Digital Commons Network^™

Process For Preparation Of Ensifentrine, Anonymous

Defensive Publications Series

Based on known literature, a reaction scheme was designed for the preparation of Ensifentrine and the same was carried out in lab and commercial scale as well, to achieve consistently high yield and purity of the API.

Vertebrate Diversity In Cave Systems Of Colombia: An Approach Based On Environmental Dna Metabarcoding Analysis, Rita Daniela Martinelli Marín, Carlos Andres Lasso, Francesco Sauro, Susana Josefina Caballero

International Journal of Speleology

There is currently limited knowledge of the biological communities inhabiting cave ecosystems in South America. This study examines the vertebrate community composition of 21 caves across diverse subterranean ecosystems in Colombia using environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis. Water was collected from water bodies inside caves and subterranean systems in six of the eight speleological regions of Colombia in eight departments. Water was filtered manually through a 0.8 m pore size filter and preserved with Longmire solution. A 170-base pair (bp) fragment of the 12s mitochondrial gene specific for vertebrate identification was amplified by PCR and sequenced by Illumina (metabarcoding). Data corresponding …

Origami Sake: Building A Sustainable Supply Chain For A New Beverage Startup, Akosua Sayer Koduah, Nick E. Johnston

ICHRIE Research Reports

Sustainability has become a strategic pillar in the hospitality and beverage industry, shaping supply chain decisions, consumer behavior, and market competitiveness. This study examines how Origami Sake, a startup brewery in Hot Springs, Arkansas, integrates sustainability into its supply chain from inception. Using qualitative analysis of company interviews, secondary data, and comparative literature, the study shows that Origami Sake embeds renewable energy, localized rice sourcing, and by-product reuse into its core operations. These practices reflect circular economy principles and strengthen regional identity, yet they also pose challenges related to packaging limitations, organic rice availability, data-tracking gaps, and the risks of …

Are Hotels Ready For Flooding? Improving Employee Preparedness, Ahmin Kwon, Marketa Kubickova, Swechchha Subedi

ICHRIE Research Reports

Focusing on the experiences of 500 current hotel employees in the United States, this report evaluates current levels of flood preparedness and the role of organizational support in shaping employee proactive response. Findings indicate that most employees have experience with flooding and rely on multiple information sources, yet trust in government response remains moderate. Clear disparities emerge across hotel segments, with significantly higher preparedness commitment and proactive behavior among employees in luxury hotels and those with longer tenure. Importantly, prior experience does not necessarily translate into effective preparedness. Although many respondents perceive existing information as sufficient, there is a continued …

Exploring Hotel Sustainability Through A Service Design Lens: An Espoused Theory Vs. Theory-In-Use Perspective, Cindy Yoonjoung Heo, Jaehyun Park, Sanqi Yang, Chen Ni, Lei Tang, Lei Yu, Julneth Rogenhofer, Geraldine Assen

ICHRIE Research Reports

Sustainability is now widely embedded in hotel strategies, but it is often assessed through what hotels communicate rather than what guests actually experience. This study examines that disconnect by drawing on Argyris and Schön’s distinction between espoused theory and theory-in-use, combined with a service design perspective. Using document analysis alongside in-situ observations at the front desk and in guest rooms, the study looks at how sustainability appears across service touchpoints and whether it is likely to be noticed and understood by guests. The findings suggest that many initiatives are operationally in place but remain largely out of sight during the …

Aviation Disruptions And Tourism Resilience: Policy Lessons From The Indigo 2025 Crisis For India’S Hospitality Tourism Sector, Ann Mary Varghese, Vijaya Zinnoury

ICHRIE Research Reports

The December 2025 IndiGo flight disruption crisis, characterized by widespread cancellations, delays, and capacity constraints, significantly impacted India’s tourism and hospitality sectors during peak travel periods. This research report examines the cascading effects of aviation instability on tourism demand, hotel occupancy, pricing dynamics, and regional economies. Drawing on secondary data from industry reports, news coverage, and policy analyses, the study identifies systemic vulnerabilities in India’s aviation–tourism nexus. Findings indicate that flight disruptions led to large-scale hotel cancellations, revenue losses, and demand volatility, particularly in destination-dependent regions in India such as Darjeeling, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand. The report further evaluates industry responses, …

Tourism System Fragility: Evidence From The Middle East War, Ann Mary Varghese, Vijaya Zinnoury

ICHRIE Research Reports

The ongoing Middle East conflict (2026) has triggered one of the most significant global aviation disruptions since the COVID-19 pandemic, with widespread airspace closures, flight cancellations, rerouting, and fuel cost escalation affecting airlines worldwide. This research report examines how conflict-driven aviation instability has impacted tourism demand, hospitality performance, and destination economies.

Drawing on real-time global evidence, the study finds that the closure of critical air corridors across the Middle East, which handle approximately 15% of global air traffic, led to thousands of daily flight cancellations, mass rerouting, and substantial cost increases for airlines. These disruptions propagated across tourism systems, reducing …

Campus Food Recovery: Balancing Sustainability And Student Needs, Scott T. Taylor Jr., Wenhao Zhang, Robin B. Dipietro, Mary Stein, Junehee Kwon

ICHRIE Research Reports

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a food recovery program at a large university on food waste reduction and food insecurity mitigation. The primary goal of the food recovery program was two-fold: to help provide ready-to-eat meals for students facing food insecurity and to help the campus food service provider minimize post-production food waste. Thus, food was recovered from multiple dining outlets on a large university campus in the southeast United States. To ensure a valid comparison between 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 academic years, a 3-month period during the spring semesters in 2023 and 2024 was …

Robot Ready, Deploying Semi-Autonomous Food Delivery Robots, Betsy Bender Stringam, Somang Min, Jennifer Martinez

ICHRIE Research Reports

Semiautonomous food delivery robots are expanding rapidly across college campuses, healthcare facilities, office complexes, and other food delivery settings. The semiautonomous food delivery robot market grew to about $800 million in 2025 and is expected to exceed $3.24 billion by 2030.

This report draws on research studies conducted at a university contract foodservice beta deployment site, involving in-depth interviews with employees and managers who worked directly with semiautonomous food delivery robots during and after implementation, triangulated with field notes and observations by the research team. The report highlights key findings and develops an original practitioner framework around these findings, called …

Building Consumer Trust In Short-Term Rentals: A Literature Review On Factors Influencing Consumer Booking Motivations And Trust Formation, Alyssa N. Thornton, Kiyan Shafieizadeh

ICHRIE Research Reports

This study synthesizes existing research on consumer trust formation and booking motivations in short-term rental (STR) platforms through a systematic literature review. Drawing on 19 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, the review examines how trust-building cues and motivational factors jointly influence consumer booking decisions in peer-to-peer accommodation contexts. Using a thematic analysis approach, the findings reveal five dominant themes: visual and aesthetic cues, host attributes, reviews and reputation mechanisms, economic and functional motivations, and host–guest interaction. The results highlight the central role of visual presentation and social signals in reducing perceived risk and fostering trust, while economic and …

Positioning Grand Junction As A Premier Golf Tourism Hub: A Swot Analysis, Tevfik Demirciftci, Eunkyeong Jung

ICHRIE Research Reports

This research report examines how experienced golf travelers perceive Grand Junction (GJ) as a golf tourism destination. Based on in-depth interviews, the study uses a SWOT-based approach to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and risks from the golfer’s perspective. Findings show that GJ is valued for its affordability, natural scenery, variety of courses, and extended playing season, but its potential is hindered by limited coordination among tourism stakeholders. The results suggest that stronger collaboration among golf courses and local businesses could enhance GJ’s appeal as an accessible and distinctive destination for golf tourism

Accreditation In Hospitality And Tourism Administration/Management: A History, Robert H. Bosselman

ICHRIE Research Reports

Accreditation in hospitality and tourism administration/managment education has a complex history. The current manuscript provides background on how accreditation was established in the field. The role played by International CHRIE and its members was reported as was the origin of the Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. The manuscript provides suggestions for future direction of accreditation in hospitality and tourism administration/management education.

Prevalence Of Cerebrovascular Disease In Patients With Coronary Artery Disease After Pharmacological Stress Test, Eman Mahmoud Abdelfattah, Muhammad Salem Muhammad Hagrass, Khalid Ahmed Elkhashab, Sameh Emil, Hassan Mohamed Ebeid, Lamya Salih, Najah Makhbout Al-Amri, Mostafa Sayed, Haytham Soliman Ghareeb

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association

Objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) share common atherosclerotic pathways. However, the clinical significance of headache absence during stress testing remains unexplored. We investigated whether the absence of headache during pharmacological stress testing reflects the presence of subtle cerebrovascular atherosclerosis detectable by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD).

Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 225 patients with CAD undergoing pharmacological stress testing with TCD and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) at centers in Egypt (Cardiology Department, Fayoum University). Patients were stratified by headache status during stress testing. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis identified independent predictors of abnormal TCD …

Health-Gated Deploy-Authority Reconciler, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses a post-deploy reconciler that keeps a single, high-blast-radius production workload converged to an authorized image without reverting legitimate, healthy, out-of-band deployments. A short-interval reconciliation job reads a mutable, agent-writable in-cluster authority record — carrying an authorized image, a deploy-in-progress flag, a holder identity and a reason — and compares it against the live workload's running image and the readiness of its serving pod. The reconciler's corrective action is gated on a conjunction predicate: it reverts the workload to the authorized image only when the running image differs from the authorized image AND the serving pod is not …

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Dual-Plane Inbound Email Delivery, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, enablingly and in dated public form, a mechanism for inbound email delivery that simultaneously serves a human mail client and an autonomous software agent from a single ingress event, without duplicating the message, forking the pipeline, or degrading store fidelity. One webhook endpoint accepts two payload shapes — raw MIME posted as base64 by a byte-preserving edge worker, or already-parsed legacy JSON — and discriminates between them at runtime by the presence of a non-empty raw carrier field. Threading headers (Message-ID, In-Reply-To, References, Cc) are extracted continuation-aware directly off the raw bytes so that RFC 5322 folded …

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Provenance-Tiered Database Serve-Override Cms Over Immutable Container Assets, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, as enabling public prior art, a content-management mechanism that layers a database-backed content overlay on top of an immutable set of static assets baked into a container image. A single GET-only "serve-override" resolver, keyed on the tuple (slug, locale, audience), returns a published database row when one exists and otherwise falls through to the baked file. The image is the read-only floor; the running pod is never written at request time. Two structural properties are central. First, a reserved-slug set — authentication, session, and OAuth callback paths — is never overridable, so security-critical routes always execute baked, …

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Deterministic Stateless Digital-Twin Rendering Of A Live Ai-Agent Workforce With Ledger-Windowed Replay, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This document discloses, with enabling detail sufficient for a person of ordinary skill to build it, a method and system for rendering a live, game-like visualization of a workforce of autonomous software agents in which every visual property is a pure deterministic function of operational records and the renderer holds no game state. Avatar state resolves by an active-work-wins-over-the-clock precedence; deterministic hashing places desks and picks palette swatches with a bounded collision-walk over the true floor grid; an ambient night tint is computed from the share of off-shift ("dreaming") agents plus the server hour, never a viewer's clock; ledger events …

Spec-Less Differential Api/Rbac Conformance Scanner With Source-As-Oracle Auth Probing, Llm Test Synthesis, And Automatic Bug-To-Repair Handoff, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses a computer-implemented method and system that scans a running HTTP/REST service for authentication and role-based access-control (RBAC) conformance defects without any machine-readable API specification. Conventional API security scanners (Schemathesis, RESTler, 42Crunch, StackHawk, and comparable tools) require an OpenAPI/Swagger document or a recorded traffic corpus to know both what endpoints exist and what each endpoint's correct behavior is. The disclosed mechanism removes that dependency by treating the service's router source code as the single source of truth: a lightweight parser enumerates route registrations, and — the central novelty — the auth-middleware tokens present on each route's own physical …

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Modality-Blind, Local-First Handwriting Evidence Ingestion With Server-Side Image Rejection And Absence-Never-Denies Gate Equity, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

Adaptive-learning platforms increasingly want to admit analog work — a photographed page of handwritten work — as assessment evidence alongside typed and spoken answers. The obvious implementation is corrosive: it uploads a child's handwriting image to a server, applies a single blanket consent posture across every capture surface, and — most insidiously — lets the presence of a shiny new evidence channel become an implicit penalty for the learner who has no camera, no printer, or no wish to photograph their work. This disclosure describes a mechanism that structurally refuses all three failure modes. First, the client performs deterministic on-device …

Reflexive-Feedback Stability Envelope For An In-Process Autonomous Code-Repair Agent, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

An autonomous error-remediation (AER) agent that runs in the same process as the software it repairs faces a structural instability absent from out-of-band remediation systems: it consumes the very telemetry stream it emits. Its diagnostic logs, its "ticket escalated" notices, its patch-apply chatter — all land back in the shared in-memory log buffer it polls for errors. Left unbounded, this closed loop self-excites: one real error produces a ticket, the ticket produces log output, the log output is parsed as a new error, and the agent oscillates or floods without ever converging. This publication discloses a Reflexive-Feedback Stability Envelope: a …

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Fail-Closed Multi-Backend Artifact Gate With Reject-Biased Union Resolution And A Single Chokepoint, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, with enabling detail, a fail-closed governance gate that is invoked at every path capable of creating, registering, or enabling a governed unit of work — a new application, a new game, or a large ("big-task") change. The gate refuses to let creation proceed unless a mandated set of governance artifacts (an idea brief, a purpose statement, a design, a cost model, an implementation plan, a deployment runbook, and a live tracker) is proven to exist. The novelty is not "check that files exist." It is how presence is resolved. A mandated artifact may live in any one …

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Anti-Fake-Green Compliance Scanner, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

Automated compliance-as-code tooling collapses a passing check into a claim of full control adoption. That collapse is the root cause of "fake green": a compliance dashboard that reports an application as governed when, in fact, the machine has only observed the presence of a shape — a file, a string, a field — and has proven nothing about adequacy. A present-but-inert authentication middleware (const requireAuth = () => (req,res,next) => next()), a database-facade bypass, a header-only tracker CSV, or a hardcoded credential can all satisfy naive presence checks and light the board green. This disclosure describes a coherent protocol that …

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Subgroup-Blind Dif Harness For Llm Judges With Matched-Pair Red-Team And Synthetic-Evidence Signability Lockout, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

Automated large-language-model (LLM) judges increasingly score open-ended learner work — a reading inference, a written argument, an arithmetic explanation — and their scores feed high-stakes gates such as a mastery or promotion decision. A grader of this kind can systematically under-read responses expressed in a non-standard dialect (e.g., African American Vernacular English, "AAVE"), English-as-a-second-language (ESL) phrasing, or an atypical-but-valid reasoning path, even when the underlying competence is identical to a standard-dialect response. Raw disparate-outcome checks (comparing mean scores across groups) cannot distinguish this grader bias from genuine ability differences, and making the grader "aware" of subgroup membership to correct for …

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Owner-Gated Conversation-To-Cognition Ingestion With Lazy Persona Activation And Crash-Restorable Process Table, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, in enabling detail, a mechanism that couples a synchronous conversational assistant (a chat surface a human talks to and gets an immediate answer from) to an asynchronous autonomous-agent runtime (a background "persona" that perceives, reasons, plans, acts, and reflects on its own schedule) through a single caller-trust-scoped ingestion valve. Every conversational turn is stamped with an access mode denoting the trust of the caller. The valve admits a turn as cognitive work only when the access mode denotes the resource owner; turns from untrusted (guest) callers are dropped at the valve so untrusted conversation never becomes autonomous …

Dual-Path Work Delivery Into An Agent Cognitive Loop, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, in enabling detail, a dual-path protocol for delivering a unit of work into an autonomous agent's cognitive loop and for verifying, out of band, that the work does not silently stall. A fast path enqueues a work item in-process onto a resident attention queue by resolving the engine from a shared carrier (a config bridge object, else a last-resort global handle) and calling a plain function; this path is deliberately lossy — it never retries, never demands an acknowledgement, and fails soft to false when the engine is not resident. Correctness is not entrusted to the fast …

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Closed-Loop Cross-Call Caller Memory For Voice Ai Agents, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This defensive publication discloses a closed-loop memory architecture for real-time voice AI agents in which the machine-readable output of a post-call extraction step is fed back to reconfigure the next generative session. On call teardown, a single generative pass jointly extracts the spoken caller identity and composes a personalized follow-up email, halving per-call inference cost relative to running extraction and composition as two passes. A per-persona configuration row gates a five-way action fan-out — follow-up email, admin briefing, CRM contact, CRM lead/ticket, and caller memory — over that single result. CRM lead creation exploits a unique-constraint violation as a control …

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Spoken-Delegation Phone-Errand Protocol, Gustavo Matthew Assuncao

Defensive Publications Series

This publication discloses, enables, and dates a protocol by which a human, while already speaking with an AI voice agent over a live telephone call, verbally delegates a second, downstream phone errand — and the platform autonomously performs it end to end and reports back. The mechanism has four coupled parts. First, in-call task capture: a function/tool call the model issues mid-conversation (schedulecall) converts a spoken delegation into a typed task row in the agent's own workspace, and the confirmation is spoken back within the same turn. Second, LLM workflow synthesis: a cognitive loop later dequeues the task and an …

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A High-Frequency Gan-Driven Concentric Transducer Apparatus For Soliton Restructuring: System Specifications For Dehp Non-Equilibrium Transmutation, Christopher L. Eckes

Defensive Publications Series

This technical disclosure formalizes the applied systems engineering specifications and low-level circuit architectures for an analog, multi-frequency wave-harmonic hardware prototype designed to execute room-temperature, layerless elemental transmutation. Rejecting the high-energy particle acceleration, plasma-confinement, and thermal-induction paradigms of traditional nuclear physics, this architecture treats three-dimensional matter-knot solitons as localized vertical geometric tension fields projected from a continuous, two-dimensional conformal phase fluid substrate located at the z = 0 coordinate horizon. To understand the foundational mechanics of the underlying dimensional projection fluid, reference is directed to the author's prior works indexed on TDCommons.org regarding the Dimensionally Extended Holographic Projection (DEHP) model.

The …

Agent-Based Workflow To Perform Technical Health Audit Of Software Applications, Patrick Lierse

Defensive Publications Series

Online application storefronts enable users to download software applications to their devices. Poor technical quality of applications, such as the app freezing, crashing, or draining device battery can result in a bad user experience that negatively affects the application developer and the storefront provider. However, data regarding application performance may be unavailable to the storefront provider to make assessments of technical performance, thus making it difficult to adjust the way the application is featured in the storefront. This disclosure describes techniques for automatic evaluation and reporting of technical health of a software application without access to developer analytics (or other …

Intent-Based Automotive Control Interface For Vtol Flying Cars: The Copter Paradigm — A Defensive Publication (Prior Art), Roman Vasyliev

Defensive Publications Series

Description

The Copter Paradigm: Translating Automotive Reflexes into Three-Dimensional Flight presents a conceptual architecture for intuitive human-machine interaction in personal Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) transportation.

Rather than introducing a specific mechanical invention, this publication proposes an Intent-Based Control (IBC) philosophy in which the operator expresses only the desired motion of the vehicle using familiar automotive controls, while the onboard flight-control system autonomously performs the complex aerodynamic and propulsion tasks required for safe three-dimensional flight.

The document describes one possible reference implementation of this concept, including control logic, mode transitions, steering architecture, safety mechanisms, and emergency procedures. However, the principles …