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Assessment Of Future Climate Change Impacts On Water Resources Of Khabour River Catchment, North Of Iraq, Lena Haitham, Mustafa Al-Mukhtar Mar 2026

Assessment Of Future Climate Change Impacts On Water Resources Of Khabour River Catchment, North Of Iraq, Lena Haitham, Mustafa Al-Mukhtar

Engineering and Technology Journal

In arid and semi-arid areas, assessing the potential impact of climate change on water availability is of critical importance for achieving better management of future water resources. Iraq as one example of those areas is expected to experience more stress on water due to the climatological characteristics and to the rapid population growth in addition to the policy of the riparian upstream countries. Therefore, the present study aims to quantify the impacts of climate change on the Khabour River catchment north of Iraq, which is one of the riparian catchments between Iraq and Turkey. The HEC-HMS model was firstly calibrated …

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Push–Out Test Of Timber Concrete Composite Construction, Ihab Saleh, Nabeel Jasim, Anis Mohhamed Ali Mar 2026

Push–Out Test Of Timber Concrete Composite Construction, Ihab Saleh, Nabeel Jasim, Anis Mohhamed Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this study, push – out test specimen is proposed to explore the behavior of shear connectors in timber–concrete composite beams. Since there are no standard shapes and dimensions for determining the strength of connectors, push–out specimens such as those used for steel-concrete composite beams are suggested to study the behavior of connectors in timber concrete composite beams. Four specimens are tested. Two of these specimens are with one connector per side. The other two are with two connectors per side. The load and slip are recorded during testing. The results show that the ultimate load per connector ranges from …

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Monitoring Soil Degradation In The Mesopotamian Plain Using Gis And Remote Sensing Techniques, Abdulrazak Ziboon, Muthanna Albayati, Fadhaa Dalhel Mar 2026

Monitoring Soil Degradation In The Mesopotamian Plain Using Gis And Remote Sensing Techniques, Abdulrazak Ziboon, Muthanna Albayati, Fadhaa Dalhel

Engineering and Technology Journal

In the present work , various remote sensing techniques have been used to investigate soil degradation in Iraq (The Mesopotamian plain) for the period (1976 - 2021) using different research and data like satellite image such as (Landsat 1-5 MSS 1976 , Landsat 4-5 TM C1 Level-1 1996, Landsat 8 2016 and sentinel-2 2021 ) , using different Program and software (ENVI 5.3 which extract data from image satellite by using TCT , EMI and NDVI indicators , Eras image 2015 use to subset area of interest ,layer stack and merge resolution , Arc GIS 10.7 use to make database …

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Finite Element Simulation Of Repeated Loading Test Of Asphalt Concrete, Noor Hatem, Miami Hilal, Mohammed Fattah Mar 2026

Finite Element Simulation Of Repeated Loading Test Of Asphalt Concrete, Noor Hatem, Miami Hilal, Mohammed Fattah

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, the Abaqus 6.14 version program was used to carry out a three-dimensional finite element analysis to predict the rut in the asphalt laboratory model. In a previous study, a cylinder model of asphalt was tested under the influence of traffic loads and temperature. The test was simulated using the finite element method considering the boundary conditions, load steps, and temperature. The cohesive zone model (CZM) approach was used in the Abaqus program to analyze the spread of the rutting in the model to simulate the fracture and improve the sample structure and the materials used. The Abacus …

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3d Numerical Modeling Of Soft Soil Improved By Rigid Inclusions Supported An Embankment, Messioud Salah, Neghmouche Yassamina Mar 2026

3d Numerical Modeling Of Soft Soil Improved By Rigid Inclusions Supported An Embankment, Messioud Salah, Neghmouche Yassamina

Engineering and Technology Journal

Abstract A three-dimensional finite element model suggested to determine the settlements and stresses of an embankment placed on soft soil reinforced by rigid inclusions. To make it simple the layers of soil and the embankment are supposed to be horizontal in a semi-infinite medium and the base of the soft soil is supposed to be rigid (bedrock). The interacting elements of the model are supposed to be elastic. The determination of the behavior of the soil-inclusions-embankment system was realized according to the construction phases of the embankment layers. The settlements and stresses were calculated according to construction phases of the …

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Development Of Intensity-Duration-Frequency (Idf) Models For Manually Operated Rain Gauge Catchment: A Case Study Of Port Harcourt Metropolis Using 50years Rainfall Data, Francis Ogbozige Mar 2026

Development Of Intensity-Duration-Frequency (Idf) Models For Manually Operated Rain Gauge Catchment: A Case Study Of Port Harcourt Metropolis Using 50years Rainfall Data, Francis Ogbozige

Engineering and Technology Journal

Hydraulic structures such as surface drainages and culverts are usually constructed in urban areas with the intention of draining runoff into nearby streams and rivers in order to avoid flooding. However, most of these structures frequently fail to serve the intended use due to the occurrence of high intensity rainfall accompanied with long duration, which produce runoff discharge higher than their designed capacities. This is common in many developing countries as drainages and culverts are most times constructed without considering hydrological analysis of the catchment. Hence, this research considered Port Harcourt city as a case study by utilizing 50years rainfall …

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Comparative Analysis Of Gmm, Knn, And Vibe Background Subtraction Algorithms Applied In Dynamic Background Scenes Of Video Surveillance System, Maryam Yasir, Yossra Ali Mar 2026

Comparative Analysis Of Gmm, Knn, And Vibe Background Subtraction Algorithms Applied In Dynamic Background Scenes Of Video Surveillance System, Maryam Yasir, Yossra Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

Background subtraction is the most prominent technique applied in the domain of detecting moving objects. However, there is a wide range of different background subtraction models. Choosing the best model that addresses a number of challenges is still a vital research area.Therefore, in this article we present a comparative analysis of three promising algorithms used in this domain, GMM, KNN and ViBe. CDnet 2014 is the benchmark dataset used in this analysis with several quantitative evaluation metrics like precession, recall, f-measures, false positive rate, false negative rate and PWC. In addition, qualitative evaluations are illustrated in snapshots to depict the …

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Building An Efficient System To Detect Computer Worms In Websites Based On Ensemble Ada Boosting And Svm Classifiers Algorithms, Ali Hilool, Soukaena Hashem, Shatha Jafer Mar 2026

Building An Efficient System To Detect Computer Worms In Websites Based On Ensemble Ada Boosting And Svm Classifiers Algorithms, Ali Hilool, Soukaena Hashem, Shatha Jafer

Engineering and Technology Journal

Computer worms perform harmful tasks in network systems due to their rapid spread, which leads to harmful consequences on system security. However, existing worm detection algorithms are still suffered a lot to achieve good performance. The reasons for that are: First, a large number of irrelevant data impacts classification accuracy (irrelevant feature gives estimator new ways to go wrong without any expected benefit also can cause overfitting, which will generally lead to decreased accuracy). Second, the individual classifiers used extensively in the systems do not effectively detect all types of worms. Third, many systems are built based on old datasets, …

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Algebraic Decomposition Method For Zero Watermarking Technique In Ycbcr Space, Nada Mohammed, Areej Abduldaim Mar 2026

Algebraic Decomposition Method For Zero Watermarking Technique In Ycbcr Space, Nada Mohammed, Areej Abduldaim

Engineering and Technology Journal

The close connection between mathematics, especially linear algebra, and computer science has greatly impacted the development of several fields, and the most important is image processing. Algebraic methods aroused interest in building digital image watermarking techniques and are used to find the features of the image to hide the watermark. This paper aims to use the algebraic Hessemberge decomposition method (HDM) for the first time as a transformation to extract the features of the image without using any popular transformation for building zero watermarking. To achieve the aim, two techniques are used, HDM with and without discrete cosine transform (DCT); …

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Street Scene Understanding Via Semantic Segmentation Using Deep Learning, Amani Noori, Shaimaa Shaker, Raghad A. Azeez Mar 2026

Street Scene Understanding Via Semantic Segmentation Using Deep Learning, Amani Noori, Shaimaa Shaker, Raghad A. Azeez

Engineering and Technology Journal

Scene classification is an essential conception task used by robotics for understanding the environment. Like the street scene, the outdoor scene is composed of images with depth that has a greater variety than iconic object images. Image semantic segmentation is an important task for Autonomous driving and Mobile robotics applications because it introduces enormous information needed for safe navigation and complex reasoning. This paper provides a model for semantic segmentation of outdoor sense to classify each object in the scene. The proposed network model generates a hybrid model that combines U-NET with Xception networks to work on 2.5 dimensions cityscape …

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The Effect Of Sputtering Time And Substrate Type On The Structure Of Zinc Nanoparticles Prepared By The Dc Sputtering Technique, Iman Hadi, Muslim Jawad, Khaleel Hassoon Mar 2026

The Effect Of Sputtering Time And Substrate Type On The Structure Of Zinc Nanoparticles Prepared By The Dc Sputtering Technique, Iman Hadi, Muslim Jawad, Khaleel Hassoon

Engineering and Technology Journal

Zn thin films have been successfully deposited on two different substrates, FTO and p-type Si (111), with thickness (112, 186) nm at (1 and 8) min, respectively, via DC sputtering technique in this work. Structural properties of the prepared thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD results showed that the samples have a hexagonal wurtzite structure. From the results of FESEM images, all the samples showed a uniform distribution of granular surface shape morphology. The grain sizes of the Zn thin films were estimated based on measured X-ray diffraction patterns. Zn thin …

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Rod-Like Nano-Structures Of Copper Oxide Prepared By Chemical Bath Deposition, Zainab Sadiq, Mustafa Hassan, Khaleel Hassoon Mar 2026

Rod-Like Nano-Structures Of Copper Oxide Prepared By Chemical Bath Deposition, Zainab Sadiq, Mustafa Hassan, Khaleel Hassoon

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, we reported that the annealing at temperatures of 400  and 500 oC in the air for 2 hours led to the formation of rod-like structures of cupric oxide thin films prepared by the chemical bath deposition technique. The structure and the optical properties of the prepared thin films were studied to investigate the role of annealing on the films. The morphology of the as-deposited CuO films is almost structureless. However, the films are converted to rod-like shapes nano-structures after annealing, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.  The x-ray analysis showed that the thin films of copper oxide …

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A Proposed Wot System For Diagnosing The Infection Of Coronavirus (Covid-19), Dalal Thair, Akbas Ali Mar 2026

A Proposed Wot System For Diagnosing The Infection Of Coronavirus (Covid-19), Dalal Thair, Akbas Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

Coronavirus is one of the viruses that have broadly affected humans and the health system in general. The problem is that there is no treatment for the virus yet, and the virus spreads very quickly through coughing or touching. Therefore, patients infected with this virus must be isolated in their homes or designated care places. Therefore, the research aims to find appropriate methods to diagnose people with the virus remotely to avoid "mixing and trying to determine the virus's focus spread by presenting a new framework for e-health to identify Coronavirus patients. Since the web of things (WoT) is helpful …

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Synthesis Of Porous Silicon By Electrochemical Etching For Gas Sensor Application, Duha Jwied, Uday Nayef, Falah Mutlak Mar 2026

Synthesis Of Porous Silicon By Electrochemical Etching For Gas Sensor Application, Duha Jwied, Uday Nayef, Falah Mutlak

Engineering and Technology Journal

In the present study, the layers of porous Silicon (PS) have been produced from the p-type Silicon with a (100) orientation using the approach of electrochemical etching. The samples were anodized in a solution of HF concentration 18% and 99% C2H2OH. Samples characteristics of PS were studied by etching time constant (15 min). In addition, the alteration of the current density value into (5, 10,15,20, and 25) mA/ cm2 was also studied. Samples were characterized by nanocrystalline porous Silicon via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The AFM (Atomic force microscope) analysis of PS shows the sponge-like structure. Also, a 39.76 nm average …

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Improving Machine Learning Performance By Eliminating The Influence Of Unclean Data, Murtadha Ressan, Rehab Hassan Mar 2026

Improving Machine Learning Performance By Eliminating The Influence Of Unclean Data, Murtadha Ressan, Rehab Hassan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Regardless of the data source and type (text, digital, photo group, etc.), they are usually unclean data. The term (unclean) means that data contains some bugs and paradoxes that can strongly impact machine learning processes. The nature of the input data of the dataset is the most important reason for the success of the learning algorithm. More than one factor influences machine learning results in a specific task. The characteristics and the nature of the data are the main reasons for the algorithm's success. This paper generally examines data processing entered into an algorithm to learn machines. The paper explains …

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Tuning The Hyperparameters Of The 1d Cnn Model To Improve The Performance Of Human Activity Recognition, Rana Lateef, Ayad Abbas Mar 2026

Tuning The Hyperparameters Of The 1d Cnn Model To Improve The Performance Of Human Activity Recognition, Rana Lateef, Ayad Abbas

Engineering and Technology Journal

The human activity recognition (HAR) field has recently become one of the trendiest research topics due to ready-made sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes equipped with smartphones and smartwatches as an embedded devices, decreasing the cost and power consumption. As a result, human activity is considered a time series classification problem. Now a day, deep learning approaches such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) have been successful when implemented with HAR to learn automatically higher-order features and, at the same time, work as a classifier. Recently, a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN) has been suggested and carried out at the …

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Textual Dataset Classification Using Supervised Machine Learning Techniques, Hanan Jaleel, Jane Stephan, Sinan Naji Mar 2026

Textual Dataset Classification Using Supervised Machine Learning Techniques, Hanan Jaleel, Jane Stephan, Sinan Naji

Engineering and Technology Journal

Text classification has been a significant domain of study and research because of the increased volume of text datasets and documents available in digital format. Text classification is one of the major approaches used to arrange digital information via automatically allocating text dataset records or documents into predetermined classes depending on their contents. This paper proposes a technique that implements supervised machine learning algorithms such as KNN, Decision tree, Random Forest, Bernoulli Naive Bayes, and Multinomial Naive Bayes classifiers to classify a dataset into distinct classes. The proposed technique combines the above-mentioned machine learning classifiers with the TF-IDF feature extraction …

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Proposal Framework To Light Weight Cryptography Primitives, Mustafa Abd Zaid, Soukaena Hassan Mar 2026

Proposal Framework To Light Weight Cryptography Primitives, Mustafa Abd Zaid, Soukaena Hassan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Due to manufacturing cost and portability limitations, the computing power, storage capacity, and energy of the Internet of Things (IoT) hardware are still slowly developing. From above, the proposed security system based on encryption must consider the resources, time, memory used, and the lifespan of related sensors. In addition, some applications need simple encryption, especially after the emergence of IoT and the Web of Things (WoT). Providing solutions suitable for resource-constrained devices can be achieved by using lightweight cryptography. In this paper, building a framework that includes proposals for producing lightweight security algorithms for cryptography primitives was highly recommended. For …

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Air-Lift Reactor's Characterization Via Computational Fluid Dynamic (Cfd): Review, Marwa Jasim, Thamer Mohammed, Laith Sabri Mar 2026

Air-Lift Reactor's Characterization Via Computational Fluid Dynamic (Cfd): Review, Marwa Jasim, Thamer Mohammed, Laith Sabri

Engineering and Technology Journal

Airlift reactors are seen as the most promising reactor for many valuable productions such as algae culturing. However, this kind of reactor still needs more information and data to understand its phenomena due to limited studies. Also, to reduce the time and offers obtained with sufficient reactor design, capable of achieving high productivities, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) could play an important role in optimizing the reactor design by analyzing the interaction of hydro-dynamics. This review presents the literature review on the recent CFD work for such a reactor that addressed the fluid dynamics parameters, such as bubble dynamics. Earlier researches …

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Hydrochemical And Environmental Assessment Of Groundwater In Al-Yusufiyah District South-West Baghdad, Iraq, Rafal Abdulrazzaq, Tariq Hussain, Ghufran Jumaah Mar 2026

Hydrochemical And Environmental Assessment Of Groundwater In Al-Yusufiyah District South-West Baghdad, Iraq, Rafal Abdulrazzaq, Tariq Hussain, Ghufran Jumaah

Engineering and Technology Journal

Groundwater in Yusufiyah  represents the main water source for drinking and irrigation purposes in the dry season, so this research was conducted to assess and evaluate the hydrochemistry of groundwater in this area. (15) wells were selected for sampling in this area with depth ranges between 10-20 meters. , Groundwater generally flows from east to west and from northeast to southwest.Physical parameters for water samples were measured included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS),where the chemical parameters included major cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+2, and K+) and major anions (NO3-1, SO4-2,Cl-, and HCO3-).  The results indicated that …

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Curcumin Loaded Onto Magnetic Mesoporous Material Mcm-41 For Controlled And Released In Drug Delivery System, Nidhal Atiyah, Mohammed Atiya, Talib Albayati Mar 2026

Curcumin Loaded Onto Magnetic Mesoporous Material Mcm-41 For Controlled And Released In Drug Delivery System, Nidhal Atiyah, Mohammed Atiya, Talib Albayati

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this work, the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) of type MCM-41 were manufactured and modified with Fe3O4 to load curcumin (CUR) CUR@Fe3O4/MCM-41 as an efficient carrier in drug delivery systems. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were used to characterize the three samples: pure MCM-41, Fe3O4/MCM-41, & CUR@Fe3O4/MCM-41. Adsorption processes tests were carried out to determine the impact of various variables on the CUR load efficiency. These variables were the carrier dosage, pH, contact time, and initial CUR concentration. The maximal drug loading efficiencies (DL %) were 15.78 % and 22.98 …

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Investigation Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose And Barite Additives On The Corrosion Characteristics Of Water-Based Drilling Mud, Rana Azeez, Najem Alrubaiey, Mohamed Gazi Mar 2026

Investigation Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose And Barite Additives On The Corrosion Characteristics Of Water-Based Drilling Mud, Rana Azeez, Najem Alrubaiey, Mohamed Gazi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Drilling fluids can be considered complex liquids containing several desired materials. These materials (small additives) are specialty products that serve a specific need, such as controlling the rheological properties of the drilling fluid and reducing corrosion for operational drilling of both oil and gas wells. Additives used to resist corrosion are called corrosion inhibitors. Previous research has shown that polymers such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) have high characteristics of corrosion inhabitation in an aggressive environment.  In this study, the effect of adding two samples of additives, CMC and Barite, on the corrosion of carbon steel in Iraqi bentonite water base …

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A Review Of The Natural Gas Purification From Acid Gases By Membrane, Dheyaa Jasim, Thamer Mohammed, Mohammad Abid Mar 2026

A Review Of The Natural Gas Purification From Acid Gases By Membrane, Dheyaa Jasim, Thamer Mohammed, Mohammad Abid

Engineering and Technology Journal

This study aims to shed light on natural gas as an important and promising energy source. This energy source is the fastest-growing source in the world due to the increasing global demand. In this paper, the rates of growth in global demand for natural gas according to the latest reports since 1984, as well as the gas specifications required for transport and storage, acid gases, including absorption, desorption, Cryogenic and separation by membranes, are discussed with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Focusing are presented. In addition to the primary treatment processes that take place on the gas, the …

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Best Conditions For Extraction And Stripping Of Iron From Chloridic Aqueous Medium, Mazin Beden, Wadood Mohammed, Salah Nema Mar 2026

Best Conditions For Extraction And Stripping Of Iron From Chloridic Aqueous Medium, Mazin Beden, Wadood Mohammed, Salah Nema

Engineering and Technology Journal

Pure iron is used as an additive for food and drugs to provide the human body with an important element which is iron. For this purpose, iron should be pure and in powder form, the extraction process can supply this type of iron. In this study, extraction of iron from an aqueous solution was done by cyclohexanone as an extractant. The parameters of extraction and stripping processes were studied and assessed the best values which give a high yield of separated iron from ore or any source of iron. For the preliminary study, three general parameters were studied and the …

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Performance Comparison Of Serial And Parallel Hybrid Fiber Amplifier Under Optimum Pump Conditions, Aseel Khudhaier, Abdulla Abass, Mudhafer Ali Mar 2026

Performance Comparison Of Serial And Parallel Hybrid Fiber Amplifier Under Optimum Pump Conditions, Aseel Khudhaier, Abdulla Abass, Mudhafer Ali

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this work, two different configurations of hybrid fiber optic amplifiers are investigated and simulated via OptiSystem 7.0 software, namely, serial and parallel hybrid fiber optical amplifiers (S– and P–HFOAs). The investigation involves performance comparison for the S– and P–HFOA under optimum pump conditions to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. The simulation results show that the serial configuration has a high average gain level of 19.2 dB, an appropriate noise figure about 4.3 dB, but low saturation power, and limited gain bandwidth of approximately 40 nm, which is considered a primary issue in S–HOFA design, in addition …

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Physical Properties Of Pure Gold Nanoparticles And Gold Doped Zno Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation In Liquid For Sensor Applications, Nabaa Hassan, Makram Fakhri, Evan Salim Mar 2026

Physical Properties Of Pure Gold Nanoparticles And Gold Doped Zno Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation In Liquid For Sensor Applications, Nabaa Hassan, Makram Fakhri, Evan Salim

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, the effect of using laser ablation of pure gold targets to obtain gold Nano rods and for pure zinc targets to obtain zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied separately in ethanol using an Nd:YAG laser tattoo removal (nanosecond pulses) and then mixing the resulting mixtures to obtain gold dopant with zinc oxide. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), (XRD) X-Ray Diffraction and the optical properties were used to characterize the pure gold Nano rods, ZnO nanoparticles, and Au doped ZnO nanoparticles. Based on XRD and TEM, the results revealed the properties of the produced gold Nano roads. The obtained results …

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Numerical Simulation Of The Self-Imaging At Different Cascaded Optical Fiber Specifications, Shahad Younus, Anwaar A Al-Dergazly, Abdulla Abass Mar 2026

Numerical Simulation Of The Self-Imaging At Different Cascaded Optical Fiber Specifications, Shahad Younus, Anwaar A Al-Dergazly, Abdulla Abass

Engineering and Technology Journal

Cascaded optical fiber single mode-no core-single mode fiber (SNS) attracted attention for being the base of various photonic devices. These devices are used in optical communication, fiber sensors, and fiber laser technology. The effect of variable NCF specifications, length, diameter, external refractive index (ERI), propagating wavelength on the self-imaging position, and the multimode interference (MMI) is studied. The study aims to simulate and analyze cascaded optical fiber by using the finite element beam envelope method (BEM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that studied the self-imaging in cascaded optical fiber longitudinally by using BEM. The …

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A Comprehensive Comparison For Different Hybrid Based Localization Algorithms For Indoor Communications, Riam Zaal, Eyad Abbas, Mahmood Mosleh Mar 2026

A Comprehensive Comparison For Different Hybrid Based Localization Algorithms For Indoor Communications, Riam Zaal, Eyad Abbas, Mahmood Mosleh

Engineering and Technology Journal

The era of the wireless communication-based indoor environment has resulted in several challenges represented by signal reflection, diffraction, and attenuation. Thereby, it affects several wireless-based applications such as positioning, localization, monitoring different objects. With such challenges, estimation error would be increased significantly, and the accuracy will be reduced. To handle such challenges, several new approaches were proposed by many researchers. The most interesting approach for the localization purpose was the hybrid localization approach. A combination of several parameters would be utilized to propose methods that take advantage of these parameters. In this work, a comprehensive analysis was carried out for …

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Synthesized Of Gan Nanostructure Using 1064 Nm Laser Wavelength By Pulsed Laser Ablation In Liquid, Husam Aldin Abdul Amir, Makram Fakhri, Ali. Alwahib Mar 2026

Synthesized Of Gan Nanostructure Using 1064 Nm Laser Wavelength By Pulsed Laser Ablation In Liquid, Husam Aldin Abdul Amir, Makram Fakhri, Ali. Alwahib

Engineering and Technology Journal

GaN nanostructure was Synthesized using Pulsed laser ablation in liquid ethanol with Nd:YAG laser at pulsed laser ablation energy of 1600 mj and laser wavelength of 1064 nm. The nanoparticle was deposited using the drop cast method on the prepared porous silicon substrate. The structural and optical properties of the prepared GaN were studied. XRD pattern shows a high and sharp peak of pSi peak at 2θ =28.74 reflected from (111) plane and exhibits h-GaN rise at 2θ =34.54, 2θ =37.49, 2θ= 48.19 and 2θ=57.99 which are reflected from (002), (100), (102), (110) planes respectively where (002) plane has the …

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Fpga-Based Single-Phase Pv Inverter Using Unipolar And Bipolar Spwm Control Techniques, Murtadha Sadeq, Hanan A. Akkar Mar 2026

Fpga-Based Single-Phase Pv Inverter Using Unipolar And Bipolar Spwm Control Techniques, Murtadha Sadeq, Hanan A. Akkar

Engineering and Technology Journal

The study presents circuitry modeling and methodology to integrate solar photovoltaic (PV) energy with grid (AC) sources to supplement household appliances during a power cut-off or restricted supply period and alternating charge deep cycle batteries. This paper discusses an FPGA-based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) generator as a control mechanism for a PV/Battery full-bridge inverter. The inverter's efficacy is expressed as the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) ratio, which must be as low as possible. Various schemes are proposed to reduce THD to generate a more sinusoidal output wave. SPWM is mostly used in industrial inverters. Two SPWM techniques, Bipolar and …

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