Digital Commons Network^™

Efficient Smooth Tensor Train And Tensor Ring Completion For Image Classification Enhancement, Salman Ahmadi-Asl, Roman V. Garaev, Rustam A. Lukmanov, Naeim Rezaeian, Asad Masood Khattak, Manuel Mazzara

All Works

This paper deals with studying the data completion problem for enhancing the image classification task under the pixel removal scenario. In some applications, it happens that a part of the pixels of a given image is lost due to several issues, such as corruption by outliers or artifacts and/or incompleteness due to imprecise data acquisition. This issue results in a completely wrong classification outcome using Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). In this paper we investigate the benefit of data completion in enhancing the classification accuracy of the DNN models to build more robust and stable DNN models. To this end, we …

Ndls Communicator: Week Of 10.27.25, Notre Dame Law School

NDLS Communicator

The Latest News

• Notre Dame Law School names 2025-26 Murphy Fellows
• Notre Dame Law School names inaugural Kopko Family Law Fellows
• J.S.D. candidates Nicolás Buitrago-Rey and Juan Carlos Gazmuri conduct research on democracy and human rights at the Max Planck Institute

Faculty Briefs

• Marcus Cole
• Nicole Garnett
• Fr. Pat Reidy
• Mary Ellen O'Connell
• Sherif Girgis
• Haley Proctor
• Rick Garnett
• Kimberly Orr
• Emily Bremer
• Paolo Carozza
• Diane Desierto
• Susan Azyndar
• Lloyd Mayer
• Derek Muller
• Jimmy Gurule
• Mark Hill KC

Events

• Law and Economic Seminar
• Job Talk
• Staff Town Hall
• President's Faculty Address
• Law School Trick-or-Treat
• Halloween
• Provost Open Office Hours

Around …

Ktrb-Mediated Alkaline Adaptation Drives Enterococcus Faecalis Persistence In The Gastrointestinal Tract Of Helicoverpa Zea, Patrick J. Hurd, Vivian Veto, Geneva Bell, Jerreme J. Jackson

Faculty Publications

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal enteric bacterium capable of surviving in extreme and diverse environments. Here, we characterized the role of the gene ntpJ, which encodes the KtrB subunit of the KtrAB Na⁺/K⁺ symporter, during the adaptation of E. faecalis to alkaline stress and persistence in Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm). We assessed growth kinetics, biofilm formation, surface adhesion, and gastrointestinal persistence in vivo using an E. faecalis OG1RF mariner transposon mutant (ntpJ-Tn). The ntpJ-Tn mutant showed delayed entry into mid-log phase growth and biofilm formation under standard and alkaline-adjusted conditions relative to the wild-type strain, while adherence …

The Influence Of Chlorophyll-A And Sea Surface Temperature On Anchovy Catch Trends (2011-2024) In Kilwa, Tanzania, Renatus Shigi, Prosper L. Mfilinge

Tanzania Journal of Science

Anchovies exhibit varying trends in catch worldwide, with some regions experiencing declines in catch due to overfishing and environmental changes, while others remain stable or experience increases. Kilwa is among the most productive small pelagic fisheries along the Tanzanian coast. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) on anchovy catch trends in Kilwa. The study further examined the relationship between catch per unit effort (CPUE) and total anchovy catch, as well as its implications for fisheries management. The study was conducted at two sites: Kilwa Kivinje and Kilwa Masoko during both the …

Fluridone Use In Furrow-Irrigated Rice: Palmer Amaranth Control And Crop Response, Maria Carolina Souza, Jason K. Norsworthy, Pamela Carvalho-Moore, Amar S. Godar, Samuel B. Fernandes, Trenton L. Roberts, Thomas R. Butts

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rice cultivated under furrow irrigation faces weed management challenges due to the aerobic conditions that favor the emergence of terrestrial weeds such as Palmer amaranth. Fluridone was recently registered for use in rice production, offering an alternative site of action for Palmer amaranth control. Four site-years of field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in furrow-irrigated rice to assess Palmer amaranth control and crop tolerance to fluridone applied preemergence alone or with various postemergence treatments. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. The whole-plot factor was the postemergence treatment, while the …

Intouch Week Of October 27, 2025, New York Medical College

InTouch

• Founder’s Dinner Honors Leadership and Inspires Generosity
• SOM Class of 2029 Officially Don Their White Coats for the First Time
• 32nd Annual Faculty Author Awards Highlights Faculty Excellence
• Mill Etienne, M.D. ’02, M.P.H., Awarded Prestigious AAMC Award for Humanism in Medicine
• NYMC Goes Orange for Physical Therapy Month
• Students Carve Out Creativity at the NYMC Pumpkin Carving Contest
• For Medical Students, the Pre-Matriculation Program Continues to Evolve
• NYMC/WMC Ophthalmology Alumni Gather for Inaugural Reception at AAO Conference in Orlando
• Fire Safety Training at BSB for Students, Faculty, and Staff
• TCDM Goes to the Dominican Republic on a Volunteer Mission Trip

Pediatric Vs Adult Invasive Aspergillosis In Cancer And Hematopoietic Transplant Patients: Insights From A Matched Cohort At A Tertiary Cancer Center, Saliba Wehbe, Ramia Zakhour, Ray Hachem, Ying Jiang, Hiba Dagher, Roseen Salman, Anne-Marie Chaftari, Issam I Raad

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients, including those with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. While adult IA has been well characterized, data on pediatric populations remain limited, and potential age-related differences are often overlooked in current management guidelines.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective matched cohort study at a tertiary cancer center, evaluating IA cases diagnosed over a 31-year period. Pediatric patients (≤18 years) with proven or probable IA were matched 1:3 with adult IA cases based on year of diagnosis, underlying disease, and history of hematopoietic cell transplantation. We compared demographics, clinical presentation, …

Resilience Factors And Physical Activity Engagement In Adolescents With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study., William R. Black, Haley Hart, Jennifer Christofferson, Mark Connelly, Liesbet Goubert, Dustin Wallace, Laura Ellingson-Sayen, Ann M. Davis

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Background/Objectives: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMSKP) affects up to 40% of adolescents and leads to substantial disability, reduced quality of life, and long-term health risks. Physical activity is central to treatment, but adherence to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is inconsistent. We evaluated higher-resilience constructs-self-efficacy, pain acceptance, motivational stage, and affect-and hypothesized that higher resilience would be associated with greater objectively measured physical activity, better daily functioning, and higher quality of life in adolescents with CMSKP. Methods: Forty-three adolescents (13-18 years) with CMSKP completed measures of physical activity-specific self-efficacy, acceptance (AFQ-Y), motivational stage (PSOCQ-A), and affect (PANAS-C). Participants wore activPAL …

Associations Of Early-Adulthood Adiposity With Breast Parenchymal Tissue Complexity Within Premenopausal Women, Sneha Das Gupta, Kayla Getz, Juanita Hernandez Lopez, Debbie L Bennett, Adetunji T Toriola, Aimilia Gastounioti

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Early-adulthood adiposity is associated with breast cancer risk. This study aims to evaluate the associations of early-adulthood adiposity with an emerging biomarker of breast cancer risk, breast parenchymal complexity, within premenopausal women.

METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed early-adulthood adiposity data and screening digital mammograms (DMs) of 326 premenopausal women (age in years; median: 48; range: 34-58) recruited at our institution. Adiposity measures were either assessed by trained personnel or self-reported by participants. DMs were analyzed using a well-validated computational imaging pipeline consisting of automated breast segmentation and radiomic feature extraction modules. The extracted radiomic features were fused into woman-specific breast …

A Novel Approach To Calculating Expected Total Fetal Lung Volume In Fetuses With Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia And Fetal Growth Restriction: A Theoretical Computational Simulation, Morcos Hanna, Jonathan Davies, Amaryllis Fernandes, Pamela M Ketwaroo, Amy R Mehollin-Ray, Roopali Donepudi, Alice King, Joseph Hagan, Sundeep G Keswani, Sharada H Gowda, Caraciolo J Fernandes

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objectives: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) often coexists with fetal growth restriction (FGR). The observed-to-expected (O/E) total fetal lung volume (TFLV) is used to assess CDH severity, predict outcomes, and direct fetal interventions. Expected TFLV measurements traditionally rely only on gestation age (GA). This simulation assesses how incorporating weight-adjusted GA norms affects O/E TFLV calculations in patients with isolated CDH and FGR.

Methods: A simulated dataset (n=1,005) utilized published mean fetal weight and TFLV references. Computer-generated variables included observed weights (3rd-10th %ile), O/E TFLV (10-65 %), and percent liver herniation (0-42 %). GA estimates were corrected by weight and used to …

Do Sustainability Reports Contain Financially Material Information?, Suzanne Haley, Matthew Shaffer, Richard Sloan

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Recent years have witnessed significant growth in corporate sustainability reporting. Yet existing research provides mixed evidence on the information content of these reports for investors. We examine the stock market reaction to the announcement of a sample of US corporate sustainability reports incorporating Sustainability Accounting Standards Board metrics that are intended to provide financially material information to investors. Using standard measures of information content, we cannot find compelling evidence that these reports provide a significant amount of new information to investors. Further analysis of a subset of common metrics indicates that they are either financially immaterial or preempted by traditional …

A Narrative Review Of Evidence, Safety, And Clinical Considerations In Taxane Chemotherapy For Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer, Jenny W. Zhang, Precious Ochuwa Imokhai, Danny Lee, Diana Hamdan, Trisha Mahajan, Satyam K. Singh, Amanda Brooks

Student Publications

The medical condition of pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) requires oncologists to determine the best way to protect both the mother and the fetus during cancer treatment. The safety profile of taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy remains unclear despite well-established anthracycline-based regimens (e.g., doxorubicin). High-risk breast cancer subtypes such as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-positive disease require taxane chemotherapy as standard treatment in nonpregnant patients. Objective: This paper aims to gather available data about the safety, timing and fetal outcomes related to taxane chemotherapy during PABC, …

Bioresponsive Hydrogel For On-Demand Nonhormonal Contraception, Giovanni M Pauletti, Pankaj Dwivedi, Ping Li, Aluet Borrego-Alvarez, Hidemi S Yamamoto, Julie Lewis, Sarah Alobaidi, Amel Ibrahim, Raina N Fichorova, Celia M Santi

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The utility of bioresponsive multifunctional hydrogel compositions for biomedical applications is rapidly increasing due to the diverse array of biological stimuli that can profoundly alter physicochemical gel properties that benefit therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this research is to explore a bioresponsive hydrogel as a drug-free bioengineering concept to fortify the natural physical contraceptive barriers at the cervicovaginal junction. The results of this research demonstrate that a hydrogel comprising 4% (

Cross-Model Watermarking Via Discriminative Samples For Secure Authentication, Juan Zhao, Yudao Sun, Zhihai Yang, Cai Xu, Hongji Chen, Fan Zhang, Jianxin Li

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Deep neural networks on cloud platforms face growing security threats, with AI services increasingly relying on heterogeneous models for the same task to meet diverse user needs. Existing methods fail to distinguish benign modifications from malicious attacks in cross-model scenarios. To address this challenge, we propose a non-intrusive cross-model watermarking method that generates discriminative samples as universal keys, enabling authentication without altering model parameters or architectures. Specifically, we introduce a margin enhancement loss to amplify confidence gaps between benign and malicious behaviors, ensuring high transferability across models. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the high efficacy of our proposed …

Evaluating Sustainability Research In Argentine Higher Education, María Belén Arias Valle, Frederic Marimon Dr.

Higher Learning Research Communications

This study analyzes the integration of sustainability into the research activities of Argentine higher education institutions (HEIs), both public and private. Through a quantitative approach, 132 HEIs were evaluated regarding the presence of sustainability research lines, the inclusion of this topic in strategic plans, and the existence of specialized institutes and academic publications. The results indicate that only 26% of HEIs have established research lines on sustainability, with greater participation from public universities. However, the overall commitment is uneven, with only 55% of institutions including sustainability in their strategic plans. The limited presence of observatories, specialized journals, and research centers …

Correcting For The Inflated Adult Population Denominator In An English Nationwide Health Care Cohort: Database Analysis Study, Sudhir Venkatesan, Mark Joy, Gavin Jamie, Debasish Kar, Robert Williams, Xuejuan Fan, Wilhelmine Meeraus, Ruby S.M. Tsang, Kathryn S. Taylor, Sylvia Taylor, F. D. Richard Hobbs, Sneha N. Anand, Chris Robertson, Simon De Lusignan

Peninsula Medical School

Background:Electronic health care databases are widely used for epidemiological studies. However, they may contain inactive records of individuals no longer participating in the health care system. These inactive records create a methodological challenge as they systematically appear as unexposed with no recorded outcomes. Given the widespread health care system engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic, the English National Health Service (NHS), which hosts a national pandemic planning and research dataset with linkage to COVID-19 vaccination and emergency care data, makes it an ideal setting to identify the extent of overrepresentation due to inactive health care records and assess ways to mitigate …

Can Innovation Enhance Regional Government Performance In Indonesia?, Lindawati Lindawati, Sak Khie

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

In Indonesia, innovation has become an essential priority for the government. The study analysed innovation's impact on regional governments' performance. The study focused on factors such as regional financial independence, local own-sourced revenue growth rate, the maturity level of e-government, and regional competitiveness. Secondary data from related ministries, covering all provincial, regency, and city governments in Indonesia, were used for the analysis. The study tested hypotheses using partial least squares and group difference tests. The results indicated that innovation positively impacted regional financial independence, e-government maturity level, and regional competitiveness but did not impact local own-sourced revenue growth rate. Innovative …

Threshold Levels Of Environmental Quality And Fiscal Decentralization On Economic Growth In Indonesia Before, During And After Covid-19 Pandemic, Malik Cahyadin, Mehilda Rosdaliva, Selfia Bintaringintyas, Yunastiti Puwaningsih, Yong Sze Wei

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

Environmental quality can stimulate a certain level of economic growth. Besides, the fiscal decentralization will enhance economic growth by improving a better condition for a local government budget. In the COVID-19 pandemic, the government should work hard to address a higher level of economic growth. Therefore, the threshold levels of environmental quality and fiscal decentralization can be assessed to maintain economic growth in the long-run. This study estimates the threshold levels of environmental quality and fiscal decentralization on economic growth for 34 provinces in Indonesia before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic. The cross-section threshold regression was employed. The findings reveal …

Basic Dimensions And Community Welfare In The Boti Tribe In The Island Of Timora, Kamilaus Konstanse Oki

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

The Boti tribe is the most unique indigenous traditional tribe on the island of Timor and even in the world. In the economic field, the Boti tribe fulfills economic needs independently through farming and refuses all kinds of government assistance, refuses technological production or modernization and formal education for the younger generation. However, the people of the Boti tribe feel very prosperous with their economic and socio-cultural life. The analytical tool used in this research is SmartPLS. The results show that the basic dimensions formed by the dimensions of satisfaction, meaning in life and security needs determine the very prosperous …

Indonesian Government In The Development Of The Global Electric Vehicle Industry Through Investment And Nickel Downstream, Annisa Millania Wildhani, Dyah Mutiarin

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

This study aims to analyze the role of the Indonesian government in developing the global electric vehicle industry through the potential of nickel. This research focuses on investment and downstream case studies in Indonesia. The aim is to evaluate the strategic steps taken by the government in attracting investors and encouraging downstream activities for Indonesia's nickel potential in supporting economic growth. This research was conducted using qualitative research methods by presenting findings through online media, this research data comes from online news media. This data was obtained using the Ncapture feature on Nvivo 12 Plus. The results of the study …

Corporate Social Responsibility Optimization As Collaborative Funding Innovation To Support Sustainable Development, Lindawati Lindawati, Yudhanty Parama Sany, Sak Khie, Iwan Syahrul Anwar, Dewi Listiorini

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

During the pandemic, development progress is hindered by budget constraints. Meanwhile, the business sector's contribution to development is minimal and charitable, with no significant impact. A program called "Kembang Jawara" has been introduced to optimize Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funding for development programs to address this issue. This study aimed to explore the innovation of funding called "Kembang Jawara" through a case study. The primary data was gathered through focused group discussions and interviews with the Regional Development Planning, Research and Development Agency of Subang Regency. The secondary data was sourced from proposals, work plans, reports, and policies related to …

What Drives Blue-Collar Workers Transition In The Labor Market Dynamics? Lesson Learned From Indonesia, Christiayu Natalia, Devanto Shasta Pratomo, Wildan Syafitri

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

The recovery from the global pandemic, as well as improvements in automation technologies, have presented substantial challenges for blue-collar workers who specialized in manual work. Labor transition is considered a strategy to adapt and strengthen their resilience. This study utilizes Indonesian National Labor Force Survey / SAKERNAS data from August 2023 to examine the key factors influencing blue-collar worker transitions in Indonesia, including three primary outcomes: (1) remaining unemployed and inactive, (2) transitioning back to the blue-collar worker, and (3) transitioning to the white-collar worker. The study employs multilevel multinomial logistic regression to examine the influence of individual characteristics (e.g., …

Harnessing Collaboration For Tourism In Kuta, Bali: Dual Analysing Swot And Porters Diamond Model, I Made Chandra Mandira, I Gusti Ngurah Widya Hadi Saputra, Ni Putu Nina Eka Lestari, Anak Agung Ayu Ngurah Sri Rahayu Gorda, Anak Agung Ayu Ngurah Tini Rusmini Gorda, I Ketut Nuraga

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

The purpose of this study is to analyse and identify the factors of utilizing collaboration and exploring the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of tourism in Kuta Beach, Bali, using a Penta helix approach that will be concluded using Porter's Diamond Model and the identification of collaborative strategies for tourism development. The research method uses a qualitative approach with RRA (rapid rural appraisal) techniques and SWOT analysis and uses Porter's Diamond Model in concluding, assisted by the N-Vivo Plus 12 application. The informants in this study totaled 16 people, with the criteria that 10 people were traditional leaders in Kuta …

The Impact Of Fiscal Incentives On Total Cost Of Electrified Vehicle Ownership In Indonesia, Riyanto Riyanto

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

The Indonesian government has provided fiscal incentives to develop a battery electric vehicle (BEV) market, such as luxury goods tax (PPnBM) exemptions, vehicle title transfer fee (BBNKB) reduction, and motor vehicle tax (PKB) reduction for BEV users. With several fiscal incentives, BEV prices are expected to compete with Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEVs), thus consumers will switch to buying and using BEVs. Consumers, however, do not solely consider the price of BEVs; they also consider the total cost of ownership (TCO). In that regard, this study aims to construct a TCO model and calculate the total cost of ownership of …

Competitiveness Of The Secondary Sector In North Kalimantan: Quantifying The Socio-Economic Impact, Djuanda Hatta, Rusdy Setiawan, Sendi Aulia Fiantika, Echa Asinah

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

The weak support for the secondary sector in providing value-added to the primary sector can potentially become a problem in increasing GRDP in North Kalimantan. This research aimed to measure the competitiveness of the secondary sector in each region in North Kalimantan and find out how socio-economic factors influence it. Quantifying competitiveness by combining the three methods, LQ, GRM, and Shift-Share analysis, was the new method. Meanwhile, Panel data regression was carried out to determine the influence of socio-economic variables on competitiveness, which consisted of Government Expenditure, Direct Investment, and Human Development Index. Based on the results of the competitiveness …

The Effect Of Local Government Spending Behavior On Local Economic Growth In Indonesia, Arsy Fajriar, Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

This study employs a dynamic panel data approach to assess the impact of year-end spending spikes on real GDP growth. By addressing econometric issues, it explores how these spending patterns influence economic performance. The analysis includes island-by-year effects to capture regional variations. The estimation results indicate that year-end spending spikes significantly reduce real GDP growth, particularly in districts where reliance on government expenditure for infrastructure development is more pronounced. Even in cities with higher fiscal independence, the impact remains, highlighting the importance of efficient spending management. Additionally, districts/cities outside Java Island experience considerable economic consequences due to delayed local government …

Determinant Of Import In Indonesia, Muhamad Yunanto, Henny Medyawati

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

Trade activities, particularly import, remain an interesting area of research. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the effect of inflation, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Bank Indonesia interest rate (BI Rate), and exchange rates on Indonesian import. Quarterly time series data from 2010-2022 were obtained from Bank Indonesia and the Central Bureau of Statistics. Data was then analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) as the estimation tool. The results showed that GDP, interest rate, exchange rate, and inflation rate had a positive effect on import in the short and long term. A key contribution of this research was the …

Is Trade Openness A Supportive Instrument For Human Development: A New Look On Newly Industrialized Economies, Tufail Hussain, Teguh Yudo Wicaksono

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

Formulating policies to enhance human well-being requires an urgent need to understand the drivers of human well-being. Therefore, the current study has proposed the socio-economic factors to investigate the main and moderate role of trade openness on Human Development for newly industrialized economies over 1990-2021. The current study shows the association between gross national income, urbanization, trade openness, labor force participation, foreign direct investment, and financial development. This study employs the fully modified and dynamic ordinary least squares for the reliable outcome. Empirical findings show that gross national income, urbanization, financial development, and labor force participation increase human development. Likewise, …

The Impact Of Dams On Regional Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From National Strategic Projects In Indonesia, Muhammad Nur Hidayat, Irfani Fithria Ummul Muzayanah

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

This study analyzes the impact of dam operations on regional economic growth in Indonesia by applying the economic base theory within a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) framework. The panel dataset covers 259 regencies/municipalities surrounding 48 National Strategic Project (PSN) dams, categorized into core regions, immediate neighbors, and second-tier neighbors over the 2018–2023 period. The results indicate that dam operations significantly increase Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in agrarian regions, with estimated gains of IDR 2.6 trillion in core regions and IDR 2.4 trillion in immediate neighbors, while effects remain statistically insignificant in non-agrarian regions. Trend analysis indicates a declining positive impact in …

Sustainable Economic Development And Digital Payments On Public Consumption Demand: Evidence From Indonesia, Binti Mindawati, Ris Yuwono Yudo Nugroho

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan

The COVID-19 outbreak has influenced Indonesia's economy and prompted an investigation. The study aims to assess the impact of sustainable economic development and digital payments on household consumption demand in Indonesia. It employs consumption theory, sustainable development theory, and digital payment systems. The study's independent factors include Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population density (PD), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Environmental Quality Index (EQI), electronic money (EM), debit cards, ATMs, and credit cards. The dependent variable is household consumption demand (CD). The data consists of a combined panel of annual data from 2020 to 2023 and cross-sectional data from …