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A Reflection On A Peripheral Movement; The “Save Aru” Social Movement 2013-2015 From A Historical Perspective, Herdi Sahrasad, Al Chaidar, Maksum Syam Nov 2022

A Reflection On A Peripheral Movement; The “Save Aru” Social Movement 2013-2015 From A Historical Perspective, Herdi Sahrasad, Al Chaidar, Maksum Syam

Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia

This article examines the struggle of the Aru Islands community to preserve their forests and their natural environment in the shape of the “Save Aru” social movement from 2013 to 2015. Today this social movement is still alive and kicking. In 2010, the Aru Islands community was taken by surprise by the plan of a private corporation (PT Menara Group or PT MG) to annex forest areas in the Aru Islands in order to convert them into sugar-cane plantations. Their outrage at this plan spurred the citizens of Aru to fight the might of this corporate and preserve their forests …


Angelo Clark V. Robert Coupe Nov 2022

Angelo Clark V. Robert Coupe

2022 Decisions

USDC for the District of Delaware


The Rattler (Volume 111, Issue 4), St. Mary's University Nov 2022

The Rattler (Volume 111, Issue 4), St. Mary's University

The Rattler (Previous issues)

Founded in 1919, The Rattler is the student voice of St. Mary’s University in San Antonio, Texas. The newspaper documents campus life, academic and social issues, student opinion, and local and national events as they relate to the University community. Content typically includes news articles, editorial commentary, arts and culture coverage, sports reporting, and advertisements.


The Nursing Classroom Climate: Cooler For Traditional-Age Students Who Are Male, Marietta J. Bell-Scriber Nov 2022

The Nursing Classroom Climate: Cooler For Traditional-Age Students Who Are Male, Marietta J. Bell-Scriber

Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to describe the nursing classroom climate and the perceptions and experiences of traditional-age student nurses who are male as they relate to the nursing classroom. A qualitative research procedure in the form of a case study was used to answer the descriptive research questions: (a) What is the classroom climate for traditional-age students who are male? (b) If an inequitable or sex-biased classroom environment is found to exist for traditional-age student nurses who are male, what are the nursing faculty behaviors that contributed to this environment? (c) If an inequitable or sex-biased classroom environment …


Jesus And Spirituality In Interreligious Perspectives, Nancy M. Martin Nov 2022

Jesus And Spirituality In Interreligious Perspectives, Nancy M. Martin

Religious Studies Faculty Articles and Research

Rarely do members of diverse religions engaged in interreligious dialogue find agreement on metaphysics and doctrine, though such conversations may be very fruitful and lead to greater understanding and mutual illumination. In the area of religious experience, however, recognition of commonality may be much more readily apparent, and in such encounters, the life and spirituality of Jesus provide a meeting ground. This essay examines Jesus as a catalyst for spiritual inspiration and transformation from Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist and nontraditional perspectives. As an integral figure in Islam, Jesus appears in the writings of the likes of Ibn Arabi, Rumi and more …


"The Missus Has Paid For Your Life.": Preconstituted Third-World Women In Chris Cleave's Little Bee, Jeanette P. Barry, Jeanette Parry Barry Nov 2022

"The Missus Has Paid For Your Life.": Preconstituted Third-World Women In Chris Cleave's Little Bee, Jeanette P. Barry, Jeanette Parry Barry

Masters Theses

In “Under Western Eyes,” Chandra Mohanty explains how some Western feminist scholars unconsciously other third-world women by imposing on them their Eurocentric universality. Using Mohanty as a primary lens, this thesis argues that in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee (2008), the protagonists, Sarah and Little Bee, are respectively represented as a Western referent and a third-world preconstituted woman, rendering any true collaboration between them impossible. Little Bee is meant to enlighten its readers of the plight of refugees in the United Kingdom, and in some ways it does just that. Little Bee also, however, situates the English protagonist Sarah as a …


Historical Revisionism: Revising Or Rewriting, Tyce Shank Nov 2022

Historical Revisionism: Revising Or Rewriting, Tyce Shank

Senior Honors Theses

Historical revisionism has long been a part of effective academic historiography. A constant re-analysis of the past and how previous historians came to their conclusions about it enable corrections to be made and new findings to be incorporated into modern and future historical metanarratives. While plentiful positive examples of this practice exist, in part because of an understanding of history as a discipline and how it is correctly and incorrectly represented in adaptations, notable poor and inappropriate examples of revisionism also exist. These rewrites are usually political and are often contested by political opponents and academics, but nevertheless persist. Understanding …


Thank You, Caroline, Sally St. George Nov 2022

Thank You, Caroline, Sally St. George

The Qualitative Report

I offer a book review of Caroline Lenette’s new book called Participatory Action Research: Ethics and Decolonization in which I focus on the ethical and justice dimensions that I believe we, in our research worlds, need to give greater consideration to and inclusion in our research design, conduct, and publishing practices.


Non-Governmental Organization/Non-Profit Organization Impact On Education Policy In Ghana, Sarah Ayikai Okine Nov 2022

Non-Governmental Organization/Non-Profit Organization Impact On Education Policy In Ghana, Sarah Ayikai Okine

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Non-Governmental Organizations/Nonprofit Organizations (NGOs/NPOs) are progressively becoming an essential source for government agencies in education worldwide. Developing countries such as Ghana have opened the way through regulations and policies for NGOs/NPOs to contribute to the educational system. Nevertheless, perceived threats and confrontations hinder their ability to support the Ministry of Education (MoE) and partner leaders to fulfill their duties in assisting the government in realizing comprehensive universal primary education. This qualitative case study responded to stakeholders’ perceptions of NGOs/NPOs influence on Ghana’s educational system to better comprehend the dynamic and power of NGOs/NPOs on education in Ghana’s rural communities. The …


Social Values And Self-Assertion Among A Sample Of University Students Expected To Graduate, A Comparative Study According To The Variable Of Specialization, Ismail Abu-Hatab Nov 2022

Social Values And Self-Assertion Among A Sample Of University Students Expected To Graduate, A Comparative Study According To The Variable Of Specialization, Ismail Abu-Hatab

Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات

The current study aimed to reveal the level of both social values and self-affirmation among a sample of university students and to identify the nature of the relationship between the two variables. One of the psychometric characteristics of the two scales of validity and reliability, and the study was applied in the second semester of the year 2020/2021 and was applied to a random sample of students, numbering (183) male and female university students expected to graduate from Mutah University, and the results of the study found that the level of each Of social values and self-affirmation came average, and …


Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald: A Place To Call Home, Wku Student Affairs Nov 2022

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald: A Place To Call Home, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Magazine issue of the College Heights Herald for the period October 24 - November 27, 2022.

  • Downtown Bowling Green – Restaurants
  • Homecoming 2022
  • Stone, Damon. WK Liquors Rebuilds After Tornado
  • Reed, Bailey. The Making of an SGA President – Cole Bornefeld
  • Fountain Row Creates a New Atmosphere Downtown
  • Renovated Apartments Offer Home-like Feel – Campus Flats
  • Richardson, La’Quan. Kappa Alpha Psi Sponsor Comes Home After 53 Years – Craig Taylor
  • Turner, B. Life Continues for Ukrainian Student in the Bluegrass – Mariia Novoselia
  • Collins, Michael. Family 5,730 Miles in the Making – Frank Aryee, Immigration, Naturalization


A Conversation In Time: A New Concept For Creating Stream Graphs For Qualitative Data Visualization, Emily S. Nelson, Sheryl Chatfield Nov 2022

A Conversation In Time: A New Concept For Creating Stream Graphs For Qualitative Data Visualization, Emily S. Nelson, Sheryl Chatfield

The Qualitative Report

Despite the affinity between qualitative research and non-text visual information, the range and application of creative visualizations used to give depth and dimension to qualitative research reports is limited. Thoughtfully designed visualizations, including those which emphasize color, have myriad advantages, including the ability to compress information into an easily understood summary. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new method, developed by the first author, suitable for capturing temporal aspects of conversations and word volume for presentation in an engaging visual way. This method uses the widely available software program Microsoft Excel, in conjunction with R, an open …


Who Am I When I Am Teaching? Self In Yoga Practice, Krzysztof T. Konecki Nov 2022

Who Am I When I Am Teaching? Self In Yoga Practice, Krzysztof T. Konecki

The Qualitative Report

The paper shows the situational transitions between the different identities of a teacher in hatha yoga practice: teacher, instructor, trainee, student, and researcher. The analysis is based on self-reports of my feelings about practicing and teaching hatha yoga. The explication is based on the self-observation of my lived experiences and the observation of interactions with hatha yoga session participants. The self emerges from the interactions or lack of interactions. Sometimes I am a participant, sometimes an instructor, and sometimes a student, even in the same yoga session. I analyze my self-reports using the first-person perspective and third-person mode. There are …


Implementing Research Methods With Confidence: A Review Of Research Methodology: A Step-By-Step Guide For Beginners, Robson Mekonnin Shiferaw, Addisalem Tadesse Bogale, Kenenisa Lemi Debela Dr. Nov 2022

Implementing Research Methods With Confidence: A Review Of Research Methodology: A Step-By-Step Guide For Beginners, Robson Mekonnin Shiferaw, Addisalem Tadesse Bogale, Kenenisa Lemi Debela Dr.

The Qualitative Report

The authors of this work reviewed Ranjit Kumar’s book entitled Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners (3rd ed.). This book can provide desirable skills for readers regarding writing a successful research project and implementing research methods with confidence. It goes beyond teaching students how to conduct academic qualitative and quantitative research. It can also be adapted to various projects that scholars will encounter throughout their careers.


Open Access Resources Usage And Copyright Violation Amongst Undergraduates In Two Universities In Ibadan, Oyo State, Adebisola Theresa Oguntimehin, James Ogielagbega Enamudu Nov 2022

Open Access Resources Usage And Copyright Violation Amongst Undergraduates In Two Universities In Ibadan, Oyo State, Adebisola Theresa Oguntimehin, James Ogielagbega Enamudu

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Open access is a burning issue in web-based education and research that makes provision for resources that is digital, online, free of charge and free of most licensing restrictions. However, the free accessibility provided to these resources has led to the speculations that undergraduates might tend to violate the copyright protection of these resources. Hence, the study aimed to examine the relationship between the use of open access resources and copyright violation amongst undergraduates in two universities in Ibadan, Oyo state.

The study adopted the descriptive survey design with a study population from two universities in Ibadan, Oyo state (Lead …


The Effectiveness Of A Group Counseling Program Based On Feminist Therapy In Improving Self-Assertiveness Of Battered Women فاعلية برنامج إرشادي جمعي يستند إلى العلاج النسّوي في تحسين مستوى توكيد الذات لدى النساء المعنفات, Bara Asaa'd Khatatbeh, Manar Saeed Banimostafa Nov 2022

The Effectiveness Of A Group Counseling Program Based On Feminist Therapy In Improving Self-Assertiveness Of Battered Women فاعلية برنامج إرشادي جمعي يستند إلى العلاج النسّوي في تحسين مستوى توكيد الذات لدى النساء المعنفات, Bara Asaa'd Khatatbeh, Manar Saeed Banimostafa

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract:

The current study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a group counseling program based on feminist therapy in improving the self-assertiveness of battered women. The program was applied to a group of women who attend the Islamic Society for Social Services Center, in the AL-Rammtha District, Jordan, and the study sample consisted of (30) battered women, and they were selected based on their low scores on the self-assertiveness scale, and they were randomly distributed into two groups: an experimental group It includes (15) abused women, and a control group includes (15) abused women. To achieve the objectives of the …


The Nature Of Parents’ Relationship With Their Gifted And Non-Gifed Sons And Some Variables Effect On That Relationship طبيعة علاقة الوالدين بأبنائهم المتميزين وغير المتميزين وأثر بعض المتغيرات على تلك العلاقة, Esra Mohammed Isam Asha, Muna Subhi Zaki Al Hadidi Nov 2022

The Nature Of Parents’ Relationship With Their Gifted And Non-Gifed Sons And Some Variables Effect On That Relationship طبيعة علاقة الوالدين بأبنائهم المتميزين وغير المتميزين وأثر بعض المتغيرات على تلك العلاقة, Esra Mohammed Isam Asha, Muna Subhi Zaki Al Hadidi

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract:

This study aimed at finding out the level of the nature of the relationship of the parents with each of their gifted and non-gifted children from the point of view of parents and the impact of some variables on that relationship, The study sample reached (400) from the parents of the students from King Abdullah II schools for excellence from the lower, middle and higher levels, and a scale of the nature of the parents’ relationship with their children was applied, the two researchers used the descriptive approach, and the data was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods the results …


The Sources Of The Authority Of Academic Leaders In Jordanian Universities From The Viewpoint Of The Faculty Members Working With Them مصادر سلطة القادة الأكاديميين في الجامعات الأردنية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس العاملين فيها, Meqbel M. Alkhazaleh, Saleh Naser Oleimat, Eid M. Kanan Nov 2022

The Sources Of The Authority Of Academic Leaders In Jordanian Universities From The Viewpoint Of The Faculty Members Working With Them مصادر سلطة القادة الأكاديميين في الجامعات الأردنية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس العاملين فيها, Meqbel M. Alkhazaleh, Saleh Naser Oleimat, Eid M. Kanan

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract:

The study aimed to identify the sources of the authority of academic leaders in Jordanian universities from the viewpoint of the faculty members working with them. A random stratified sample was chosen, consisting of (384) faculty members. The survey descriptive methodology was used, and a questionnaire consisting of (27) items, distributed in (6) fields, was used. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The study reached the following results: the degree of appreciation of the exercise of the sources of the authority of academic leaders in Jordanian universities from the viewpoint of faculty members working with them was medium. The …


Academic Leadership In Physician Assistant/Associate Medical Education: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of The Association With Doctoral Degree, Gender, And Minority Status, Lucy W. Kibe, Gerald Kayingo, Katrina M. Schrode, Alicia Klein Nov 2022

Academic Leadership In Physician Assistant/Associate Medical Education: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of The Association With Doctoral Degree, Gender, And Minority Status, Lucy W. Kibe, Gerald Kayingo, Katrina M. Schrode, Alicia Klein

Graduate School Faculty Publications

Background

There is a critical need for a diverse pool of academic leaders to increase the number and diversity of the medical workforce. Physician Assistant/Associate (PA) is a growing medical profession. Although the master’s degree is the terminal degree for PAs, a growing number of PAs obtain a variety of doctoral degrees. However, there is no standardized training for academic PA leaders. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with PA academic leadership. Specifically, this study explored the following factors: doctoral degree credentials, gender and underrepresented minority status.

Methods

Using the 2019 Physician Assistant Education Association Faculty …


Farnsworth, Susan, Larisa Filippov Nov 2022

Farnsworth, Susan, Larisa Filippov

Querying the Past: LGBTQ Maine Oral History Project Collection

Susan Farnsworth is a 75 year old lesbian who has lived in Maine for over 50 years. She currently resides in Hallowell, ME, but has lived all over Maine and other places in New England. Farnsworth is an attorney and has her own law practice where she helps a variety of clients with their legal problems. She realized she was a lesbian while she was in law school during her marriage to a man. Farnsworth attended Bates College for her undergraduate degree before going to the University of Maine School of Law in Portland. The multiple political organizations she has …


Instructional Systems Design And The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 1), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor), Mark Parsons (Author), Meghan Soldani (Author), Josie Joswick Mendoza (Author), Maria Satre (Author), Brittany Spitz (Author), Jasmine Bundy (Author), Amanda Kline (Author) Nov 2022

Instructional Systems Design And The Diffusion And Adoption Of Technology: (Volume 1), Miguel Ramlatchan (Author & Editor), Mark Parsons (Author), Meghan Soldani (Author), Josie Joswick Mendoza (Author), Maria Satre (Author), Brittany Spitz (Author), Jasmine Bundy (Author), Amanda Kline (Author)

Distance Learning Faculty & Staff Books

Instructional designers, instructional systems designers, and other educational technologists are, by their nature, innovators. These professionals apply and extend the applied science of learning, systems, communication, and instructional design theory to help students learn. Technology in some capacity is used to make the connections between subject matter experts, teachers, instructors, and their learners. It is common for instructional designers to seek new tools, techniques, and innovations for the improvement of learning, access, quality, and student satisfaction. However, the adoption and diffusion of new educational technology and innovation is a complex process that depends on many variables. Understanding these processes and …


Towards An Equitable Review Of Pre-Embryo And Divorce Disputes For Women, Lilah Kleban Nov 2022

Towards An Equitable Review Of Pre-Embryo And Divorce Disputes For Women, Lilah Kleban

Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy

Pre-embryos, procured through in-vitro fertilization (IVF), become a source of dispute when couples divorce or separate before using them. Particularly, couples may fight over who has decision-making power to use or not use the frozen pre-embryos for pregnancy. State courts across jurisdictions typically apply one of three categorical approaches: disposition contracts, contemporaneous mutual consent, or a balancing interests test. Each approach fails to provide courts with structures to fully evaluate each party’s interests at the time of dispute and account for inherent sex and gender differences that impact their stakes in the dispute. This Note proposes a modified balancing test …


Predictions Of Household Water Affordability Under Conditions Of Climate Change, Demographic Growth, And Fresh Groundwater Depletion In A Southwest Us City Indicate Increasing Burdens On The Poor, Josiah M. Heyman, Alex S. Mayer, Jessica Alger Nov 2022

Predictions Of Household Water Affordability Under Conditions Of Climate Change, Demographic Growth, And Fresh Groundwater Depletion In A Southwest Us City Indicate Increasing Burdens On The Poor, Josiah M. Heyman, Alex S. Mayer, Jessica Alger

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Reduced river flows and groundwater depletion as a result of climate change and population growth have increased the effort and difficulty accessing and processing water. In turn, residential water costs from municipal utilities are predicted to rise to unaffordable rates for poor residential water customers. Building on a regional conjunctive use model with future climate scenarios and 50-year future water supply plans, our study communicates the effects of climate change on poor people in El Paso, Texas, as water becomes more difficult and expensive to obtain in future years. Four scenarios for future water supply and future water costs were …


Urban Health: A Practical Application For Clinical Based Learning, Cynthera Mcneill, Umeika Stephens, Tara Walker Nov 2022

Urban Health: A Practical Application For Clinical Based Learning, Cynthera Mcneill, Umeika Stephens, Tara Walker

Open Textbooks

Urban Health: A Practical Application for Clinical Based Learning is an openly licensed, peer-reviewed textbook for clinical-based nursing educators covering barriers in urban health and their impact on patient health outcomes. The authors explore perspectives of urban communities, urban patients, and urban healthcare providers to offer insight into how healthcare providers can address disparities in urban healthcare, provide meaningful care with the lived experiences of urban patients in mind, and improve patient-provider communication by moving towards a more solution-driven, team-based care approach. Features include learning activities, exemplars, and case studies.


Medication Adherence And People Living With Hiv: A Qualitative Study, Lisa L. Dale Nov 2022

Medication Adherence And People Living With Hiv: A Qualitative Study, Lisa L. Dale

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Abstract While significant strides have developed evidence-based preventions and treatments for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), only 26% percent of HIV-positive people in care achieve the treatment objective of viral suppression (Viral Suppression, 2018). While the literature has identified a positive relationship between patient-provider communication and optimum treatment adherence, nonadherence is poorly understood, and no evidence-based model for such communication exists. This study aims to examine the perspectives of HIV-positive patients and family/friend caregivers (FFC) related to treatment adherence, as most of the literature has been dominated by the clinician’s point of view. Further, this work seeks to provide knowledge …


December 1, 2022: Agenda, University Of North Dakota Nov 2022

December 1, 2022: Agenda, University Of North Dakota

University Senate Meeting Minutes

Agenda for the December 1, 2022, meeting of the University Senate. 26 pages


The Growing Dissonance Between The Kosmos And The Anthropos: A Hermeneutic Study Of The Mechanistic World View Brought By Classical Physics And The New Rationality Introduced By Einstein’S Relativity Theory And Heisenberg’S Indeterminacy Principle In Quantum Physics, Maria Eliza Cruz Nov 2022

The Growing Dissonance Between The Kosmos And The Anthropos: A Hermeneutic Study Of The Mechanistic World View Brought By Classical Physics And The New Rationality Introduced By Einstein’S Relativity Theory And Heisenberg’S Indeterminacy Principle In Quantum Physics, Maria Eliza Cruz

Mabini Review

This paper centers on the implicit metaphysics beyond the Theory of Relativity and the Principle of Indeterminacy – two revolutionary theories that have changed 20th Century Physics – using the perspective of Husserlian Transcedental Phenomenology. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) and Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) abolished the theoretical framework of Classical (Galilean-Newtonian) physics that has been complemented, strengthened by Cartesian metaphysics. Rene Descartes (1596-1850) introduced a separation between subject and object (as two different and self- enclosed substances) while Galileo and Newton did the “mathematization” of the world. Newtonian physics, however, had an inexplicable postulate of absolute space and absolute time – a …


Durkheim Revisited: Possible Contribution To The Understanding Of Gramsci’S Notion Of Hegemony, Artchil Fernandez Nov 2022

Durkheim Revisited: Possible Contribution To The Understanding Of Gramsci’S Notion Of Hegemony, Artchil Fernandez

Mabini Review

The paper attempts to explore the possibility of using Durkheim to understand the Gramscian notion of hegemony building on the claim that Gramsci’s idea is fragmentary and contentious. Durkheim’s concepts such as social solidarity, integration, rites and collective conscience the paper argues maybe deployed to comprehend Gramsci’s notion of hegemony particularly consent generation. The paper also contends that Durkheim’s ideas on the state and secondary groups voluntary organizations (civil society) may be helpful in explaining the Gramscian concept of consent building. In effect, the paper also tries to demonstrate that sociological positions that are viewed as rivals can complement each …


Qualitative Analysis Of A Twitter-Disseminated Survey Reveals New Patient Perspectives On The Impact Of Urinary Tract Infection, Marissa Valentine-King, Lindsey Laytner, Casey Hines-Munson, Kiara Olmeda, Barbara Trautner, Sheryl Justice, Christina Ching, Larissa Grigoryan Nov 2022

Qualitative Analysis Of A Twitter-Disseminated Survey Reveals New Patient Perspectives On The Impact Of Urinary Tract Infection, Marissa Valentine-King, Lindsey Laytner, Casey Hines-Munson, Kiara Olmeda, Barbara Trautner, Sheryl Justice, Christina Ching, Larissa Grigoryan

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Few studies have harnessed social media to explore patients’ experiences with urinary tract infection (UTI); therefore, we captured UTI experiences and future research suggestions through a Twitter-disseminated survey. The survey posed three qualitative questions inquiring about the impact of UTIs, greatest UTI management hurdle, and research suggestions. We also asked participants to rate how seriously others perceive UTIs and the importance of UTIs in their life (scale: 1–100 (highest)). The study period spanned from January to June 2021. Coding was performed in duplicate, followed by thematic analysis. Of 466 participants from 22 countries, 128 considered their UTIs recurrent (n …


Les Personnages Dans La Reclusion Solitaire De Tahar Ben Jelloun (Approche Sémiologique), Najib Wasmine Nov 2022

Les Personnages Dans La Reclusion Solitaire De Tahar Ben Jelloun (Approche Sémiologique), Najib Wasmine

Dirassat

The Characters In Tahar Ben Jelloun’s Solitary Reclusion (semiological approach)

“For a semiological status of the character-'D is the title of a study by Philippe Hamon in which he traces the fundamental lines of a semio-Jogy of the character. He distinguishes it from historical, sociological, psychological, psychoanalytical and logical approaches. Conceived as a sign inscribed in the text, which is a system of linguistic signs, the character is the subject of a theoretical elaboration. Several criteria define its status: the “discontinuous signifier” or “label” (set of marks relating to the character dispersed in the text), the “discontinuous signified” (the meaning …