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A Holistic Framework Addressing Psychological, Social, And Health Aspects Of Drug Use Among University Students, Mashael Abdulhalim Huwaikem May 2026

A Holistic Framework Addressing Psychological, Social, And Health Aspects Of Drug Use Among University Students, Mashael Abdulhalim Huwaikem

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This paper examined the psychological, social and nutritional health-related aspects that relate to drug use among higher education students. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 1,055 students in various colleges. The data was obtained by using self-administered questionnaire, which measured demographic, psychological, and social variables and nutritional health indicators in terms of drug use. The study identified living alone as a significant demographic predictor in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Positive and neutral attitudes towards drug use (OR = 0.044 and OR = 0.324, respectively), as well as protective or irregular behavioral practices (OR = 0.002) were significantly …


The Relative Contribution Of Digital Intelligence And Moral Identity To Mental Wandering Among University Students, Khawlah K. Albarjas May 2026

The Relative Contribution Of Digital Intelligence And Moral Identity To Mental Wandering Among University Students, Khawlah K. Albarjas

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The aim of the research was to reveal the relative contribution of digital intelligence and moral identity to mental wandering among female students of Al-Jouf University. To achieve the research objectives, the scales of Abdul-Ati Digital Intelligence, Aquino, & Reed Moral Identity and the Alpheel Mental Wandering Scales were used. Their psychometric properties were verified, and the descriptive correlational approach was used. A sample of (450) female students was chosen using the quota sampling method according to the student’s college. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between digital intelligence and moral identity with mental wandering inside the …


The Impact Of A Metaverse Environment On Technological Concept Development Among Depressed Students, Ibraheem Abdullah Alzahrani May 2026

The Impact Of A Metaverse Environment On Technological Concept Development Among Depressed Students, Ibraheem Abdullah Alzahrani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to explore the impact of a Meta verse-based learning on the development of technological concepts among university students diagnosed with depression, as measured by Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The research involved 22 students (11 male, 11 female) from the College of Education at Al- Baha University, using a quasi-experimental approach single group design. Depression levels were assessed with BDI-II, and an achievement test administered to measure students' understanding of technological concepts. The findings highlighted the importance of selecting e-learning tools that aligned with students' psychological conditions to ensure effective participation in learning. The study showed that meta …


The Effectiveness Of Using Technology-Enhanced Virtual Reality Techniques In Raising Public Awareness Of Change And Combating Extremism, Manal M. Alqahtani May 2026

The Effectiveness Of Using Technology-Enhanced Virtual Reality Techniques In Raising Public Awareness Of Change And Combating Extremism, Manal M. Alqahtani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies in raising public awareness of change, combating extremism, and promoting critical thinking. The research evaluates the impact of these technologies on individuals' attitudes, behaviors, and intellectual orientations, as well as their ability to foster values of tolerance and open-mindedness. The analytical method was employed, and a questionnaire was designed and distributed to a sample of 384 participants. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and statistical significance to test the validity of the hypotheses. The results indicated that VR and AR technologies positively …


Classification Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder In Schools - Teachers' Perceptions, Abdulelah A. Abuzaid, Mohammed A. Al Jaffal May 2026

Classification Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder In Schools - Teachers' Perceptions, Abdulelah A. Abuzaid, Mohammed A. Al Jaffal

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The increased interest attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has received in recent years necessitates an in-depth investigation into educators’ perceptions of its classification and implications for classroom settings. This study explores general education (GE) teachers’ perceptions of ADHD classification in primary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Employing a descriptive survey methodology, we gathered quantitative data from a diverse sample of 145 male and female GE teachers to consider contextual variables that may shape their perceptions. Our ( findings reveal that teachers generally hold moderate perceptions with respect to the classification of ADHD. Notably, we found no statistically significant differences in …


Auditors' Narcissism And Audit Report Readability - The Moderating Role Of Auditor Specialization, Samir Ibrahim Abdelazim May 2026

Auditors' Narcissism And Audit Report Readability - The Moderating Role Of Auditor Specialization, Samir Ibrahim Abdelazim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The current research examines the impact of Auditor’s Narcissism (NARC) on the level of Audit Report Readability (ARR). Furthermore, investigates the moderating role of Auditor Specialization (SPEC) on the relationship between NARC and ARR. To ensure a robust analysis, this study utilizes a balanced panel dataset (2018-2023) encompassing all non-financial firms listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange. Multiple regression techniques will be employed to comprehensively explore the relationships between the variables of interest. The analysis revealed a positive association between NARC and ARR, suggesting more NARC is linked with higher readability. Notably, SPEC presence moderated this association, strengthening the positive …


The Role Of Optimism And Pessimism In Influencing Learning Engagement Among Saudi Efl University Students, Nada Alqarni May 2026

The Role Of Optimism And Pessimism In Influencing Learning Engagement Among Saudi Efl University Students, Nada Alqarni

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The impact of psychological traits on learning engagement (LE) is a crucial area of research, particularly in the context of English as a foreign language (EFL). However, there is a notable lack of studies examining how optimism and pessimism, as two key psychological constructs, influence engagement in foreign language (FL) learning. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between optimism, pessimism and LE levels among EFL students. Specifically, it explored the association between these traits and the overall engagement of 131 Saudi EFL learners, focusing on their behavioural, cognitive, agentic and emotional engagement. A quantitative methodology was adopted for this …


The Reality Of Innovation Management In Higher Education Institutions From Innovative Students' Point Of View, Marhouna Hamad Al-Moqbali, Aisha Salim Al-Harthi, Khalaf Al Marhoon Abri, Said Sulaiman Al Dhafri May 2026

The Reality Of Innovation Management In Higher Education Institutions From Innovative Students' Point Of View, Marhouna Hamad Al-Moqbali, Aisha Salim Al-Harthi, Khalaf Al Marhoon Abri, Said Sulaiman Al Dhafri

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Innovation management plays a crucial role in harnessing innovations for economic development. Higher education institutions are considered one of the fundamental stages for embracing and supporting student innovations, especially in the early stages of ideation, selection and experimentation. Within this context, the current study aimed to understand the reality of innovation management in Omani higher education institutions at the pre-innovation stage. The study employed a descriptive methodology using a qualitative phenomenological research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of 30 participants from two government universities and three private universities. The study utilised thematic analysis for data …


Experts' Perceptions Towards Employing The Sustainable Circular Economy In Omani Science And Social Studies Curricula, Muna Rashid Al-Naaimi May 2026

Experts' Perceptions Towards Employing The Sustainable Circular Economy In Omani Science And Social Studies Curricula, Muna Rashid Al-Naaimi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The current study aimed to investigate experts' perceptions towards including the sustainable circular economy in the science and social studies curricula within the general education programmes in the Sultanate of Oman. The study used a mixed approach with an exploratory sequential design, which included two research methodologies: a quantitative approach through frequencies and percentages and a qualitative approach, the case study method. The study tool of semi-standardised interview questions was prepared, and the 20 experts comprising the study sample were interviewed. The results of the study showed that 90% of the experts sampled are in favour of educational and learning …


Ease Of Articulation In Selecting First Names, Alawiya W.I. Al-Siyami May 2026

Ease Of Articulation In Selecting First Names, Alawiya W.I. Al-Siyami

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Investigating the ease of articulation in selecting names contributes to emphasizing the effect of articulatory features on speech perception and production. It explains why some names are distinctive among multi-semantic references and sociocultural dominance and are more likely appropriate for one sex than the other. This study explores how distinctive features of phonemes subconsciously derive our conception of first names, regardless of rich meanings or morphological endings. It argues that all selected names demonstrate articulatory-easy phonemes. Sex distinction is assumed to attribute phonemes of easier configurations to characterize girl names more than boy names. By inspecting a sample that exhibited …


Ai-Powered Training Program For Enhancing Teachers' Skills In Creating Educational Digital Games, Taghreed A. Maydi, Majed A. Alharthi May 2026

Ai-Powered Training Program For Enhancing Teachers' Skills In Creating Educational Digital Games, Taghreed A. Maydi, Majed A. Alharthi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence MN ML (AI)-based training program in developing electronic educational game production skills for teachers of students with learning disabilities. Data were collected using research tools, including an achievement test designed to measure cognitive skills and an observation checklist aimed at assessing performance in the production of electronic educational games. Using a quasi- experimental design with a single group, the research tools were applied and then the AI-based training program was implemented, with the tools being applied again afterwards. The research sample included all 50 teachers from public and private …


The Impact Of Capital Structure On Performance In Smes: The Saudi Parallel Financial Market, Qusai Mohammad Al-Shehab, Abdul Aziz Ahmed Al-Omran May 2026

The Impact Of Capital Structure On Performance In Smes: The Saudi Parallel Financial Market, Qusai Mohammad Al-Shehab, Abdul Aziz Ahmed Al-Omran

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to analyse the effect of corporate capital structure on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Despite the importance of SMEs for economic growth and technology advancements and the vital role of capital structure on financial performance, there is a scarcity of studies that investigate SMEs. This study focuses on SMEs that were listed in the Saudi Parallel Market (Nomu) for the period of 2017-2022. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines this relationship for Saudi SMEs. Our research utilises secondary data and employs descriptive statistics and Pooled OLS …


The Degree To Which Digital Literacy Is Included In National Curriculum Standards, Ahmed Y. Fagehi, Meznah R. Almutairy May 2026

The Degree To Which Digital Literacy Is Included In National Curriculum Standards, Ahmed Y. Fagehi, Meznah R. Almutairy

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Standards are the backbone of developing curricula and educational systems, as they precisely define what should be learned. Additionally, the integration of skills in curricula ensures that they are targeted in teaching and learning processes and thus acquired by learners. This study aims to analyze the national curriculum standards to reveal their level of inclusion of digital literacy. The descriptive approach was applied using the content analysis method, with a content analysis card used as the data collection tool. The results show that digital literacy is an essential component of the national standards (with a total percentage of 16%), is …


Green Leadership: A Promising Strategy For Promoting Sustainable Entrepreneurship At Saudi Universities, Azala Mohammad Alghamdi May 2026

Green Leadership: A Promising Strategy For Promoting Sustainable Entrepreneurship At Saudi Universities, Azala Mohammad Alghamdi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to reveal the role of the green leadership (GL) strategy in promoting sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) at Saudi universities from the perspectives of educational leadership experts. The study also examined the challenges Saudi universities face in implementing the GL strategy and provided suggestions to develop the application of GL at Saudi universities. According to this study, GL is a strategy that focuses on pro-environmental policies, provides sustainable initiatives, motivates followers toward a green environment, and improves their sustainable green creativity. A qualitative approach was utilized, interviewing 13 educational leadership experts at established and emerging Saudi universities. NVivo software …


Green Behavior As A Mediator Variable In The Relationship Between Strategic Involvement And Green Hrm, Hanan Elsayed Ahmed Eldamaty May 2026

Green Behavior As A Mediator Variable In The Relationship Between Strategic Involvement And Green Hrm, Hanan Elsayed Ahmed Eldamaty

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to determine the mediating impact of green behavior on the relationship between strategic involvement and green human resource management (green HRM) at Vodafone Egypt. Strategic involvement with its four dimensions is the independent variable, green HRM with its five dimensions is the dependent variable, and unidimensional green behavior is the mediator variable. To achieve this aim, four main hypotheses were formulated for the study. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 400 individuals representing different managerial levels. A total of 360 valid responses from individuals were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. …


Employing Artificial Intelligence Applications And Their Implications For Developing The Saudi Sports System, Wael Abdel Raouf Khalifa May 2026

Employing Artificial Intelligence Applications And Their Implications For Developing The Saudi Sports System, Wael Abdel Raouf Khalifa

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to explore the reality of employing artificial intelligence (AI) applications and their impact on the development of the Saudi sports system. This is achieved through identifying the strategic objectives of employing AI applications in the sports field, the methods of utilizing them in this area, the Kingdom's efforts to provide the appropriate technological environment for AI applications, and the gains achieved from employing these applications to develop the sports system. The researcher used the descriptive method (survey studies approach), in which the research community consisted of the employees of the Ministry of Sports in the Kingdom of …


Attachment Styles And Their Relationship To Future Anxiety Among Mothers Of Children With Chronic Diseases, Rawan Abdul Mahdi Nayef Al-Saliti May 2026

Attachment Styles And Their Relationship To Future Anxiety Among Mothers Of Children With Chronic Diseases, Rawan Abdul Mahdi Nayef Al-Saliti

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to assess the level of future anxiety and the most common attachment patterns among mothers of children with chronic diseases, as well as to assess the relationship between them. It also aimed to determine any statistically significant differences in the level of future anxiety and attachment patterns depending on the variables of the mother's educational level, the mother's age, the type of disease, and the duration of diagnosis. The study sample consisted of (145) mothers who were under the care of the Islamic Center Society in Irbid Governorate, Jordan, during 2023. They were selected using the available …


Studying The Impact Of Cognitive Insight On Academic Achievement In Literacy Programs, Abdelilah El Meniari, Abdelhalim Cherqui, Driss Ait Ali, Mimoun Saidi, Hicham Khabbache May 2026

Studying The Impact Of Cognitive Insight On Academic Achievement In Literacy Programs, Abdelilah El Meniari, Abdelhalim Cherqui, Driss Ait Ali, Mimoun Saidi, Hicham Khabbache

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Understanding cognizance is crucial; it highlights how individuals analyse and understand information. Meanwhile, adult learning and literacy are essential for personal and social development. This research aims to study the effect of cognizance on academic achievement among novice learners in literacy programs in Morocco. The research sample consisted of 560 male and female learners, using the cognizance scale for the novice learner. The results of the research revealed that there are statistically significant correlations between cognizance and academic achievement among novice learners in literacy programs. This result demonstrates that new learners in literacy programs have the ability to progress and …


Sex Education In Islamic Curricula: The Saudi Context, Layla Nasser Alzarah May 2026

Sex Education In Islamic Curricula: The Saudi Context, Layla Nasser Alzarah

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The current study aims to identify female Islamic studies teachers' attitudes towards including sex education concepts and to ascertain how many such concepts are included in the Islamic studies and Islamic culture textbooks for general education at elementary, intermediate, and higher levels in Saudi Arabia. The study also explores how Islamic studies teachers' perspectives regarding sex education statistically relate to their academic background, years of experience, and level of education. The study uses a descriptive methodology and administers a questionnaire to 450 female Islamic studies instructors and a content analysis card to the texts on Islamic studies and culture. The …


Self-Concept And Its Components For Developing Research In Positive Psychology: An Integrative Model, Khaled H. Elsherif May 2026

Self-Concept And Its Components For Developing Research In Positive Psychology: An Integrative Model, Khaled H. Elsherif

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to reduce researchers' suffering from the abundance and diversity of psychological and educational research that deals with self-concept and its components. The challenge with starting from different theoretical frameworks is that this reflects negatively on the results and variables associated with each component. There are also many self-components, combined with the synonymy of some names, that confuse researchers and place research in the cycle of stereotyping and repetition. Therefore, presenting a graphical form that includes a description of the self-concept components and clarifies the relationships between them and their role in the structure of the human self …


Online Trust Determinants, Consumer Perception, And Purchase Intent In Saudi E-Commerce: Exploring Determinants And Evidence, Majed A. Helmi, Sager Alharthi, Sufyan Habib May 2026

Online Trust Determinants, Consumer Perception, And Purchase Intent In Saudi E-Commerce: Exploring Determinants And Evidence, Majed A. Helmi, Sager Alharthi, Sufyan Habib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to explore the growing use of the internet as a commercial sales channel, emphasising the pivotal role of trust in online consumer relationships. This research focused on Saudi e-commerce platforms (e.g. Amazon.sa, Noon, Namshi, and Shein), due to their remarkable growth over previous years, by investigating the effect of consumer trust on online purchase intentions. The study surveyed 449 Saudi online shoppers, using a structural equation model to analyse the factors that determine online trust (perceived information quality, company competency, security, and online consumer reviews) and their influence on consumer online trust and perceived risk. The results …


Leaving The Academic Sector: Saudi Society, Abdulrahman Alshaikh Mubarak May 2026

Leaving The Academic Sector: Saudi Society, Abdulrahman Alshaikh Mubarak

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to identify the most important reasons academics prefer to leave work in the academic sector in favor of other opportunities outside the walls of universities. This study seeks to shed light on academics to understand their views on the actual motives of this phenomenon, its effects on administrative development in universities and society, and its repercussions on the competitiveness of universities in Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted through interviews with academics who have left academic work and with current academics or those who intend to leave academic work and depart from universities in favor of other …


Entrepreneurship Education In University: The Saudi Context, Maha M. A. Alahmari, Amal A. R. Alkulaib May 2026

Entrepreneurship Education In University: The Saudi Context, Maha M. A. Alahmari, Amal A. R. Alkulaib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Nurturing and training successful entrepreneurs constitutes a significant part of a country's strategies for economic growth due to the role of entrepreneurship in economic development and job creation. This research examines entrepreneurship education at a Saudi university in the Eastern Province and proposes enhancements. Researchers applied the descriptive survey method, and the questionnaire was administered to 382 female university students. They highly agreed with the reality of education in the field of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurship course covers entrepreneurial characteristics, marketing, operations, financial planning, and work values. Female students also highly agreed on ways of enhancement, such as aligning entrepreneurship models …


Physical Activity And Motor Performance Satisfaction Among The Elderly - Saudi Society, Anwar Abdulaziz Al-Nuaim May 2026

Physical Activity And Motor Performance Satisfaction Among The Elderly - Saudi Society, Anwar Abdulaziz Al-Nuaim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research aimed to identify the levels of participation in physical activities and their relationship to motor satisfaction among the elderly. Eighty-three participants, ranging in age from 60–75 years, engaged in this study. The measure of motor satisfaction, the levels of participation in sports and physical activities questionnaires were applied in the data collection process. The findings suggest that there is a significant positive relationship between the level of positive participation and the measure of movement satisfaction. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between the level of emotional participation and the motor satisfaction scale. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were …


Language Fluency For Bilingual Students - The Saudi Context, Maryam Ahmed Alomair May 2026

Language Fluency For Bilingual Students - The Saudi Context, Maryam Ahmed Alomair

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

As the number of bilingual students in Saudi Arabia continues to grow, it is important to determine how this could impact language fluency. This study explored bilingualism and language fluency among Saudi Arabian students. Specifically, it aimed to determine the impact of bilingualism on language fluency. In doing so, it explored some of the strategies that could be used to enhance fluency as more students continue to learn a second or even third language. Qualitative research methodology was used because it is generally applied to collect data that is descriptive of people's experiences to understand meaning from the perspective of …


Improving Teachers' Teaching Skills Using Co-Teaching - The Saudi Context, Ashwag Ahmed Almethen May 2026

Improving Teachers' Teaching Skills Using Co-Teaching - The Saudi Context, Ashwag Ahmed Almethen

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study explored the significance and impact of co-teaching on teacher's teaching skills. In doing so, the study considered whether the practice is worth implementing and some of the strategies that could help with successful implementation for maximum benefits. A qualitative approach was used, and the primary instrument for collecting the data was semi-structured interviews. The sample comprised 13 Saudi Arabian teachers who had some experience or knowledge of co-teaching. Data analysis using thematic analysis revealed five themes. The first theme revolves around the teachers’ knowledge and experiences with co- teaching. The second theme is the impact of co-teaching on …


Digital Media And The Crime Industry - Saudi Society, Hamoud Nawar Alnemer May 2026

Digital Media And The Crime Industry - Saudi Society, Hamoud Nawar Alnemer

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study concentrates on digital media’s impact on criminal activities in the Saudi community. The theoretical framework is based on the cultivation theory. The study includes the thirteen regions of Saudi Arabia with a sample of 630 respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Based on the results, TikTok, Twitter and Snapchat are the most influential apps that contribute to the rapid spread of crime, particularly fraud, financial scamming, violating religious and public policy values, as well as deceiving minors. The study reveals that the promotion of crime through digital media is attributed to many factors, most notably digital media’s …


Accessible Finance For Social Entrepreneurship - The Saudi Context, Naif Mansour Mathkur May 2026

Accessible Finance For Social Entrepreneurship - The Saudi Context, Naif Mansour Mathkur

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research paper investigates the significance of financial accessibility for social entrepreneurship (SE) in fostering sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It commences with an exploration of the importance of SE, followed by a discussion on the obstacles social entrepreneurs encounter in securing financial resources. This paper delves into various financing avenues: government initiatives, venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, investor collaborations, and corporate social responsibility. Data were gathered from 300 respondents representing social entrepreneurs across diverse regions in the KSA to prioritize the factors and challenges that impede financial access for social entrepreneurs. The findings, utilizing descriptive …


Correcting Misconceptions And Enhancement Of Reasoning Skills - Simulation-Supported Dual Situated Learning Model, Adel R. Althubyani May 2026

Correcting Misconceptions And Enhancement Of Reasoning Skills - Simulation-Supported Dual Situated Learning Model, Adel R. Althubyani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of using the Simulation- Supported Dual Situated Learning Model (Sim-DSLM) to correct students’ misconceptions, retention, and enhancement of reasoning skills. To address this objective, a quantitative, experimental approach with pre- and post-learning tests was employed. The researcher developed two tests: (1) a physics misconceptions test and (2) a reasoning thinking skills test, which were both checked for validity and reliability. The tests were administered twice, before and after lessons were taught, to 57 participants recruited randomly from the seventh grade in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The experimental group (30) was taught using the Sim-DSLM …


The Shift In Academics' Conception Of Virtual Platforms Due To The Coronavirus Pandemic: The Saudi Context, Mohammed I. Alhojailan May 2026

The Shift In Academics' Conception Of Virtual Platforms Due To The Coronavirus Pandemic: The Saudi Context, Mohammed I. Alhojailan

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to identify the perceptions of faculty members at King Saud University on using virtual platforms during the coronavirus pandemic. It reveals the differences among their opinions both before and during the pandemic as well as the various methods used to determine their views. It furthermore offers explanations for these views. 79 members were sampled during the pandemic and 74 members before it. The perceptions of both samples differed regarding needs, obstacles, procedures, and recommendations related to virtual platforms. The initial needs of the pre-sample focused on 'training', whereas the post-sample focused on the necessity of 'technical support'. …