Digital Commons Network^™

Generation Of A Humanized Mace2 And A Conditional Hace2 Mouse Models Permissive To Sars-Cov-2 Infection, I-Wen Song, Megan Washington, Carolina Leynes, Jason Hsu, Kempaiah Rayavara, Yangjin Bae, Nele Haelterman, Yuqing Chen, Ming-Ming Jiang, Aleksandra Drelich, Vivian Tat, Denise G Lanza, Isabel Lorenzo, Jason D Heaney, Chien-Te Kent Tseng, Brendan Lee, Ronit Marom

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a public health concern and a subject of active research effort. Development of pre-clinical animal models is critical to study viral-host interaction, tissue tropism, disease mechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and long-term sequelae of infection. Here, we report two mouse models for studying SARS-CoV-2: A knock-in mAce2F83Y,H353K mouse that expresses a mouse-human hybrid form of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor under the endogenous mouse Ace2 promoter, and a Rosa26 conditional knock-in mouse carrying the human ACE2 allele (Rosa26hACE2). Although the mAce2F83Y,H353K mice were susceptible to …

Serum Extracellular Vesicle Protein Profiling For Prediction Of Corneal Transplant Rejection, Hyun Ju Lee, Eun-Hye Bae, Jong Min Choi, Hyemee Kim, Hyeon Ji Kim, Heather Barreda, Sung Yun Jung, Joo Youn Oh, Ryang Hwa Lee

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Corneal transplantation is the most common transplant procedure worldwide. Despite immune and angiogenic privilege of the cornea, 50% to 70% of corneal transplants fail in high-risk recipients, primarily because of immune rejection. Therefore, it is crucial to identify predictive biomarkers of rejection to improve transplant survival.

Methods: In search for predictive biomarkers, we performed proteomics analysis of serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched (C57BL/6-to-BALB/c) murine corneal transplantation model, wherein 50% of transplants undergo rejection by day 28 following transplantation.

Results: Our time course study revealed a decrease in the number of serum EVs on day …

Expanding The Phenotype Of Ppp1r21-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Mohammed Almannai, Dana Marafi, Maha S Zaki, Reza Maroofian, Stephanie Efthymiou, Nebal Waill Saadi, Bilal Filimban, Hormos Salimi Dafsari, Fatima Rahman, Shazia Maqbool, Eissa Faqeih, Fuad Al Mutairi, Hind Alsharhan, Omar Abdelaty, Saadoun Bin-Hasan, Ruizhi Duan, Mahmoud M Noureldeen, Alaa Alqattan, Henry Houlden, Jill V Hunter, Jennifer E Posey, James R Lupski, Ayman W El-Hattab

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

PPP1R21 encodes for a conserved protein that is involved in endosomal maturation. Biallelic pathogenic variants in PPP1R21 have been associated with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder from studying 13 affected individuals. In this report, we present 11 additional individuals from nine unrelated families and their clinical, radiological, and molecular findings. We identified eight different variants in PPP1R21, of which six were novel variants. Global developmental delay and hypotonia are neurological features that were observed in all individuals. There is also a similar pattern of dysmorphic features with coarse faces as a gestalt observed in several individuals. Common findings in 75% of …

Seeing Beyond Reality: Considering The Impact Of Mainstream Virtual Reality Adoption On Ocular Health And The Evolving Role Of Ophthalmologists, Venkata Soumith Jonnakuti, Benjamin Jay Frankfort

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Individual Disruption Of 12 Testis-Enriched Genes Via The Crispr/Cas9 System Does Not Affect The Fertility Of Male Mice, Akira Suzuki, Norikazu Yabuta, Keisuke Shimada, Daisuke Mashiko, Keizo Tokuhiro, Yuki Oyama, Haruhiko Miyata, Thomas X Garcia, Martin M Matzuk, Masahito Ikawa

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

More than 1200 genes have been shown in the database to be expressed predominantly in the mouse testes. Advances in genome editing technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system have made it possible to create genetically engineered mice more rapidly and efficiently than with conventional methods, which can be utilized to screen genes essential for male fertility by knocking out testis-enriched genes. Finding such genes related to male fertility would not only help us understand the etiology of human infertility but also lead to the development of male contraceptives. In this study, we generated knockout mice for 12 genes (Acrv1, Adgrf3, …

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Current State And Future Directions For Worldwide Practice, Katja M Gist, Dana Y Fuhrman, Akash Deep, Taiki Haga, Demet Demirkol, Michael J Bell, Ayse Akcan-Arikan

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Associations Of Testosterone And Related Hormones With All-Cause And Cardiovascular Mortality And Incident Cardiovascular Disease In Men : Individual Participant Data Meta-Analyses, Bu B Yeap, Ross J Marriott, Girish Dwivedi, Robert J Adams, Leen Antonio, Christie M Ballantyne, Douglas C Bauer, Shalender Bhasin, Mary L Biggs, Peggy M Cawthon, David J Couper, Adrian S Dobs, Leon Flicker, David J Handelsman, Graeme J Hankey, Anke Hannemann, Robin Haring, Benjumin Hsu, Sean A Martin, Alvin M Matsumoto, Dan Mellström, Claes Ohlsson, Terence W O'Neill, Eric S Orwoll, Matteo Quartagno, Molly M Shores, Antje Steveling, Åsa Tivesten, Thomas G Travison, Dirk Vanderschueren, Gary A Wittert, Frederick C W Wu, Kevin Murray

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Whether circulating sex hormones modulate mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in aging men is controversial.

Purpose: To clarify associations of sex hormones with these outcomes.

Data sources: Systematic literature review to July 2019, with bridge searches to March 2024.

Study selection: Prospective cohort studies of community-dwelling men with sex steroids measured using mass spectrometry and at least 5 years of follow-up.

Data extraction: Independent variables were testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol concentrations. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, CVD death, and incident CVD events. Covariates included age, body mass index, marital status, …

Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Cardiovascular Disease – Analysis Across Major Us National Databases, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas, Khawaja M Talha, Dmitry Abramov, Heather M Johnson, Steve Antoine, Fatima Rodriguez, Marat Fudim, Erin D Michos, Arunima Misra, Layla Abushamat, Vijay Nambi, Gregg C Fonarow, Christie M Ballantyne, Salim S Virani

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: There are several studies that have analyzed disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) health using a variety of different administrative databases; however, a unified analysis of major databases does not exist. In this analysis of multiple publicly available datasets, we sought to examine racial and ethnic disparities in different aspects of CVD, CVD-related risk factors, CVD-related morbidity and mortality, and CVD trainee representation in the US.

Methods: We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Inpatient Sample, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research, United Network for Organ Sharing, …

Integrative Genomic And Transcriptomic Profiling Of Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Identifies Molecular Subtypes Associated With Distinct Immune Features And Clinical Outcomes, Sahil Seth, Runzhe Chen, Yang Liu, Junya Fujimoto, Lingzhi Hong, Alexandre Reuben, Susan Varghese, Carmen Behrens, Tina Mcdowell, Luisa Solis Soto, Cara Haymaker, Annikka Weissferdt, Neda Kalhor, Jia Wu, Xiuning Le, Natalie I Vokes, Chao Cheng, John V Heymach, Don L Gibbons, P Andrew Futreal, Ignacio I Wistuba, Humam Kadara, Jianhua Zhang, Cesar Moran, Jianjun Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), characterized by the presence of epithelial and sarcoma-like components. The molecular and immune landscape of PSC has not been well defined.

METHODS: Multiomics profiling of 21 pairs of PSCs with matched normal lung tissues was performed through targeted high-depth DNA panel, whole-exome, and RNA sequencing. We describe molecular and immune features that define subgroups of PSC with disparate genomic and immunogenic features as well as distinct clinical outcomes.

RESULTS: In total, 27 canonical cancer gene mutations were identified, with

CONCLUSIONS: We provided detailed …

Persistent ∆Fosb Expression Limits Recurrent Seizure Activity And Provides Neuroprotection In The Dentate Gyrus Of App Mice, Gabriel S Stephens, Jin Park, Andrew Eagle, Jason You, Manuel Silva-Pérez, Chia-Hsuan Fu, Sumin Choi, Corey P St Romain, Chiho Sugimoto, Shelly A Buffington, Yi Zheng, Mauro Costa-Mattioli, Yin Liu, A J Robison, Jeannie Chin

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Recurrent seizures lead to accumulation of the activity-dependent transcription factor ∆FosB in hippocampal dentate granule cells in both mouse models of epilepsy and mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is also associated with increased incidence of seizures. In patients with AD and related mouse models, the degree of ∆FosB accumulation corresponds with increasing severity of cognitive deficits. We previously found that ∆FosB impairs spatial memory in mice by epigenetically regulating expression of target genes such as calbindin that are involved in synaptic plasticity. However, the suppression of calbindin in conditions of neuronal hyperexcitability has been demonstrated to provide neuroprotection …

The Association Of Self-Reported Sleep And Circadian Measures With Glycemic Control And Diabetes Complications Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, Dorit Koren, Kristen L Knutson, Brian K Burke, Kimberly L Drews, Fida Bacha, Lorraine Katz, Marsha D Marcus, Siripoom Mckay, Kristen Nadeau, Babak Mokhlesi, Today Study Group

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

We aim to examine the association of sleep duration, sleep quality, late chronotype, and circadian misalignment with glycemic control and risk of complications in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes followed in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study. Self-reported sleep duration, quality, timing, and circadian misalignment were assessed via a modified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, and chronotype was assessed via the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). We examined diabetes complications including loss of glycemic control (defined as hemoglobin A1c ≥8%), hypertension, dyslipidemia, albuminuria, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Multivariable logistic regression models were …

Exploring Cybertechnology Standards Through Bibliometrics: Case Of National Institute Of Standards And Technology, Tugrul Daim, Haydar Yalcin, Alain Mermoud, Valentin Mulder

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

Cyber security is one of the topics that gain importance today. It is necessary to determine the basic components, basic dynamics, and main actors of the Cyber security issue, which is obvious that it will have an impact in many areas from social, social, economic, environmental, and political aspects, as a hot research topic. When the subject literature is examined, it has become a trend-forming research subject followed by institutions and organizations that produce R&D policy, starting from the level of governments. In this study, cybersecurity research is examined in the context of 5 basic cyber security functions specified in …

Chagasin From Trypanosoma Cruzi As A Molecular Scaffold To Express Epitopes Of Tsa-1 As Soluble Recombinant Chimeras, Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra, Octavio Montes-Flores, Edgar Ezequiel Nava-Pintor, Gerardo Reséndiz-Cardiel, Claudia Ivonne Flores-Pucheta, Yasmín Irene Rodríguez-Gavaldón, Rossana Arroyo, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Peter J Hotez, Jaime Ortega-López

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a global public health problem. New therapeutic drugs and biologics are needed. The TSA-1 recombinant protein of T. cruzi is one such promising antigen for developing a therapeutic vaccine. However, it is overexpressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, requiring an additional refolding step. As an alternative, in this study, we propose the endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor chagasin as a molecular scaffold to generate chimeric proteins. These proteins will contain combinations of two of the five conserved epitopes (E1 to E5) of TSA-1 in the L4 and L6 chagasin loops. Twenty …

Adoption As Substitute For Abortion?, Malinda L. Seymore

Faculty Scholarship

In Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health, Justice Samuel Alito relied on adoption as part of the justification for holding that abortion is not constitutionally protected: “States have increasingly adopted ‘safe haven’ laws, which generally allow women to drop off babies anonymously; and that a woman who puts her newborn up for adoption today has little reason to fear that the baby will not find a suitable home.” Using adoption as an adequate substitute for abortion is a long-standing strategy for the antiabortion movement; but it is often embraced by pro-choice advocates as well. This position is supportable only if the …

The Subfederal In Immigration Polarization, Huyen Pham, Pham Hoang Van

Faculty Scholarship

The framing of subfederal immigration regulation as a red- blue divide is conventional wisdom. As more states, cities, and counties have engaged in the regulation of immigrants within their jurisdictions, it is not particularly surprising to see deep-red states like Texas enacting laws that restrict the rights of immigrants in their jurisdictions (e.g., requiring police within the state to honor detainers issued by United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)) or deep-blue states like California enacting laws that protect immigrants’ rights (e.g., issuing driver’s licenses without requiring proof of lawful immigration status).

Rather than only reflecting national polarization on immigration …

The Effect Of Limb Salvage Efforts In Different Age Groups: Relationships Between Major And Minor Amputations, Wenye Song, Javier La Fontaine, Naohiro Shibuya, John Prochaska, Daniel C. Jupiter

School of Podiatric Medicine Publications

“Limb salvage” efforts, such as performing minor amputations before infections spread proximally from the foot to decrease major lower extremity amputation, are an important part of healthcare today. It is unclear whether these efforts are preventing the number of major amputations and improving patients’ quality of life and the cost-effectiveness of the U.S. healthcare system. Rates of non-traumatic lower extremity amputation (NLEA) among patients with diabetes decreased in the early 2000s but rebounded in the 2010s. We analyzed the proportion of major amputations and differences in amputation rates between age groups in Texas. Patient data was extracted from the Texas …

Serum Urate Change Among Gout Patients Treated With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 Inhibitors Vs. Sulfonylurea: A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis, Chio Yokose, Greg Challener, Bohang Jiang, Baijun Zhou, Natalie Mccormick, Sruthi Tanikella, Kila Mei Qin Panchot, Minna J Kohler, Janeth Yinh, Yuqing Zhang, David W Bates, James L Januzzi, Meghan Sise, Deborah Wexler, Hyon K Choi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: To investigate the serum urate (SU) change among gout patients initiating SGLT2i, and to compare with sulfonylurea, the second-most widely used glucose-lowering medication after metformin.

Methods: We conducted a cohort study of patients with gout and baseline SU >6 mg/dL who had SU measured within 90 days before and after SGLT2i or sulfonylurea initiation. Using multivariable linear regression, we compared SU change among SGLT2i initiators between those with and without diabetes and then compared SU change between SGLT2i and sulfonylurea.

Results: We identified 28 patients with gout initiating SGLT2i (including 16 with diabetes) and 28 patients initiating sulfonylurea (all …

“I’M Not Your Friend”: Content Type Influence On Parasocial Relationship Formation On Youtube, Sage E. Driscoll

Honors Projects

Media consumers are increasingly using online video platforms, such as YouTube which has record high numbers of viewers and subscribers compared to other media sites. This viewership increases the popularity of content creators who can be divided into two main categories; relationship-based or idea-based content. YouTube viewers bond with their favorite celebrities which has translated into parasocial relationships. In this study, explanatory qualitative research examines whether the two types of content found on YouTube, relationship-based or idea-based, influences the parasocial relationships formed. As the results show, relationship-based YouTubers consistently form more intense parasocial relationships than idea-based YouTubers.

News From Uab Libraries, 06 2024, Uab Libraries

UAB Libraries News

No abstract provided.

Strengthening U.S. Jail Systems’ Response To Infectious Diseases: An Evaluation Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Erinn Bacchus

Dissertations and Theses

Jails across the United States were struck with increased infections and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies have shown the structural make up of jails, lack of preparedness plans, and overcrowding contributed to health risks and poor health outcomes both inside jails and local communities. Yet little research has been dedicated to strengthening jail responses to infectious disease outbreaks spanning prevention measures, data collection, and reentry planning. Gaps include information on the (1) myriad infectious disease mitigation strategies used in jails and adherence to CDC prevention guidelines, (2) development of a standardized epidemiologic surveillance system, and (3) experiences working at …

Accessible Real-Time Eye-Gaze Tracking For Neurocognitive Health Assessments, A Multimodal Web-Based Approach, Daniel C. Tisdale

Master's Theses

We introduce a novel integration of real-time, predictive eye-gaze tracking models into a multimodal dialogue system tailored for remote health assessments. This system is designed to be highly accessible requiring only a conventional webcam for video input along with minimal cursor interaction and utilizes engaging gaze-based tasks that can be performed directly in a web browser. We have crafted dynamic subsystems that capture high-quality data efficiently and maintain quality through instances of user attrition and incomplete calls. Additionally, these subsystems are designed with the foresight to allow for future re-analysis using improved predictive models, as well as enable the creation …

Social Determinants Of Health And Psychological Capital Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness, Angela J. Preston, Lynn Rew, Jason Spees

Nursing Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: Social determinants of health affect health behaviors and outcomes. Youth experiencing homelessness suffer significant deprivation of resources such as inadequate housing, reduced education, poor health care, and decreased economic stability. Inner resources, such as psychological capital, may also be related to health behaviors and health outcomes. Objective: In this study, we sought to describe and explore associations among selected determinants of health and self-reported scores on indicators of psychological capital among youth experiencing homelessness. Methods: This cross-sectional secondary analysis was conducted with a randomized subsample of 148 youth. We calculated chi-square frequencies to describe the data, classical item analyses …

Estimating And Applying Parameters Necessary To Plan Cluster Randomized Trials (Crts) And Multisite Cluster Randomized Trials (Mscrts), Dea Mulolli

Dissertations

Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are commonly used to study the effectiveness of educational interventions. During the design phase of a study, it is critical for researchers to ensure their studies are adequately powered to detect meaningful treatment effects, including both main and moderator effects. Designing CRTs with adequate power to detect main and moderator effects requires accurate estimates of design parameters. This research aims to advance the literature on design parameters for power analyses, specifically focusing on empirical estimates of intraclass correlations (ICCs). The work consists of three research papers that examine the role of including the teacher level in …

A Contingency Table Alternative To Poisson Regression In Comparing The Frequency Distributions Of Two Populations, Sandra Tay

Dissertations

When testing the conditional independence between a binary outcome and a binary treatment indicator, conditioned on a categorical variable with k levels, typically represented by a K × 2 frequency table, researchers often turn to Poisson regression and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test. However, a common challenge encountered in these analyses is the presence of treatment effect heterogeneity. Introducing an interaction term between treatment indicators and effect modifiers in log-linear regression offers potential solutions, yet the equidispersion assumption of Poisson regression remains problematic. On the other hand, the CMH test assumes similar treatment effects across all strata, disregarding potential variations among …

High-Temperature Vacuum Furnace Attachment For A Standard Tensile Tester, Manu Bodagala, Alejandro Mendez-Reynoso, Peter Schumacher, Ben Spielman

Mechanical Engineering Senior Theses

In this thesis, we outline the development of a low-cost high-temperature vacuum furnace attachment for a standard tensile tester at Santa Clara University. The project aims to expand the material testing capabilities of the university, promoting sustainability and enhancing safety in engineering applications. By focusing on design considerations, manufacturability, and economic viability, the team strives to create an accessible and efficient tool for advancing materials science research.

The initial phase of this multi-year project involves constructing a water-cooled vacuum chamber, which is crucial for the overall furnace system. This phase sets the foundation for subsequent developments, including the integration of …

A Microgenetic Learning Analysis Of Contextuality In Reasoning About Exponential Modeling, Elahe Allahyari

Dissertations

This work explores the complex cognitive processes students engage in when addressing contextual tasks requiring linear and exponential models. Grounded within Piagetian constructivism and the Knowledge in Pieces (KiP) epistemological perspective (diSessa, 1993, 2018), this empirical study in a clinical setting develops a Microgenetic Learning Analysis (MLA) of the reasoning of 14 students from an Algebra II course. It reveals the critical role of cognitive disequilibrium as an essential cognitive state for conceptual development and the process of reorganizing knowledge systems. The study uncovers the fluctuations in students’ reasoning patterns and the significant impact on students’ reasoning patterns of task-specific …

Macroevolution Meets Community Ecology: Does Species Interaction Influence Tempo And Mode Of Diversification In Fishes That Cross The Marine/Freshwater Boundary?, Victor De Brito

Dissertations

Evolutionary transitions between marine and freshwater ecosystems are an extreme ecological shift and expose fish lineages to novel abiotic and biotic settings. Yet, it remains unclear how those habitat transitions and the interaction with the newly invaded communities have altered the macroevolutionary dynamics of fish clades. The theory of ecological opportunity predicts that lineages that colonize species-poor regions will have greater potential for phenotypic diversification and speciation than lineages invading species-rich regions. Thus, transitions between marine and freshwaters in depauperate regions may promote adaptive radiation. While most major fish clades are restricted to either marine or freshwaters, so called transmarine/ …

The Role Of Evaluation Terms In The Quality Of Final Evaluation Reports In International Development Cooperation: A Multi-Phase Mixed Methods Study, Fanny J. Hernandez De Alvarez

Dissertations

In international development cooperation there is constant discussion about how to improve evaluation practices. Too little is known about where and which factors influence the quality of evaluation reports. Arguably, one influential factor is the quality of the terms of reference (TORs), which, in many sectors, are referred to as Requests for Proposals (RFPs). This study examines the role of the quality of TORs in positively affecting the design and conduct of evaluations, as well as the overall quality of final evaluation reports. This study also examines other factors that may contribute to the quality of final evaluation reports.

The …

The Synthesis, Characterization, And Application Of Polysaccharide-Based Additive To Improve Wet And Dry Strength And High-Barrier Properties Of Paper Products, Cornellius Marcello

Dissertations

Paper products play an essential role in our daily lives owing to their low cost, environment-friendly character, renewability, and recyclability. Paper manufacturers have been using petroleum-based strength additives (cPAM, GPAM, PAE) to meet the perceived needs of customers. On the other hand, paper produced from cellulose is hydrophilic and porous, leading to shallow water and grease resistance, causing paper manufacturers to use many kinds of coating materials such as poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and synthetic plastic to improve water resistance, especially for food packaging paper products like cups, plates, food boxes, and packaging. However, PFAS are identified as likely carcinogenic to …

Association Of Circulating Markers Of Microbial Translocation And Hepatic Inflammation With Liver Injury In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Leila Gobejishvili, Vatsalya Vatsalya, Diana V. Avila, Yana B. Feygin, Craig J. Mcclain, Sriprakash Mokshagundam, Shirish Barve

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Background: Virtually the entire spectrum of liver disease is observed in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); indeed, T2DM is now the most common cause of liver disease in the U.S. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the relevance of increased microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in the development of liver injury in patients with T2DM. Methods: Patients with T2DM (n = 17) and non-diabetic controls (NDC; n = 11) aged 25–80 yrs. participated in this study. Serum levels of endotoxin, calprotectin, soluble CD14 and CD163, and several inflammatory cytokines were measured. In addition to standard liver injury …