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Scandinavia: Central Bank Swaps To Iceland, 2008, Benjamin Hoffner Jul 2023

Scandinavia: Central Bank Swaps To Iceland, 2008, Benjamin Hoffner

Journal of Financial Crises

By 2008, the Icelandic banking system had become so large and heavily exposed to foreign liabilities that the Central Bank of Iceland (CBI) lacked sufficient foreign reserves to serve as a credible lender of last resort. During the first quarter of 2008, the CBI, in an effort to bolster reserves, began soliciting other central banks for swap agreements, the first of which was Danmarks Nationalbank. On May 16, 2008, Danmarks Nationalbank, Norges Bank, and Sveriges Riksbank agreed to bilateral swap facilities in which the CBI could borrow euros against Icelandic krona for a maximum of EUR 1.5 billion (USD 2.3 …

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India: Saarc Swap Framework, 2012, Salil Gupta Jul 2023

India: Saarc Swap Framework, 2012, Salil Gupta

Journal of Financial Crises

In response to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), finance ministers of member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) agreed in 2009 on the need for bilateral arrangements to tackle short-term credit contractions and financial market disruptions. In 2012, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) responded by launching a self-funded USD 2 billion swap framework for all SAARC member nations to provide a backstop line of credit to fight liquidity crises. The framework defined the terms under which a borrowing central bank could enter into a bilateral agreement with the RBI. Bhutan, Maldives, and Sri Lanka used …

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Eurozone: Eurep, 2020, Vincient Arnold Jul 2023

Eurozone: Eurep, 2020, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

At the outset of the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), financial instability spread around the world. In response to potential euro funding stresses outside the euro area, on June 25, 2020, the European Central Bank (ECB) announced the Eurosystem Repo Facility for Central Banks (EUREP). The ECB introduced the facility as a precautionary backstop to address potential COVID-19-related euro liquidity funding stresses and to complement its existing network of swap lines and bilateral repo lines for central banks outside the euro area. Central banks could apply to use EUREP to borrow euros against euro-denominated sovereign debt (debt issued by euro-area governments …

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Eurozone: Central Bank Swap To Sweden, 2007, Salil Gupta Jul 2023

Eurozone: Central Bank Swap To Sweden, 2007, Salil Gupta

Journal of Financial Crises

During the early days of the Global Financial Crisis in 2007, the European Central Bank (ECB) set up a swap agreement with Sveriges Riksbank to provide euro liquidity in the case of adverse developments and to support market functioning. Sweden’s central bank could borrow a maximum of EUR 10 billion (USD 14.3 billion) from the ECB under this agreement. The Riksbank activated the swap line in June 2009 to borrow EUR 3 billion from the ECB and repaid it in September 2009. The ECB swap line helped Sweden to lower euro funding costs, avoid market pressure on its currency, and …

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Eurozone: Central Bank Swaps To Ireland And The United Kingdom, 2010, Rosalind Z. Wiggins Jul 2023

Eurozone: Central Bank Swaps To Ireland And The United Kingdom, 2010, Rosalind Z. Wiggins

Journal of Financial Crises

In 2010, Ireland was experiencing a bank crisis and a sovereign debt crisis as a result of fallout from the broader Global Financial Crisis that had begun in 2007. Irish banks were having difficulty raising funds on wholesale funding markets and had borrowed extensively from the European Central Bank (ECB) in euros and US dollars. Despite the Irish government’s guaranteeing the Irish banks and taking other extraordinary actions, analysts and European Union (EU) and United Kingdom officials worried that Irish banks might still default, since the Irish banking sector had significant linkages with the UK and its banking sector. As …

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Eurozone: Central Bank Swap To Denmark, 2008, Salil Gupta Jul 2023

Eurozone: Central Bank Swap To Denmark, 2008, Salil Gupta

Journal of Financial Crises

Danish banks faced substantial losses on loans to the slowing construction sector in the run-up to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–09. The acceleration of the crisis in 2008 raised funding costs and froze foreign funding markets for Danish banks. The Danish central bank, the Danmarks Nationalbank (DN), responded by injecting liquidity and seeking to reassure bank counterparties about the soundness of the financial system. In October 2008, the DN established a swap agreement with the European Central Bank (ECB) under which it could receive up to EUR 12.0 billion (USD 16.8 billion) in exchange for Danish krone. The …

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Eurozone: Central Bank Repo To Hungary, 2008, Salil Gupta Jul 2023

Eurozone: Central Bank Repo To Hungary, 2008, Salil Gupta

Journal of Financial Crises

The collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 led to a severe liquidity crisis in Hungary, which is part of the European Union but does not use the euro. Hungary’s banking system was vulnerable to short-term liquidity withdrawals by foreign banks. In October 2008, the Hungarian central bank, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB), created a temporary bilateral repo facility with the European Central Bank (ECB) to access euro liquidity for a maximum of EUR 5 billion in exchange for euro-denominated government securities held by the MNB. The ECB-MNB agreement was designed to increase the MNB’s ability to lend euros to Hungarian …

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China: Central Bank Swaps To Mongolia, 2011, Vincient Arnold Jul 2023

China: Central Bank Swaps To Mongolia, 2011, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

Starting in 2009, China began to rapidly expand its network of central bank swap lines. In May 2011, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) and the Bank of Mongolia (BOM) agreed to a bilateral reciprocal swap line to promote trade and economic development and to stabilize financial markets with short-term liquidity. The agreement stipulated caps of 5 billion renminbi (RMB; USD 0.8 billion) when the BOM was the borrowing party and 1 trillion Mongolian tugrik (MNT; USD 0.8 billion) when the PBOC was the borrowing party. By 2020, the PBOC had expanded the caps to RMB 15 billion and the …

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China: Central Bank Swap To Hong Kong Monetary Authority, 2009, Vincient Arnold Jul 2023

China: Central Bank Swap To Hong Kong Monetary Authority, 2009, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

Starting in 2008, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) began to grow a global network of central bank swap lines, announcing six in 2008–09 alone. The largest of those lines, in January 2009, was a 200 billion renminbi (RMB; USD 29.2 billion) swap line to the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA). The PBOC and HKMA, in similarly worded announcements, mentioned two goals of the swap arrangement: to promote renminbi-denominated trade settlement in Hong Kong and to promote financial stability in Hong Kong and the region. Hong Kong was the most important offshore financial center for trading renminbi-denominated securities, and the …

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China: Central Bank Swaps To Argentina, 2014, Vincient Arnold Jul 2023

China: Central Bank Swaps To Argentina, 2014, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

In 2014, Argentina’s economy faced multiple crises: recession, currency devaluation, default, and inflation. In July 2014, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) and the Central Bank of Argentina (BCRA) entered into a bilateral currency swap agreement with a three-year term for 70 billion renminbi (RMB; USD 11 billion). The swap line was meant to promote trade and development, facilitate investment in the renminbi, and boost Argentina’s foreign reserves. In December 2014, Argentina’s central bank drew on the line for a total of USD 1.5 billion worth of renminbi. In 2015, the central bank made three draws for a total of …

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Asean Swap Arrangement, 1977–2021, Benjamin Hoffner Jul 2023

Asean Swap Arrangement, 1977–2021, Benjamin Hoffner

Journal of Financial Crises

Established on August 5, 1977, by the five central banks of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the ASEAN Swap Arrangement (ASA) was one of several regional financial safety nets developed during a decade defined by macroeconomic instability, with the collapse of the gold standard and an oil crisis. Each of the five ASEAN members (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) agreed to contribute one-fifth to a commitment pool of USD 100 million to provide short-term dollar swaps to any pool member experiencing temporary foreign exchange liquidity issues. The ASA provided swaps with maximum maturities of three months, …

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Association Of Southeast Asian Nations + 3: The Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization, Benjamin Hoffner Jul 2023

Association Of Southeast Asian Nations + 3: The Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization, Benjamin Hoffner

Journal of Financial Crises

In 2010, following the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009, 13 Asian countries (including Hong Kong, China) introduced the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM) to significantly expand the ability of member countries to provide liquidity to each other to address potential liquidity or currency crises. The agreement created a USD 120 billion multilateral currency swap arrangement among the 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), plus China, Japan, and South Korea. It replaced the network of bilateral swap agreements (BSAs) under the original Chiang Mai Initiative that the same 13 countries launched in 2000. The CMIM transformed …

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A Macroprudential Perspective On The Regulatory Boundaries Of Us Financial Assets, David M. Arseneau, Grace Brang, Matt Darst, Jacob M. Faber, David E. Rappoport, Alexandros P. Vardoulakis Jul 2023

A Macroprudential Perspective On The Regulatory Boundaries Of Us Financial Assets, David M. Arseneau, Grace Brang, Matt Darst, Jacob M. Faber, David E. Rappoport, Alexandros P. Vardoulakis

Journal of Financial Crises

This paper uses data from the Financial Accounts of the United States to map out the regulatory boundaries of assets held by US financial institutions from a macroprudential perspective. We provide a quantitative measure of the macroprudential regulatory boundary—the perimeter between the part of the financial sector that is subject to some form of macroprudential regulatory oversight and that which is not—and show how it has evolved over the past 40 years. Additionally, we measure the boundaries between different regulatory agencies and financial institutions that operate within the regulatory perimeter and illustrate how these boundaries potentially become blurred in the …

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Multiplexed Optical Coherence Tomography (Oct) Imaging System Jul 2023

Multiplexed Optical Coherence Tomography (Oct) Imaging System

Defensive Publications Series

Implementations of systems and methods of multiplexed OCT systems are disclosed herein. The field of view (FOV) and/or the wavelength of multiple OCT systems may be multiplexed. In contexts where the human eye will be imaged, power safety limits constrain the signal-to-noise (SNR) and/or speed of the OCT imaging. For retinal imaging, near-infrared wavelengths of 800 nm - 1100 nm may be used. For non-retinal imaging, 1200 nm – 1800 nm may be more typical. In implementations of the disclosure, a wavelength and FOV multiplexed OCT system generates whole eye biometry. The whole eye biometry may be at a first …

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Loyalty Nft Engagement Solution, David Nissly, Edmar Soriano, Todd Sawyer Jul 2023

Loyalty Nft Engagement Solution, David Nissly, Edmar Soriano, Todd Sawyer

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure relates to a system and method of providing enhanced loyalty NFT engagement solution using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and web3 technologies. The enhanced loyalty NFT engagement solution is provided by integrating a real-time transaction tracking system (offers platform) with a loyalty engagement solution to immediately engage users who make specific transactions. The method includes registering a user with a loyalty NFT engagement solution via a merchant program enabled with web3 mobile application. The user is registered using the user’s email address. Further, the user may opt-in to enroll the user’s payment cards with the loyalty NFT engagement solution. …

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Covid Learning Loss: A Call To Action, Nathan D. Grawe Jul 2023

Covid Learning Loss: A Call To Action, Nathan D. Grawe

Numeracy

The COVID-19 pandemic and policy responses designed to mitigate transmission have caused deep and persistent mathematics learning loss among K–12 students. While initial data might have been read optimistically as a blip that would reverse once schools returned to normal, 2023 data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) show that losses persist. While the NAEP does not directly measure quantitative reasoning (QR), the data present a disturbing picture for QR instruction and call for new lines of research that inform QR pedagogical response.

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Bite-Sized Quantitative Reasoning Essays: A Review Of Numbers Don’T Lie: 71 Stories To Help Us Understand The Modern World (2020), By Vaclav Smil, Samuel L. Tunstall Jul 2023

Bite-Sized Quantitative Reasoning Essays: A Review Of Numbers Don’T Lie: 71 Stories To Help Us Understand The Modern World (2020), By Vaclav Smil, Samuel L. Tunstall

Numeracy

In Numbers Don’t Lie: 71 Stories to Help Us Understand the Modern World (2020), Vaclav Smil draws on his interdisciplinary background in science, public policy, and history to provide readers with 71 short essays that help us better understand aspects of the world–including its people, environment, energy consumption, and present crises (among other things). In most of his essays, Smil utilizes both data and reasoning with data to shed light on diverse topics, with issues ranging from happiness rankings and vaccine payoffs to chicken production and diesel engines. Though the book arguably has some flaws, its easy-to-digest essays–many of which …

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Giving Zakat In Building Mosques And Schools Equipment: Comparative Study, Abdelhamid Ben Ali Jul 2023

Giving Zakat In Building Mosques And Schools Equipment: Comparative Study, Abdelhamid Ben Ali

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study centered on the rule of the Islamic Sharia in the disbursement of alms giving income to the building of mosques and schools. The problem of this study stems from the point view of Islamic law, which has set alms giving in only eight categories. Moreover, if it said that alms giving is permissible in all public interest, it will cancel the benefit of determining of these alms of giving. There are disquieting questions such as: What if people fail to volunteer in mosques and schools? This study came to achieve a set of objectives, such as: The most …

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Criminal Liability Of Paramedical Professionals For Disclosing Medical Secrets: “An Analytical Study Of The Legislation Applied In Palestine”, Mohammad Shtayah Jul 2023

Criminal Liability Of Paramedical Professionals For Disclosing Medical Secrets: “An Analytical Study Of The Legislation Applied In Palestine”, Mohammad Shtayah

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed at identifying the penal responsibility of those with health professions helping to maintain the professional (medical) secret that the patient discloses or reached by the profession on his own. The context of the legal texts, and the researcher has reached many results, the most important of which are: that the duty to maintain medical confidentiality is one of the most important duties entrusted to the providers of assistive health services, and that the disclosure of the assistive health service provider to the professional secret is a criminal misdemeanour, and the legislation in force in the State of …

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The Mental Image ... Sources, Factors And Dimensions And The Role Of Public Relations In Improving It In Light Of The Digital Revolution (Jordanian Ministries As A Model), Nawzat Abu Alasal, Sami Melki Jul 2023

The Mental Image ... Sources, Factors And Dimensions And The Role Of Public Relations In Improving It In Light Of The Digital Revolution (Jordanian Ministries As A Model), Nawzat Abu Alasal, Sami Melki

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The current study, entitled “The mental image…sources, dimensions and the role of public relations in developing it under the digital revolution (Jordanian ministries as a model)”, sought to identify the nature of the mental image of Jordanian ministries in term of their formation sources, forming factors, dimensions and the role of public relations and their contribution in developing this image among publics of the ministries in light of the data and tools of the digital revolution. To obtain the field information and data of the study, the questionnaire tool was designed which was applied to (404) subjects of the Jordanian …

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Contexts Of Transformation And Integration In Palestinian Media Institutions In The Digital Age, Osama Abdallah, Ahmad Hamouda Jul 2023

Contexts Of Transformation And Integration In Palestinian Media Institutions In The Digital Age, Osama Abdallah, Ahmad Hamouda

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

In this study, we sought to provide an accurate and detailed diagnosis of the transformations witnessed by Palestinian media institutions in light of the new environment of communication, and to know how Palestinian media institutions can establish a new communication model within their organizational structures in line with the new environment of communication in the digital age. It also discussed the mechanisms used by professional journalists in traditional Palestinian media institutions to deal with the contents produced by citizen journalists. In this context, we posed the following problem: What are the contexts of transformation and integration of traditional Palestinian media …

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Smartphone Use In Financial Management Among Women’S Informal Saving Groups In Dodoma, Tanzania, Madina H. Juma, Jarkko Suhonen, Nasibu Rajabu Mramba, Matti Tedre, Alsen F. Kapinga Jul 2023

Smartphone Use In Financial Management Among Women’S Informal Saving Groups In Dodoma, Tanzania, Madina H. Juma, Jarkko Suhonen, Nasibu Rajabu Mramba, Matti Tedre, Alsen F. Kapinga

The African Journal of Information Systems

Diffusion of smartphone technology has created multiple opportunities for economic development. This research investigated the use of smartphones in financial management among women’s informal saving groups in Dodoma, Tanzania. Qualitative data were collected from 10 groups, derived from 15 interviews and 3 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 22 participants and thematic analysis was done. The findings revealed that research participants were using smartphones to access WhatsApp, the camera, mobile money applications and the calculator for coordination, recording, calculation, and payment. It was also found that untrustworthy communications, high charges and mobile fraud were challenges experienced by the groups. Familiarity, ease …

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Fostering Human Dimension Of Smart Cities: Lessons From Jakarta For Nusantara, Indonesia’S New Capital City In The Making, Wicaksono Sarosa, Nurulitha Andini Susetyo, Marsa Nur Aulianisa, Mahbub Ridhoo Maulaa, Pradamas Giffary Jul 2023

Fostering Human Dimension Of Smart Cities: Lessons From Jakarta For Nusantara, Indonesia’S New Capital City In The Making, Wicaksono Sarosa, Nurulitha Andini Susetyo, Marsa Nur Aulianisa, Mahbub Ridhoo Maulaa, Pradamas Giffary

Smart City

A city’s problems often arise as the population grows and urbanization happens. This process is linear to the development of information-and-communication technologies (ICT), especially in urban areas. As a result, cities have adopted an initiative to solve the problems which are popularly known as the smart city. Over decades, the idea of a smart city has evolved from a mere technological modernization to advanced utilization through community involvement. However, in practice, smart city ideas and initiatives often put a heavy emphasis on technical aspects and ignored the more human side, which has caused a digital divide. This paper argues that …

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The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Attachment Theory Among Field Grade Officers In The U.S. Army, Rebecca Ochs Jul 2023

The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership And Attachment Theory Among Field Grade Officers In The U.S. Army, Rebecca Ochs

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to determine what relationship exists between U.S. Army field grade officers’ self-reported scores on the five domains of the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) (Kouzes & Posner, 2002) and their self-reported scores on the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR) (Brennan et al., 1998). Methodology: This study used a correlational approach to collect quantitative data from U.S. Army field grade officers. Using the LPI, a self-report transformational leadership measurement tool developed by Kouzes and Posner (2002), that measures five domains that include: (a) model the way, (b) inspire a shared vision, (c) …

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Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy Of Curcumin: Advances In Delivery Systems And Clinical Applications., Hossein Omidian, Renae L. Wilson, Sumana Dey Chowdhury Jul 2023

Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy Of Curcumin: Advances In Delivery Systems And Clinical Applications., Hossein Omidian, Renae L. Wilson, Sumana Dey Chowdhury

HPD Articles

Curcumin, a potent active compound found in turmeric and Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil, possesses a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. However, its clinical effectiveness is hindered by its low bioavailability and rapid elimination from the body. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored innovative delivery systems for curcumin. Some promising approaches include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanomicelle gels, and transdermal formulations for topical drug delivery. In the field of dentistry, curcumin gels have shown effectiveness against oral disorders and periodontal diseases. Moreover, Pickering emulsions and floating in situ gelling systems have been developed to …

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July 25th Letter From Don Yeager To Yeager Family, Don Yeager Jul 2023

July 25th Letter From Don Yeager To Yeager Family, Don Yeager

0455: Brigadier General Chuck Yeager Collection, 1923-1987

Letter from Don Yeager to family in which he describes his daily life as a soldier, and that it is a "stupid war."

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Did The Biden Administration Violate The First Amendment?, Bruce Ledewitz Jul 2023

Did The Biden Administration Violate The First Amendment?, Bruce Ledewitz

Newspaper Columns

Collected biweekly contributions to the Pennsylvania Capital-Star, a nonpartisan, nonprofit news site.

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Genetically Diverse Mouse Models Of Sars-Cov-2 Infection Reproduce Clinical Variation In Type I Interferon And Cytokine Responses In Covid-19., Shelly J Robertson, Olivia Bedard, Kristin L Mcnally, Carl Shaia, Chad S Clancy, Matthew Lewis, Rebecca M Broeckel, Abhilash I Chiramel, Jeffrey G Shannon, Gail L Sturdevant, Rebecca Rosenke, Sarah L Anzick, Elvira Forte, Christoph Preuss, Candice N Baker, Jeffrey M. Harder, Catherine Brunton, Steven C. Munger, Daniel P Bruno, Justin B Lack, Jacqueline M Leung, Amirhossein Shamsaddini, Paul Gardina, Daniel E Sturdevant, Jian Sun, Craig Martens, Steven M Holland, Nadia Rosenthal, Sonja M Best Jul 2023

Genetically Diverse Mouse Models Of Sars-Cov-2 Infection Reproduce Clinical Variation In Type I Interferon And Cytokine Responses In Covid-19., Shelly J Robertson, Olivia Bedard, Kristin L Mcnally, Carl Shaia, Chad S Clancy, Matthew Lewis, Rebecca M Broeckel, Abhilash I Chiramel, Jeffrey G Shannon, Gail L Sturdevant, Rebecca Rosenke, Sarah L Anzick, Elvira Forte, Christoph Preuss, Candice N Baker, Jeffrey M. Harder, Catherine Brunton, Steven C. Munger, Daniel P Bruno, Justin B Lack, Jacqueline M Leung, Amirhossein Shamsaddini, Paul Gardina, Daniel E Sturdevant, Jian Sun, Craig Martens, Steven M Holland, Nadia Rosenthal, Sonja M Best

Faculty Research 2023

Inflammation in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection drives severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is influenced by host genetics. To understand mechanisms of inflammation, animal models that reflect genetic diversity and clinical outcomes observed in humans are needed. We report a mouse panel comprising the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains crossed to human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) that confers susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Infection of CC x K18-hACE2 resulted in a spectrum of survival, viral replication kinetics, and immune profiles. Importantly, in contrast to the K18-hACE2 model, early type I interferon (IFN-I) and regulated …

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Port Hamilton Refining And Transportation Lllp V. Epa Jul 2023

Port Hamilton Refining And Transportation Lllp V. Epa

2023 Decisions

Agency

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Center For Biological Diversit V. Epa Jul 2023

Center For Biological Diversit V. Epa

2023 Decisions

Agency

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