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End Times: American Mortality, Death Materiality, And Social Death In The 1990s, Jordan A. Savage Aug 2025

End Times: American Mortality, Death Materiality, And Social Death In The 1990s, Jordan A. Savage

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The United States in the 1990s was marked by pervasive representations of death in popular culture. As death imagery became increasingly visible in entertainment, there was a growing detachment from the embodied, biological realities of death, a tension intensified by the ongoing AIDS crisis. This project explores how death is politicized and how decisions about who lives and dies are shaped by power. I draw on a constellation of theoretical frameworks that collectively illuminate the operations of state-sanctioned death and social abandonment. These include Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics, which examines the management of life by state power; Giorgio Agamben’s …


Firm Disclosures And Retail Investor Behavior: The Role Of Information Type, Disagreement, And Social Networks, Hansol Yoon Aug 2025

Firm Disclosures And Retail Investor Behavior: The Role Of Information Type, Disagreement, And Social Networks, Hansol Yoon

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This paper examines whether disclosure characteristics–specifically hard versus soft information–influence disagreement among retail investors, whether due to differences in information sets or interpretation, and how such disagreement subsequently affects trading volume. Using a sample of 85,050 earnings conference calls and StockTwits disagreement data from 2010 to 2021, I find that hard information (i.e., earnings figures) is negatively associated with investor disagreement, while soft information (i.e., forward-looking statements) is positively associated with it. Further analysis reveals that the disclosure characteristics impact trading activity only indirectly, through their influence on investor disagreement. Additionally, I examine the moderating role of social network centrality, …


Impact Of Lighting Wavelength On Broiler Behavior, Health, And Performance, Angela Perretti Aug 2025

Impact Of Lighting Wavelength On Broiler Behavior, Health, And Performance, Angela Perretti

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Lighting influences broiler production, health, and behavior. Due to their advanced visual system, avian species perceive a wide spectrum of light. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of white (W, 350 to 780 nm) blue (B, 450 nm), and green (G, 560 nm) light on broiler production, processing performance, activity, fear, stress, blood cell profiles, tibiotarsi (tibia) morphology, and depth perception. Day-of-hatch by-product chicks from a Cobb 500 female line (N=600) were randomly assigned to 12 pens (N=4 treatment replicates). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded on day (D) 0, 14, 28, and 41, and …


Haunted Echoes, Stuti Kasat Aug 2025

Haunted Echoes, Stuti Kasat

Theses

Haunted Echoes explores the narrative and emotional possibilities of interactive digital fiction by creating a room-based haunted experience. By placing the users within a haunted manor the project encourages emotional discovery through narrative exploration. As a room-based exploratory experience, users get to navigate a dollhouse-style 3D interface, interacting with objects to reveal layered micro-stories and uncover the manor’s haunted past. The experience turns spatial exploration into emotional discovery, drawing inspiration from immersive theater, point-and-click adventures, and environmental storytelling in video games. The thesis examines the intersection and overlap of interactive storytelling, visual communication, and emotional immersion, integrating 3D modeling (Blender/Cinema …


Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Nomophobia, Netlessphobia And Anxiety Among Nursing Students In Iran And Türkiye: A Mediation Analysis, Mohsen S. Ardakani, Abdolrahim Asadollahi, Sevil Ç. Özbay, Yalçın Kanbay, Maryam Bakhtiar Aug 2025

Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Nomophobia, Netlessphobia And Anxiety Among Nursing Students In Iran And Türkiye: A Mediation Analysis, Mohsen S. Ardakani, Abdolrahim Asadollahi, Sevil Ç. Özbay, Yalçın Kanbay, Maryam Bakhtiar

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal

Objectives: In the digital era, excessive reliance on smartphones and internet access has led to emerging psychological concerns, including nomophobia (fear of being without a mobile phone) and netlessphobia (fear of being without internet), which are increasingly linked to anxiety among students. This study aimed to compare the prevalence and psychological impact of these phobias among nursing students in Iran and Türkiye. Methods: This cross-sectional study was included nursing students; participants completed validated questionnaires assessing nomophobia, netlessphobia and anxiety. Data were collected from June to July 2024 via paper-based and electronic surveys. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, multiple regression and …


58(2) Front Matter Aug 2025

58(2) Front Matter

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Ai & The Legal Profession: Special Issue Introduction, Jon Festinger, Kc Aug 2025

Ai & The Legal Profession: Special Issue Introduction, Jon Festinger, Kc

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Do The Canadian Practical And Legal Frameworks On Ai Adequately Address The Uses Of Llms In Courts?, Céline Castets-Renard Aug 2025

Do The Canadian Practical And Legal Frameworks On Ai Adequately Address The Uses Of Llms In Courts?, Céline Castets-Renard

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Too Dangerous To Deploy? The Challenge Language Models Pose To Regulating Ai In Canada And The Eu, Robert Diab Aug 2025

Too Dangerous To Deploy? The Challenge Language Models Pose To Regulating Ai In Canada And The Eu, Robert Diab

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Maintaining Legitimacy: Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision Making, And Reasonableness Review Under Canadian Administrative Law, Bradley Henderson Aug 2025

Maintaining Legitimacy: Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision Making, And Reasonableness Review Under Canadian Administrative Law, Bradley Henderson

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Algorithmic Sentencing & Displaced Judicial Discretion: Storytelling Solutions For Rule Of Law Problems In The Age Of Ai, Katie Szilagyi Aug 2025

Algorithmic Sentencing & Displaced Judicial Discretion: Storytelling Solutions For Rule Of Law Problems In The Age Of Ai, Katie Szilagyi

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Lying Chatbot Makes Airline Liable: Negligent Misrepresentation In Moffatt V Air Canada, Isabelle St-Hilaire Aug 2025

Lying Chatbot Makes Airline Liable: Negligent Misrepresentation In Moffatt V Air Canada, Isabelle St-Hilaire

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


The Impact Of Generative Ai On The Legal Market, David Cohen, Matthew Peters Aug 2025

The Impact Of Generative Ai On The Legal Market, David Cohen, Matthew Peters

UBC Law Review

No abstract provided.


Insights Gained From Applying Molecular Techniques To Gray Triggerfish (Balistes Capriscus Gmelin, 1789) In The Mexican Caribbean, The Southern And Northwestern Gulf Of Mexico, Geaceli G. Orive Aug 2025

Insights Gained From Applying Molecular Techniques To Gray Triggerfish (Balistes Capriscus Gmelin, 1789) In The Mexican Caribbean, The Southern And Northwestern Gulf Of Mexico, Geaceli G. Orive

Theses and Dissertations

This study focuses on Balistes capriscus (Gray Triggerfish), a reef-associated species dependent on hard-bottom habitats in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Using mitochondrial DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analyses, genetic structure across four sites was assessed: Rio Grande Valley (RGV), Veracruz, Chinchorro Bank, and Xahuayxol. Samples from RGV and Veracruz exhibited limited haplotype diversity, minimal nucleotide divergence, and weak genetic differentiation-patterns consistent with recent population expansion and ongoing connectivity within the GOM. While the study centered on B. capriscus, all individuals from Chinchorro and Xahuayxol unexpectedly grouped with Canthidermis maculata (Spotted Oceanic Triggerfish), suggesting misidentification, cryptic diversity, or taxonomic uncertainty in …


Summer 2025, Georgia Library Quarterly Aug 2025

Summer 2025, Georgia Library Quarterly

Georgia Library Quarterly

No abstract provided.


2024 Annual Report Of The Collections, Metadata, & Resource Sharing Division, Maria Savova, Joshua Keyes, Candace Lebel, Casey Ann Mitchell, Melissa Perez Aug 2025

2024 Annual Report Of The Collections, Metadata, & Resource Sharing Division, Maria Savova, Joshua Keyes, Candace Lebel, Casey Ann Mitchell, Melissa Perez

Library Staff Publications and Research

No abstract provided.


The Role Of Social Media In Cultural Change In Saudi Society (From The Woman’S Perspective), Huda Abdulaziz Aldegheiy Aug 2025

The Role Of Social Media In Cultural Change In Saudi Society (From The Woman’S Perspective), Huda Abdulaziz Aldegheiy

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

The study aimed to identify the role of social media in cultural change in Saudi society from the point of view of women. In light of the nature of the study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, and the study tool was the questionnaire, and the sample size reached (709) of women in Saudi society. The study found several results, the most important of which were: (45.7%) of the study sample believe that TikTok is the most influential social media on cultural changes, while there are (26.7%) who believe that Snapchat is the most influential, and that there is …


The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Lives Of Individuals In Kuwaiti Society During Curfew, Hend Batel Al-Ma’Seb, Maha Meshari Al-Sejari Aug 2025

The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Lives Of Individuals In Kuwaiti Society During Curfew, Hend Batel Al-Ma’Seb, Maha Meshari Al-Sejari

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

The main aim of this study is to assess the extent to which the Covid-19 pandemic has affected individuals in Kuwaiti society in its various aspects, such as economic conditions, social relations, personal hygiene, and physical health, which are determined by demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and level of education. The study employed a descriptive approach and recruited 703 individuals who lived in Kuwait during the pandemic. The main tool used was an online questionnaire. This questionnaire consists of several sections, including an introduction, demographic information about respondents, and a scale of the impact of the pandemic …


The Role Of Service Quality In Enhancing The Brand Image Of Sports Clubs In The Sultanate Of Oman, Amain Gaafar, Ali Al Yaaribi Aug 2025

The Role Of Service Quality In Enhancing The Brand Image Of Sports Clubs In The Sultanate Of Oman, Amain Gaafar, Ali Al Yaaribi

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

The study aims to identify the dimensions of service quality in improving the Brand image in sports clubs - in the Sultanate of Oman, and the descriptive approach was used in the survey method. The study sample was randomly selected from Club boards of directors, club managers, players, coaches, clubgoers, and escorts, and their number was (39). The study recommends focusing on developing appropriate strategies that help improve the brand image of sports clubs among members and beneficiaries.


Girls Of Riyadh Narrating The “Velvet Class” In Saudi Arabia, Yahya Hassan Al-Wadhaf Aug 2025

Girls Of Riyadh Narrating The “Velvet Class” In Saudi Arabia, Yahya Hassan Al-Wadhaf

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

Banat al-Riyadh, translated as Girls of Riyadh, is a Saudi controversial novel which was initially published in 2005 and appeared as an English version in 2007. The narrative gives a detailed and an inside view to the domestic and ‘private’ part of the Saudi society. It gives an access to that ‘velvet class’ as the narrator describes the women that occupy the narrative space of Girls of Riyadh. The novel addresses in a revolutionary manner issues pertaining to women’s rights, dreams, hopes and aspirations The novel addresses in a revolutionary manner issues pertaining to women’s rights, dreams, hopes, and aspirations …


Socioeconomic Inequality In Child Malnutrition In Sudan: Results From The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014), Huda Mohamed Mukhtar Ahmed, Mutaz Fikri Mohamed Osman Digna Aug 2025

Socioeconomic Inequality In Child Malnutrition In Sudan: Results From The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014), Huda Mohamed Mukhtar Ahmed, Mutaz Fikri Mohamed Osman Digna

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

This study investigates the association between nutrition indicators such as height/weight-for-age and weight-for-height with socioeconomic variables in Sudan, using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey data, 2014. These variables include Household's wealth quintiles, mother's highest education level, head of household's highest level of education, place of residence, age and gender of the child, region, and access sanitation facilities A concentration index and curve and a probit model used were to measure the socioeconomic inequality in under-five children malnutrition. The findings showed that the child's age (P = 0.000), mother's education of secondary and above (P = 0.046), and households’ richest quintile …


The Effect Of Diet Formulations Containing Different Protein Sources On Energy And Nitrogen Utilization In Lactating Jersey Cows, Kortney Ann Harpestad Aug 2025

The Effect Of Diet Formulations Containing Different Protein Sources On Energy And Nitrogen Utilization In Lactating Jersey Cows, Kortney Ann Harpestad

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

It is well understood that lactating dairy cows require metabolizable protein (MP) for milk yield and milk protein synthesis. Diets with conventional feed sources like corn and soybean meal (SBM) may not sufficiently meet all MP and amino acid (AA) requirements so supplementation with more rumen undegradable protein (RUP) rich feeds or rumen-protected AA can be fed to support animal performance. The growth trajectory of biofuels has resulted in dramatic increases in the production of feeds like heat treated soybean meal (HTSBM). While the chemical composition of this product is understood, there is a need to better understand how HTSBM …


The Need For Specialized Career Development Services For Collegiate Student-Athletes, Scott Victor-Allen Spaanstra Aug 2025

The Need For Specialized Career Development Services For Collegiate Student-Athletes, Scott Victor-Allen Spaanstra

Masters Projects

Research has shown that college students benefit greatly from career development services provided by their university (Bridgstock et al., 2019). However, many collegiate student-athletes may find it difficult to utilize their on-campus career development resources due to additional time constraints, stress and pressure, and struggle with athletic identity (Carodine et al., 2001). This project explores the importance of specialized career development support for student-athletes at collegiate universities as specialized career development services have been shown to benefit students (Patton & McMahon, 2021). This project will introduce career development services to help student-athletes as well as provide the tools to evaluate …


Contextualization Of Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (Hcap) In An Aging Population In Rural Low-Resource Settings In Africa: Experiences And Strategies Adopted To Optimize Effective Adaption Of Cognitive Tests In Kenya, Roselyter Riang’A, Eunice Muthoni, Niranjani Nagarajan, Felix Agoi, Patrick Mwangala, Alden Gross, Jean Ikanga, Kenneth Langa, Edward Miguel, Anthony Ngugi Aug 2025

Contextualization Of Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (Hcap) In An Aging Population In Rural Low-Resource Settings In Africa: Experiences And Strategies Adopted To Optimize Effective Adaption Of Cognitive Tests In Kenya, Roselyter Riang’A, Eunice Muthoni, Niranjani Nagarajan, Felix Agoi, Patrick Mwangala, Alden Gross, Jean Ikanga, Kenneth Langa, Edward Miguel, Anthony Ngugi

Population Health, East Africa

Cross-cultural adaptation of cognitive assessments is crucial for detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) in aging populations. This study documents the adaptation of the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) for a pilot study on the Longitudinal Study of Health and Aging in Kenya (LOSHAK) in rural Kilifi County, Kenya, highlighting challenges and strategies for optimizing outcomes. As part of the LOSHAK feasibility phase, cognitive tests including: the Swahili Mental State Examination, 10-word recall, animal naming, story recall, clock drawing, and making change, were administered to 202 participants (≥45 years) from the Kaloleni/Rabai Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KRHDSS). …


Midlife Cognitive Testing In Africa: Validity Of The Harmonised Cognitive Assessment Protocol In The Kenya Life Panel Survey, Alden Gross, Madeline Duhon, Eric Ochieng, Jean Ikanga, William Dow, Jinkook Lee, Michael Walker, Michelle Layvant, Anthony Ngugi, Joshua Ehrlich Aug 2025

Midlife Cognitive Testing In Africa: Validity Of The Harmonised Cognitive Assessment Protocol In The Kenya Life Panel Survey, Alden Gross, Madeline Duhon, Eric Ochieng, Jean Ikanga, William Dow, Jinkook Lee, Michael Walker, Michelle Layvant, Anthony Ngugi, Joshua Ehrlich

Population Health, East Africa

Objectives: Cohort studies of ageing and cognitive decline typically do not begin fielding comprehensive cognitive assessments until older adulthood. However, for identifying preventable dementia risk factors, there is strong value in beginning at earlier ages. The case is especially compelling in sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of older individuals is expected to triple in the next three decades, and where risk factors may operate more intensively at earlier ages. This study reports on the adaptation and validity of the Harmonised Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) approach in the Kenya Life Panel Survey (KLPS), collected among middle-aged respondents.

Design: To evaluate the …


Dp-Brem: Differentially-Private And Byzantine-Robust Federated Learning With Client Momentum, Xiaolan Gu, Ming Li, Li Xiong Aug 2025

Dp-Brem: Differentially-Private And Byzantine-Robust Federated Learning With Client Momentum, Xiaolan Gu, Ming Li, Li Xiong

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Federated Learning (FL) allows multiple participating clients to train machine learning models collaboratively while keeping their datasets local and only exchanging the gradient or model updates with a coordinating server. Existing FL protocols are vulnerable to attacks that aim to compromise data privacy and/or model robustness. Recently proposed defenses focused on ensuring either privacy or robustness, but not both. In this paper, we focus on simultaneously achieving differential privacy (DP) and Byzantine robustness for cross-silo FL, based on the idea of learning from history. The robustness is achieved via client momentum, which averages the updates of each client over time, …


Pain Acceptance In Chronic Postoperative Pain: Concept Analysis, Sajini M Thekkel, Constance M Johnson, Meagan Whisenant, Deniz Dishman Aug 2025

Pain Acceptance In Chronic Postoperative Pain: Concept Analysis, Sajini M Thekkel, Constance M Johnson, Meagan Whisenant, Deniz Dishman

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: Chronic postoperative pain (CPOP) is a potential outcome of otherwise successful surgery that can persist for months, with its prevalence varied by surgical type, genetic predispositions, and psychosocial factors. Pain acceptance offers better outcomes to these patient populations by fostering a willingness to experience pain without resistance. This analysis examines how pain acceptance contributes to psychological well-being, helps reduce opioid misuse, and enhances quality of life, even in the presence of CPOP.

Design: The concept analysis approach follows Walker and Avant's framework (2019).

Methods: A literature search across PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL yielded 276 articles, of which …


Isolation And Functional Properties Of Highly-Purified N-Terminal Domain Of Human Napi2b By Scalable “Resin Overload” Technique, Daria Savenkova, Irina Makarenko, Daria Nedorezova, Ramziya Kiyamova, Mikhail Bogdanov Aug 2025

Isolation And Functional Properties Of Highly-Purified N-Terminal Domain Of Human Napi2b By Scalable “Resin Overload” Technique, Daria Savenkova, Irina Makarenko, Daria Nedorezova, Ramziya Kiyamova, Mikhail Bogdanov

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Despite the enthusiasm and advances in the purification of native and engineered full-length membrane proteins, little attention has been paid to their fragments which could serve as attractive inspiration for function, regulation, or targeting of full-length membrane protein with therapeutic antibodies (Abs). Production of recombinant fragments of "therapeutic" membrane proteins for early-stage discovery research requires their purification to near homogeneity. It is important not only for the production of biotherapeutic antibodies but also for structural and functional studies of competitive protein-Abs, protein-protein, and lipid-protein interactions which heavily rely on the purity and quality of the isolated protein fragment of interest. …


Addressing Challenges In Developing Treatments For Inherited Retinal Diseases: Recommendations From The Third Monaciano Symposium, Debra A Thompson, K Thiran Jayasundera, Oleg Alekseev, Robin R Ali, Alessia Amato, Vadim Y Arshavsky, Isabelle S Audo, Alberto Auricchio, James W B Bainbridge, Eyal Banin, Cagri G Besirli, David G Birch, Kari E Branham, Artur V Cideciyan, Stephen P Daiger, Jacque L Duncan, Abigail T Fahim, John G Flannery, Roberto Gattegna, John R Heckenlively, Elise Héon, Alessandro Iannaccone, Naheed W Khan, Samer Khateb, Henry J Klassen, Bart P Leroy, Dario Marangoni, Michel Michaelides, David C Musch, Mark E Pennesi, Simon M Petersen-Jones, Eric A Pierce, Rajesh C Rao, José-Alain Sahel, Paul A Sieving, Enrica Strettoi, Cameron R Strong, Thomas J Wubben, Paul Yang, David N Zacks Aug 2025

Addressing Challenges In Developing Treatments For Inherited Retinal Diseases: Recommendations From The Third Monaciano Symposium, Debra A Thompson, K Thiran Jayasundera, Oleg Alekseev, Robin R Ali, Alessia Amato, Vadim Y Arshavsky, Isabelle S Audo, Alberto Auricchio, James W B Bainbridge, Eyal Banin, Cagri G Besirli, David G Birch, Kari E Branham, Artur V Cideciyan, Stephen P Daiger, Jacque L Duncan, Abigail T Fahim, John G Flannery, Roberto Gattegna, John R Heckenlively, Elise Héon, Alessandro Iannaccone, Naheed W Khan, Samer Khateb, Henry J Klassen, Bart P Leroy, Dario Marangoni, Michel Michaelides, David C Musch, Mark E Pennesi, Simon M Petersen-Jones, Eric A Pierce, Rajesh C Rao, José-Alain Sahel, Paul A Sieving, Enrica Strettoi, Cameron R Strong, Thomas J Wubben, Paul Yang, David N Zacks

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Over the past decade, efforts focused on developing genetic therapies for inherited retinal diseases have advanced steadily to clinical trials and the development of a treatment, fueling optimism for the potential of precision medicines to provide safe and effective therapies for these rare conditions. Although several ongoing programs remain poised for success, numerous challenges have negatively impacted the ability to obtain regulatory approvals. The present position paper briefly summarizes recent advances and challenges in developing therapeutics for inherited retinal diseases, and presents a set of recommendations for moving the field forward. The priorities identified are discussed in terms of progress …


Transcriptomic Analysis Of Localized High-Risk Prostate Cancer Improves Prognostication And Identifies Benefit From Adding Docetaxel To Definitive Radiotherapy With Androgen Suppression In The Nrg Oncology/Rtog 0521 Phase 3 Trial, Ryan M Phillips, James A Proudfoot, Elai Davicioni, Yang Liu, Daniel E Spratt, Jeff M Simko, Robert B Den, Alan Pollack, Seth A Rosenthal, A Oliver Sartor, Christopher J Sweeney, Gerhardt Attard, Leslie Longoria, Samir Patel, Michael W Straza, Jason A Efstathiou, Amit B Shah, Karen E Hoffman, Joseph P Rodgers, Howard M Sandler, Felix Y Feng, Phuoc T Tran Aug 2025

Transcriptomic Analysis Of Localized High-Risk Prostate Cancer Improves Prognostication And Identifies Benefit From Adding Docetaxel To Definitive Radiotherapy With Androgen Suppression In The Nrg Oncology/Rtog 0521 Phase 3 Trial, Ryan M Phillips, James A Proudfoot, Elai Davicioni, Yang Liu, Daniel E Spratt, Jeff M Simko, Robert B Den, Alan Pollack, Seth A Rosenthal, A Oliver Sartor, Christopher J Sweeney, Gerhardt Attard, Leslie Longoria, Samir Patel, Michael W Straza, Jason A Efstathiou, Amit B Shah, Karen E Hoffman, Joseph P Rodgers, Howard M Sandler, Felix Y Feng, Phuoc T Tran

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background and objective: NRG/RTOG 0521 randomized men with high-risk localized prostate cancer (PC) to androgen suppression (AS) and definitive radiotherapy (RT) ± docetaxel-based chemotherapy (CT). The overall survival (OS) benefit with CT initially reported was lost on longer follow-up. The Decipher genomic classifier (GC) measures multiple transcripts relevant to docetaxel action. Basal/luminal differentiation portends differential response to AS and CT for high-risk localized and metastatic hormone-sensitive PC. We validated the Decipher GC in pretreatment biopsy samples for risk stratification and examined basal-luminal subtyping to predict docetaxel response.

Methods: Decipher GC scores and basal-luminal cellular subtypes were generated for specimens from …