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Consanguinity And Rare Genetic Disorders: Epidemiology, Case Studies, And Clinical Implications, Yllka Gashi, Anjeza Temaj, Erda Aliu, Sefedin Bilalli, Driton Selmani, Gazmend Temaj, Nexhibe Nuhi Oct 2025

Consanguinity And Rare Genetic Disorders: Epidemiology, Case Studies, And Clinical Implications, Yllka Gashi, Anjeza Temaj, Erda Aliu, Sefedin Bilalli, Driton Selmani, Gazmend Temaj, Nexhibe Nuhi

UBT International Conference

Consanguinity, defined as reproductive unions between closely related individuals, considerably increases the probability of offspring inheriting rare autosomal recessive (AR) disorders. This review explores the effects of consanguinity on the incidence, complexity, and spectrum of inherited diseases, emphasizing rare genetic syndromes within diverse populations. Consanguinity rates vary significantly by region, directly influencing the prevalence of founder mutations and specific AR diseases. In-depth literature review and case analyses—including Joubert syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), epidermolysis bullosa (EB), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—underscore the increased phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity within affected groups, often resulting in blended or unusually severe disease manifestations. Recent molecular techniques, …

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The Challenges Of The Digital Transformation Of A Hospital According To The Trends Of Innovative Technological Development, Vehebi Sofiu, Faton Kabashi, Lamir Shkurti, Mirlinda Reqica, Mirlinda Selimaj, Greta Ahma Oct 2025

The Challenges Of The Digital Transformation Of A Hospital According To The Trends Of Innovative Technological Development, Vehebi Sofiu, Faton Kabashi, Lamir Shkurti, Mirlinda Reqica, Mirlinda Selimaj, Greta Ahma

UBT International Conference

This research discusses the process of managing and digitally transforming a hospital by integrating advanced technologies. The focus of this transformation is patient care and the protection of institutional data through the implementation of Block chain technology to enhance security measures. The goal of this topic is to take preventive measures against information security breaches and cyber threats. The transformation model addresses institutional deficiencies in managing healthcare information and patient records through electronic records. Additionally, it advances technological development to align the use of artificial intelligence with medical care infrastructure. This technology enables training for staff involved in hospital communication, …

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Cultural Aspects Of The Use And Preservation Of Linguistic Heritage: The Impact Of Bilingualism On Identity And Social Integration Bilingualism And Its Influence On Albanians In The Diaspora, Migena Arllati Oct 2025

Cultural Aspects Of The Use And Preservation Of Linguistic Heritage: The Impact Of Bilingualism On Identity And Social Integration Bilingualism And Its Influence On Albanians In The Diaspora, Migena Arllati

UBT International Conference

This study aimed to investigate the influence of proficiency in two or more languages on forming individual identity and social integration. To achieve this goal, a methodology was employed that was based on an analysis of the cultural aspects of bilingualism and an exploration of strategies for preserving cultural values in a linguistic environment. The article delved into the cultural facets of bilingualism in detail, specifically strategies for preserving linguistic heritage and the interaction between ethnic groups in multilingual settings. The paper also considered multinational marriages as one aspect that influences cultural heritage and bilingualism. Multinational marriages can contribute to …

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Symbolic Reflection In Fashion Design: The Evolution Of The Modern Woman Through Black And Gold Aesthetics (1990–2025), Ardita Rizvanolli Oct 2025

Symbolic Reflection In Fashion Design: The Evolution Of The Modern Woman Through Black And Gold Aesthetics (1990–2025), Ardita Rizvanolli

UBT International Conference

This study explores the evolution of the female figure over the past three decades through the artistic design of garments, as a reflection of social, emotional, and aesthetic transition from 1990 to 2025. Based on the concept of the exhibition “The Silent Transition – The Woman Through Three Decades,” the research examines how fashion transforms into a visual language of collective memory and feminine identity. Through the analysis of black color and golden elements as two symbolic poles of sensitivity and strength, the study deepens the idea of duality that defines the modern woman – fragile yet unbreakable, silent yet …

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The Impact Of Musical Hearing On The Creative Process Of Composers: A Collaborative Student–Teacher Research Approach, Leutrina Pireva, Vesa Xharra Oct 2025

The Impact Of Musical Hearing On The Creative Process Of Composers: A Collaborative Student–Teacher Research Approach, Leutrina Pireva, Vesa Xharra

UBT International Conference

This study is built upon a qualitative and exploratory approach, investigating the impact of musical hearing on compositional creativity through the experience of a composition student and pedagogical reflection. The work is developed through a direct collaboration between the author (teacher) and the student, involving the latter as a co-author of the paper. By analyzing the student’s original compositions and examining how inner hearing and auditory perception influence the music writing process, the study aims to identify models for understanding the relationship between perception and creation. The research also includes comparisons with other composers and analyses of scholarly literature addressing …

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The Use Of Artıfıcıal Intellıgence For Fake News Detectıon, Altina Salihu, Diellza Berisha Oct 2025

The Use Of Artıfıcıal Intellıgence For Fake News Detectıon, Altina Salihu, Diellza Berisha

UBT International Conference

The phenomenon of fake news has become a global concern, directly influencing democratic processes, social perceptions, and public security. Detecting fake news represents a critical challenge for computer science, where Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers advanced solutions through Natural Language Processing (NLP) and text classification techniques. This paper analyzes and compares the main approaches used in this field, ranging from traditional machine learning models such as Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to modern deep learning architectures like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), BERT, and GPT-based models. Furthermore, it discusses widely adopted datasets such as FakeNewsNet and LIAR, which serve as …

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An Empirical Analysis Of Requirements For An Automated Elearning Platform: The Case Of Teachers In Kosova, Bleona Çitaku, Faton Kabashi, Lamir Shkurti, Mirlinda Selimaj Oct 2025

An Empirical Analysis Of Requirements For An Automated Elearning Platform: The Case Of Teachers In Kosova, Bleona Çitaku, Faton Kabashi, Lamir Shkurti, Mirlinda Selimaj

UBT International Conference

This paper examines the need for developing an automated e-learning platform that supports adaptive learning for students in Kosovo. Using a mixed-methods approach—both quantitative and qualitative—the responses of 50 teachers were analyzed to understand their perceptions and the challenges associated with using platforms such as Google Classroom, Moodle, and Zoom. The findings indicate that, although there is significant potential to enhance teaching practices, key obstacles remain, including low student engagement and technological difficulties. The study suggests the development of a personalized platform powered by artificial intelligence to improve student participation and the overall effectiveness of distance learning.

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Leadership And Institutional Change And Their Impact On The Curriculum, Andi Koci, Alma Lama, Denis Celcima Oct 2025

Leadership And Institutional Change And Their Impact On The Curriculum, Andi Koci, Alma Lama, Denis Celcima

UBT International Conference

Educational institutions need visionary leaders who can handle complex institutional changes because global educational systems keep evolving. The research investigates how leadership methods affect educational program development and institutional transformation through their influence on educational program structure and direction and their ability to maintain program relevance in the twenty-first century. Academic institutions face rapid changes in their environment because of technological progress and global trends and student requirements so leadership stands as the essential power for creating lasting educational transformations and updated curricula. The research bases its understanding of institutional change through transformational and distributed leadership theories which show that …

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From Kahoot To Chatgpt: Student Perceptions Of Edtech And Ai In English Language Learning Motivation, Lisjeta Thaqi, Asra Ramaxhiku Oct 2025

From Kahoot To Chatgpt: Student Perceptions Of Edtech And Ai In English Language Learning Motivation, Lisjeta Thaqi, Asra Ramaxhiku

UBT International Conference

In the age of artificial intelligence and digital education, understanding how students respond to technology in the classroom has become increasingly important. This study explores the perceptions of middle and high school students regarding the impact of educational technology (EdTech) and AI-powered tools on their motivation to learn English as a foreign language (EFL). Conducted in a private school in Mitrovica, Kosovo, the study surveyed 130 students from grades 6 to 12 using a structured questionnaire administered via Google Forms. The survey focused on commonly used tools such as Kahoot, YouTube, Grammarly, Duolingo, and ChatGPT. The findings aim to reveal …

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Digital Technologies For Modernizing Coal-Based Power Systems In Kosovo, Avni Alidemaj, Arbnor Lekaj Oct 2025

Digital Technologies For Modernizing Coal-Based Power Systems In Kosovo, Avni Alidemaj, Arbnor Lekaj

UBT International Conference

Proper management of electrical energy and its efficient use have gained increasing importance in recent decades due to the growing demand for energy and the need for environmental sustainability. In this context, the development of modern technologies for building automation and energy management has become an essential part of the technological transformations within the energy and construction sectors. This approach not only aims to reduce energy consumption but also contributes to creating a greener and more sustainable environment, while simultaneously enhancing safety, comfort, and control for users. This paper addresses the design and implementation of an intelligent system for energy …

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The Role Of Coal In The Implementation Of The Green Transition Agenda In Kosovo, Nexhmi Krasniqi, Armend Ymeri Oct 2025

The Role Of Coal In The Implementation Of The Green Transition Agenda In Kosovo, Nexhmi Krasniqi, Armend Ymeri

UBT International Conference

The recent global energy crisis—fueled by geopolitical tensions, increased energy demand, and persistent dependence on fossil fuels—has highlighted the fragility of current energy systems and the urgent need for a sustainable transformation. High and inefficient energy consumption, closely linked to industrial growth and urban development, continues to undermine ecological balance and accelerate climate change. While technological progress has improved access to renewable sources and advanced energy systems, it has not yet reached the scale or pace required to fully counteract the environmental consequences of unsustainable practices. In response, the European Union has placed the Green Transition and full Decarbonization at …

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The Role Of Digitalization And Artificial Intelligence In Media, Xhevahire Millaku Oct 2025

The Role Of Digitalization And Artificial Intelligence In Media, Xhevahire Millaku

UBT International Conference

The digital journalism and the artificial intelligence or the technology has begun to develop a noticeable speed in all fields, but especially in the media. According to researchers and experts to the journalism, the digital journalism began sometime around the 1990s, while is the necessary condition for the functioning in its early days, so it was the computer, the electronic mail, but also the network in general. In recent years, journalism and the electronic media in general it has offered real and the good opportunities to inform the public, therefore journalists, but also readers, find it easier to read and …

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The Role Of The Independent Media Commission (Imc) In Ensuring The Legality Of Audiovisual Media Services In The Republic Of Kosovo, Faruk Rexhaj, Naser Rugova Oct 2025

The Role Of The Independent Media Commission (Imc) In Ensuring The Legality Of Audiovisual Media Services In The Republic Of Kosovo, Faruk Rexhaj, Naser Rugova

UBT International Conference

The regulation of audiovisual media services remains one of the most important challenges in the democratic and institutional development of the Republic of Kosovo. The Independent Media Commission (IMC) plays a fundamental role in ensuring the legality of broadcasting entities’ activities, by guaranteeing compliance with professional standards, pluralism, and the protection of the public interest. In this context, the alignment of IMC’s legal and regulatory framework with the European Union’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) holds particular importance as a prerequisite for European integration and the strengthening of the rule of law. The aim of this paper is to examine …

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Media Education As A Tool For Civic Empowerment: Critical Approaches Of Youth In Kosovo Towards Online Disinformation, Blerta Aliu Oct 2025

Media Education As A Tool For Civic Empowerment: Critical Approaches Of Youth In Kosovo Towards Online Disinformation, Blerta Aliu

UBT International Conference

In the digital information era, young people face an extraordinarily high number of online sources daily. In this constant exposure, disinformation and fake news pose a serious challenge to democracy, public life, and particularly to how youth perceive social processes. This paper aims to analyze the level of media literacy among youth in Kosovo and the role this literacy plays in civic empowerment. Drawing on the Uses and Gratifications theory, the study examines how critical approaches influence the ability of Kosovar youth to detect disinformation and other forms of media disruption. The methodology combines a quantitative survey of young people …

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Emotional Disinformation And Engagement Bait: Ai-Generated Images On Facebook, Hyrije Mehmeti Oct 2025

Emotional Disinformation And Engagement Bait: Ai-Generated Images On Facebook, Hyrije Mehmeti

UBT International Conference

Emotional disinformation and engagement bait: AI-generated images on Facebook PhD. Student Hyrije Mehmeti1 Abstract Images generated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) are emerging as a powerful tool for disinformation, particularly on Facebook, where content spreads rapidly and reaches wide audiences. This paper examines how such images are used as engagement bait in Albanianlanguage Facebook posts to spread emotional disinformation. The study draws on fact-checkerverified cases where fabricated visuals were paired with captions designed to provoke user interaction and amplify reach. Using a qualitative case study approach, the analysis was guided by three criteria: the post included an AI-generated image, the text …

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The Impact Of Podcasts On The Creation Of Public Discourse In Kosova, Driton Iseni Oct 2025

The Impact Of Podcasts On The Creation Of Public Discourse In Kosova, Driton Iseni

UBT International Conference

In the digital era, podcasts have emerged as a powerful medium of communication that significantly influences public discourse. This study aims to highlight the impact of podcasts on the creation and shaping of public discourse in Kosovo. Through an in-depth analysis of podcast content and a series of interviews with creators, listeners, and communication experts, this paper examines the ways in which podcasts contribute to informing, educating, and mobilizing public opinion. In Kosovo, where traditional media face various challenges, podcasts have become an important platform for information and discussion. They provide opportunities to address topics that often remain outside the …

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The Impact Of Social Media Effects On Women’S Rights In Kosovo, Edona Sulejmani Oct 2025

The Impact Of Social Media Effects On Women’S Rights In Kosovo, Edona Sulejmani

UBT International Conference

This paper explores the impact of social media on women's rights in Kosovo, focusing both on fundamental issues and more serious concerns that often remain unresolved or fail to receive adequate institutional and media attention. In recent years, Kosovo has seen a notable increase in reports related to the challenges and violations faced by women, particularly through social media. These reports have varied in quality - some accurate and professionally handled, others misleading or distorted, resulting in disinformation and misrepresentation of reality. One critical aspect this study seeks to examine is whether there exists a degree of hesitation on the …

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Multispectral Pedestrian Detection In Low-Light Conditions: Infrared, Visible, And Fusion-Based Approaches For Cctv Applications, Ylli Rexhaj, Redon Rexhepi, Arxhend Jetullahu, Ideal Rafuna Oct 2025

Multispectral Pedestrian Detection In Low-Light Conditions: Infrared, Visible, And Fusion-Based Approaches For Cctv Applications, Ylli Rexhaj, Redon Rexhepi, Arxhend Jetullahu, Ideal Rafuna

UBT International Conference

Reliable pedestrian detection under low-light conditions remains a big challenge for intelligent surveillance and autonomous monitoring systems. Visible (VIS) or RGB sensor fail in darkness due to limited illuminations, while in the other hand infrared (IR) camera lack fine visual texture. This paper presents an adaptive multispectral pedestrian detection framework to address these limitations that combines the strengths of VIS and IR modalities through Weighted Boxes Fusion (WBF) applied to separately trained YOLOv8 models. Three variants of YOLOv8 the nano, small and medium models were trained independently on the LLVIP dataset. During inference, their outputs were merged using WBF with …

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Labor Rights And Financial Implications For Smes In Kosovo During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Arbnor Hajdari, Bekim Syla Oct 2025

Labor Rights And Financial Implications For Smes In Kosovo During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Arbnor Hajdari, Bekim Syla

UBT International Conference

The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges for developing economies, fundamentally testing the resilience of labor market structures and the adaptability of the workforce. In Kosovo, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which represent the cornerstone of the national economy, were disproportionately impacted by stringent public health restrictions, limited access to finance, and persistent uncertainty This study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the extent to which labor rights and social protection mechanisms were exercised during the pandemic, as well as to assess the broader financial and socio-economic implications for SMEs. The findings indicate pervasive informality in employment relations, coupled with …

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From Advertising To Reality: A Visual Analysis Of Fast-Food Products And Their Impact On Consumer Perceptions, Kaltrina Veselaj Shllaku, Visar Shllaku, Arberesha Hoxha Oct 2025

From Advertising To Reality: A Visual Analysis Of Fast-Food Products And Their Impact On Consumer Perceptions, Kaltrina Veselaj Shllaku, Visar Shllaku, Arberesha Hoxha

UBT International Conference

Fast food restaurant chains place great emphasis on presenting their products in advertisements through highly visually appealing images. However, there is an ongoing concern regarding the mismatch between the product shown in advertisements and the one that consumers actually receive. This study aims to identify the visual differences between the advertised product and the real one, as well as to analyze the impact of these discrepancies on consumer perception, brand credibility, and purchasing behavior. A comparative method and visual analysis were applied; statistical data were collected through questionnaires distributed across local and international fast-food chains. A total of 200 questionnaires …

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The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Enhancing Public Awareness And Communication On Indoor Radon Risk, Margarita Kuqali, Ylli Kaçiu, Gazmend Nafezi, Frank Holzwarth Oct 2025

The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Enhancing Public Awareness And Communication On Indoor Radon Risk, Margarita Kuqali, Ylli Kaçiu, Gazmend Nafezi, Frank Holzwarth

UBT International Conference

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas and the second leading cause of lung cancer, particularly among non-smokers. Despite its health risks, public awareness of indoor radon exposure remains low in many countries, including Kosovo. Traditional risk communication often struggles to engage diverse populations or adapt to modern digital habits. This paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance radon awareness through intelligent communication tools. Natural language processing (NLP) and AI-powered chatbots can deliver instant, personalized, and accessible information tailored to different languages, literacy levels, and cultural contexts. Additionally, sentiment analysis of social media can detect misconceptions and …

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International Conference On Integrated Design, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo Oct 2025

International Conference On Integrated Design, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo

UBT International Conference

UBT Annual International Conference is the 14th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent …

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German Reddit Sentiment Analysis Using Bert And Ml Techniques, Bledi Buduri Oct 2025

German Reddit Sentiment Analysis Using Bert And Ml Techniques, Bledi Buduri

UBT International Conference

This study presents a comprehensive workflow for collecting, preprocessing, and analyzing German-language comments from Reddit for sentiment analysis. Initially, a Pythonbased scraper using the Reddit API was developed to extract topic-specific comments, which were then cleaned by removing special characters, links, and irrelevant tokens. The dataset underwent tokenization, stopword removal, and normalization using stemming and lemmatization to produce a structured corpus suitable for machine learning tasks.Sentiment classification was performed using the German BERT model (oliverguhr/german-sentimentbert), categorizing comments as positive, negative, or neutral. To further evaluate performance, vectorization techniques such as Bag-of-Words and TF-IDF were applied, followed by machine learning classifiers …

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The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Developing Interactive And Intelligent Web Applications, Shkurte Zhegrova, Faton Kabashi, Mirlinda Selimaj, Vehebi Sofiu, Laura Gjikokaj Oct 2025

The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Developing Interactive And Intelligent Web Applications, Shkurte Zhegrova, Faton Kabashi, Mirlinda Selimaj, Vehebi Sofiu, Laura Gjikokaj

UBT International Conference

This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into web programming, a field that has been rapidly transformed by the advancement of modern technologies. AI represents not only a relatively new and revolutionary innovation but also a crucial factor shaping the future of humanity, raising both opportunities for progress and concerns about potential workforce replacement in certain domains. The research begins with an overview of the history and evolution of AI, followed by an examination of its role in optimizing processes, addressing technical challenges, and enhancing user experiences in web development. With capabilities such as processing large datasets, learning …

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The Role Of Organizational Culture And Management Strategies In Sales Employee Performance, Dorjana Feimi Oct 2025

The Role Of Organizational Culture And Management Strategies In Sales Employee Performance, Dorjana Feimi

UBT International Conference

In today’s highly competitive economic environment, organizations encounter increasing challenges in managing human resources and sustaining high performance, particularly within the sales sector. This study examines the impact of organizational culture and management strategies on sales employees’ performance, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive motivation, engagement, and professional outcomes. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire that combined closed-ended items with an open-ended question. This methodological approach allowed for the collection of robust statistical data to analyze the relationships between variables, while also capturing employees’ personal perceptions and experiences. The study offers …

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Bridging Academia And Industry Through Information Technology Training And Coaching, Besnik Skenderi, Diamanta Skenderi Oct 2025

Bridging Academia And Industry Through Information Technology Training And Coaching, Besnik Skenderi, Diamanta Skenderi

UBT International Conference

Higher education institutions are increasingly required to act as dual hubs, combining the academic mission of knowledge creation with the practical demands of industry. This paper examines how Intelligent Information Systems (IS) can bridge academia and industry to strengthen employability and foster innovation. Drawing on three cases from UBT, the study highlights effective practices and challenges. The ALLED II Project integrated VR/AR technologies into schools, providing immersive learning and aligning digital education with labor market needs. The Digital Bootcamp offered intensive training in web design, ecommerce, and digital marketing, achieving high satisfaction rates and direct employability outcomes. The Mentorship and …

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The Institutional Role Of Journalism In Post-Conflict Societies: The Case Of Kosovo, Ferid Selimi Oct 2025

The Institutional Role Of Journalism In Post-Conflict Societies: The Case Of Kosovo, Ferid Selimi

UBT International Conference

This study asserts that the traditional professional values underpinning journalism are becoming increasingly ambiguous, while established normative frameworks have diminished in their descriptive influence. Drawing on Hanitzsch’s (2011) typology of journalistic cultures, the research analyzes responses from a structured survey of 46 media professionals. Through the application of the Priority Model, the study explores how these professional role orientations intersect with neo-Gramscian perspectives on hegemony, particularly in shaping journalists’ priorities during the production and dissemination of news. The research investigates the institutional roles of journalistic cultures within Kosovo, with a specific focus on their evolving engagement in broader societal responsibilities …

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The Challenge Of Domestic Violence In The Balkan States, Marigona Bajraktaraj, Florent Azemi Oct 2025

The Challenge Of Domestic Violence In The Balkan States, Marigona Bajraktaraj, Florent Azemi

UBT International Conference

Domestic violence is a major social problem that includes physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological forms.It appears as a repeated pattern of behavior aimed at control and domination over the partner, affecting the lives of all family members.The main characteristics are the abuse of power and the violation of the victim’s fundamental rights. The consequences manifest in pain, suffering, and the undermining of the victim’s health and safety.Many victims remain in abusive relationships due to fear and threats of harm.Balkan states have criminalized domestic violence and established penalties for offenders. The phenomenon is also linked to femicide and has worsened …

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Employment And The Impact Of Nepotism In Human Resources, Arsim Gjinovci, Dren Gjinovci Oct 2025

Employment And The Impact Of Nepotism In Human Resources, Arsim Gjinovci, Dren Gjinovci

UBT International Conference

The two interconnected problems of nepotism and corruption damage economic growth and public institutions while breaking down the rule of law. Nepotism manifests when organizations give employment opportunities to family members and personal acquaintances instead of selecting candidates based on their professional qualifications. Nepotism and corruption together create an environment of unfair competition that damages public trust between citizens and investors which threatens democratic governance. The research investigates which elements support nepotism and corruption while studying their effects on organizations and economic performance of the nation. The research investigates how these phenomena directly influence personnel selection and career progression throughout …

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Why Organized Crime Is In The Spotlight In Kosovo And Beyond, Florent Azemi, Merita Muharremi Oct 2025

Why Organized Crime Is In The Spotlight In Kosovo And Beyond, Florent Azemi, Merita Muharremi

UBT International Conference

Organized crime represents a complex and dynamic challenge to national security and the legal order of modern states. Its forms and manifestations are diverse, constantly evolving as a result of political, social, and economic changes. This paper aims to analyze some of the most significant forms of organized crime in the contemporary context, focusing on phenomena such as corruption, human trafficking, money laundering, drug trafficking, and arms smuggling. Instead of concentrating on the mafia as a classical form of organized crime, this study emphasizes modern forms that have gained prominence in recent decades. Through a review of legal and criminological …

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