical Analysis Approach, Sima El-Cheikh, Mary Felix, Nabil Mohareb, Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The type of buildings and activities along the waterfronts have to stimulate the interactivity between public spaces and their users to reach the desired comfort, enjoyment and appropriate densities. This study is part of a continuing research and it aims to highlight the spatial relationship between the type of buildings and the densities on cities waterfronts of the Mediterranean Sea. It undertakes three case studies with different economic and touristic levels. It is a top-bottom approach that analyzes the existing population densities on waterfronts and the surrounding building functions. This paper uses quantitative analysis based on spatial statistics along each …


Opportunity In Ohio: Rethinking Northeast Ohio's Opportunity Zones With Local Legislation, Patrick J. Lipaj Jun 2020

Opportunity In Ohio: Rethinking Northeast Ohio's Opportunity Zones With Local Legislation, Patrick J. Lipaj

Cleveland State Law Review

Welcome to Census Tract 1186.02! Here, in a small sliver of Cleveland’s Glenville neighborhood, tucked between Superior and Hough Avenues, you will uncover a lot. You will discover a rich history of the city’s ethnic and cultural roots. You will also find gang violence, underperforming schools, a median household income of $9,526, and a poverty rate of 66.5 percent. Something you will not find in 1186.02 is investment. Private or public, money is not flowing in to 1186.02 and it has not for a long time. The substantial toll of continuous underinvestment on the residents of this neighborhood, one of …


What Do We Teach Our Daughters? Nurses, Women And Prosperity, Jennifer L. Breads, Dawn Fitzgerald, Catherine Alicia Georges, Aric Shimek Jun 2020

What Do We Teach Our Daughters? Nurses, Women And Prosperity, Jennifer L. Breads, Dawn Fitzgerald, Catherine Alicia Georges, Aric Shimek

General Webinars

Nurses, 90% of whom are women, and women in general, comprise the foundation of healthcare within many communities. They provide care and sustain communities through challenging and prosperous times. Their daughters often follow in their footsteps with knowledge learned from their mothers. Yet access to resources and information about resource management, crucial to economic empowerment/prosperity for women is frequently not provided or taught, generation to generation. To mobilize transformative leadership within communities based on gender equity we must ensure that women have access to resources, as well as the knowledge and tools critical to their effective management. Sigma is partnering …


Index To E-Jasl: Electronic Journal Of Academic And Special Librarianship, Issn: 1704-8532, Sue Ann Gardner Jun 2020

Index To E-Jasl: Electronic Journal Of Academic And Special Librarianship, Issn: 1704-8532, Sue Ann Gardner

E-JASL: Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship (1999-2009, Volumes 1-10)

Following is an index of all of the articles published in E-JASL: Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship. The journal was published from 1999 through 2009. With Paul Haschak’s permission as overseer of the compilation, its articles have been archived at https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ejasljournal/. As of June 15, 2020, they were also still available at http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/index.html.

The masthead that appeared on the southernlibrarian site as of June 15, 2020 is reproduced here:

E-JASL: Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship (ISSN: 1704-8532) is an independent, professional, refereed electronic journal dedicated first and foremost to advancing knowledge and research …


Educational And Workforce Development Through Creation Of Programs In Transportation To Generate Future Careers For Our Students In Navajo Nation Region, Gholam Ehteshami Jun 2020

Educational And Workforce Development Through Creation Of Programs In Transportation To Generate Future Careers For Our Students In Navajo Nation Region, Gholam Ehteshami

Data

Navajo Technical University (NTU) in New Mexico, has made a partnership with the Tran-SET regional center at Louisiana State University, LSU. We have provided learning and training the Native American students in transportation-related Industries to some of STEM students at NTU through these partnerships opportunities. The program was designed and supported by Native American students from high school to STEM undergraduate students. The program was implemented accordingly with four main components: (1). Selected eligible and interested Native American student to paid summer internships to the field and facilities of transportations industries and participate in research summer at LSU. (2). Directed …


Best Practices In Data Driven Development Planning In Mining Regions, Nicolas Maennling, Josefina Correa Jun 2020

Best Practices In Data Driven Development Planning In Mining Regions, Nicolas Maennling, Josefina Correa

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Staff Publications

Strategic development planning has long been used by private and public sectors to guide actions that will lead to a determined goal in the medium- to long-term. The SDG framework has helped to create a common language of what development means, what the global objectives are by 2030, and how progress can be measured. With the world entering an era in which data is generated and used at an unprecedented scale, data and ICT systems should be used to better inform policy decision making and help evaluate progress to hold stakeholders accountable to their promises and performance. This report outlines …


Big Sports Have Big Environmental And Social Consequences, Gina S. Warren Jun 2020

Big Sports Have Big Environmental And Social Consequences, Gina S. Warren

Missouri Law Review

Big sporting events result in significant and long-lasting environmental and social consequences for host cities and their residents. This Article discusses the spectrum of harms including environmental degradation, excess energy consumption, sidestepping the rule of law, and social segregation through eviction. It outlines the current inefficient, or nonexistent, legal framework available to address these harms and analyzes how this lack of legal framework results in host cities relinquishing local control and oversight to event organizers. It then draws upon the social license literature and recommends host cities establish a solid legal framework prior to an event to reduce the emergency …


Imagining Global Health With Justice: Transformative Ideas For Health And Wellbeing While Leaving No One Behind, Lawrence O. Gostin, Eric A. Friedman Jun 2020

Imagining Global Health With Justice: Transformative Ideas For Health And Wellbeing While Leaving No One Behind, Lawrence O. Gostin, Eric A. Friedman

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color in the United States and immense vulnerabilities in lower-income countries has revealed a global health reality that is often overshadowed by decades of progress in overall global health, with new lows in child and maternal deaths every year, more people with HIV receiving access to lifesaving anti-retroviral therapy, and rising life expectancies. That reality is one of vast national and global inequalities, with the lived experiences of members of marginalized populations far removed from laudatory health headlines.

Here, we propose an ambitious agenda to bridge the gap between progress in global …


The Life And Death Of Mambo: Culture And Consumption In New York's Salsa Dance Scene, Carmela Muzio Dormani Jun 2020

The Life And Death Of Mambo: Culture And Consumption In New York's Salsa Dance Scene, Carmela Muzio Dormani

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

In recent decades salsa dancing has become a global phenomenon, spawning a variety of styles and levels. Although formerly passed from person to person through Latinx family and community networks, salsa dance has long been practiced in a more codified way. Today, salsa is largely reproduced in dance studio classes, congresses, and competitions collectively referred to as “the salsa scene”. In New York City, the salsa scene retains vestiges of Nuyorican and Afro-Caribbean identity, though it is practiced by people of all racial and ethnic backgrounds and marketed to a global base. Building on long term participation observation and nearly …