Digital Commons Network^™

Energy: From Efficiency To Sufficiency, Laura Almeida Dr

CIB Conferences

Energy sufficiency emerges as the next step in driving sustainable developments to carbon neutrality. Energy is an existential component of modern societies subjected to geopolitical influences, resource availability, and type. The paradigm shift to fully electric societies and rapid urbanization calls for rethinking the roadmap to Net Zero. This paper explores energy sufficiency as complementary to efficiency and its integration within Net Zero. It intends to answer questions such as whether efficiency is enough to face the increasing demand for energy, renewable resources and reliable storage systems. Moreover, the paper briefly addresses the human impact on energy and questions how …

Estimation Of Cost Impact Of Risk Of Injury From Construction Accidents Using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network Architecture, Based On Parts Of The Body Affected, Nuru Gambo, Musonda Innocent, Hamza Hussain

CIB Conferences

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are increasingly being used to analyse occupational accidents related to construction projects to inform project stakeholders about the effects of accidents on project costs. Thus, this study used Long, Short-Term Neural Network Architecture (LSTM) to develop a model for predicting the cost of construction-related occupational accidents based on the body parts affected. Pycharm Community 2020.1.2 (using Python 3.9.6) was used for the experiment and analysis, in this experimental study. The findings effectively showed that the suggested LSTM model's prediction performance, with a training and testing ratio of 90:10, was determined to have a mean square error …

Menstrual Cycle Health Effects On Productivity In Male-Dominated Fields: A Narrative Review, Mariam Akinlolu, Nenpin Dimka

CIB Conferences

While there is increasing awareness around gender diversity in construction health and safety, there is limited research examining the influence of different menstrual cycle phases on workplace productivity. Understanding the impact of the menstrual cycle on women’s health, safety, and

productivity is necessary to formulate appropriate occupational policies and support systems in

physically demanding work, such as construction. This narrative review synthesises existing literature examining the relationship between menstrual cycle phases and workplace productivity and discusses implications for the construction industry. The review analysed 40 peer-reviewed publications from 2008-2024, identified through systematic database searches. Findings reveal that menstrual cycle phases …

Driving Gender Diversity In Construction: Mapping Exisiting Policies Through The Behavioral Change Wheel Framework, Ruwini Edirisinghe, Bimali Rathnayake

CIB Conferences

Achieving gender diversity in the construction industry remains a critical challenge despite global efforts to reduce workplace inequality. Women remain significantly underrepresented in technical, trade, and leadership roles, with the majority occupying clerical or administrative positions. This study systematically categorises existing gender diversity policies in the construction sector using the Behavioural Change Wheel (BCW) framework to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, analysing peer-reviewed studies and reports published over the last 30 years. The identified policies were mapped to the BCW’s seven categories: communication/marketing, guidelines, legislation, regulation, fiscal measures, environmental/social …

Preservice Teachers As Active Decision-Makers In The Learning Process, Katrena Leininger

The Reading Professor

One goal of a teacher education program is to facilitate the opportunity for preservice teachers to become adaptive and responsive to students' needs. Thus, teacher education programs include field-based clinical experiences. The purpose of this article is to describe a qualitative study of 94 preservice teachers' perspectives about their participation in an interactive field experience model, designed by the researcher/instructor, where they were the active decision-makers in the learning process of a young child. Social constructivist theories that situate learning as embedded in sociocultural environments framed this study and the interactive field experience model. Participants' video and written reflections along …

Shifting The Discourse: How Asset-Based Literacy Practices Unlock Multilingual Learners' Potential, Robert A. Griffin

The Reading Professor

As multilingual learners (MLs) grow in number, educators must shift from deficit-based literacy instruction to asset-based approaches that leverage students' home languages, cultures, and identities. This article explores three research-backed strategies, culturally responsive texts, digital storytelling, and community-integrated literacy projects, that empower MLs and enhance engagement, motivation, and literacy development. Grounded in real-world classroom applications and empirical research, the discussion provides practical solutions for integrating these strategies, addressing common challenges, and fostering an inclusive learning environment. The author, an experienced teacher educator, shares anecdotes on how his students implement these strategies in their diverse classroom settings to maximize ML success. …

Teachers' Perceptions Of Pandemic Learning Losses Among English Language Learners: Effects Of Language Proficiencies And Language Modalities, Audrey Figueroa Murphy, Bruce Torff

The Reading Professor

Practicing teachers (n=95) completed a survey in correlational research conducted to determine the extent to which, and the ways in which, they reported learning losses among English Language Learners stemming from the Covid-19 pandemic. Two candidate factors were examined: language proficiencies (L1 and L2) and language modalities (listening, speaking, reading, writing). Students weak in both languages showed the largest losses, and students strong in both, the smallest. Low L-2 students suffered larger losses than high-L2 students regardless of L1 proficiency. In speaking skills, when L2 is weak, low-L1 students had larger losses than high-L1 students. Teachers reported no significant differences …

Brazilian Physical Education Undergraduate Students' Attitudes Toward Different Types Of Disability, Doralice Lange De Souza, Jackeline Colere

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Introduction People with disabilities (PWD) face prejudice and negative attitudes worldwide. This reality is not different in Brazil, where 8.9% of the population report "great difficulty" or "total inability" performing essential functions (e.g., seeing, hearing, moving, tasks, taking care of themselves, communicating, learning, remembering, concentrating) (IBGE, 2023). Few studies examine if attitudes vary by disability type (TIMMONS; MCGINNITY; CARROLL, 2023). Considering this context, this study investigated if second-year undergraduate Physical Education students in a Brazilian university hold different attitudes towards people with physical (PWPD), visual (PWVD), and intellectual disabilities (PWID).

Methodology The participants were 105 students who completed a questionnaire …

Move Smart Ms - Online Physical Activity And Education Programmes, Susan Coote Prof, Hugh O'Loughlin

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Background: Move Smart MS (MSMS) offers specialised, tailored, online group exercise programmes for people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). The specialist team delivers exercise and education to groups with similar symptom focus, age and ability with the aim of increasing physical activity participation.

Participants: Participants were screened for safety to exercise, balance and falls risk and placed into an appropriate program with tailored content for their symptoms and mobility levels. 262 participants took part over three blocks of 10 weeks. The programme provided 290 1.5 hour sessions across thirty-five programmes.

Methods: Outcomes were 30 second sit to stand test (STS) six-minute …

Mediating Role Of Self-Determined Motivation In The Relationship Between Mindfulness And Intention Toward Physical Activity Among Individuals With Physical Disabilities, Jaehwa Kim, Sang Yeon Woo, Hyun-Su Lee, Gun-Sang Cho, Seokmin Yun

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Physical activity enhances health and quality of life in people with physical disabilities, yet their participation rates remain low in Korea. According to Ryan & Deci (2000), self-determination theory, satisfaction of basic psychological needs fosters autonomous motivation, which is essential for personal growth. Earlier studies have shown that this theory is a robust framework for understanding the links between motivation and physical activity. Recently, mindfulness has gained attention for its role in the relationship between motivation and physical activity (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Schneider et al., 2019). This study aimed to explore the mediating roles of self-determined motivation in the …

Proposed Digital-Based, Customized Sports Program For The Underprivileged, Gunsang Cho Prof., Jaehwa Kim Prof., Hyunsu Lee Prof.

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Introduction Marginalized groups, including older adults and individuals with physical disabilities, are often excluded from opportunities to participate in physical activities due to barriers such as physical environmental constraints, social prejudice, and limited access to information (Rimmer & Rowland, 2008). Mobility limitations and the lack of suitable exercise programs hinder their health promotion and psychological well-being, creating a vicious cycle that increases the risk of chronic diseases and deepens social isolation (WHO, 2021). This study proposes a sports program leveraging digital technology to overcome these barriers and encourage sustainable participation in physical activities.

Methodology Using the literature analysis method, we …

Parents Of Athletes In Competitive Paralympic Sports - A Combination Of Mapping And Scoping Review, Alina Vogel, Sabine Radtke

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Introduction Parental support is a crucial factor in facilitating children’s engagement in competitive sports (Knight et al., 2017). Martin and Choi (2009) emphasize the even greater importance of parents for children with disabilities participating in sports. So far, only a few studies address the significance of parents in competitive Paralympic sports (e.g. Coates & Howe, 2023). The current study aims to present the state of research using a combined mapping and scoping review and to summarize the key findings regarding parents in competitive sports. The following research question is to be addressed: what subtopics have been researched, what underlying theories …

A Systematic Review Of The Effects Of Exercise On Gross Motor Skills And Social Abilities In Children With Autism, Jiawei Luo, Yun Li

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Background: Due to the unique physiological and psychological characteristics of children with autism, they often face challenges in fully integrating into traditional physical education systems. Therefore, this study aims to provide scientific evidence and practical guidance for physical education for children with autism through a systematic review of relevant literature.

Methods: A thematic search was conducted to comprehensively collect literature on the effects of exercise interventions for children with autism published between January 2006 and January 2024 from authoritative databases such as CNKI, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. A total of 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were …

Active Play Among Young Children (0-4 Years) With Disabilities: A Scoping Review, Alessia M. Capone, Kelly Arbour-Nicitopoulos, Louise De Lannoy, Suzanne Deliscar, Leah G. Taylor, Patricia Tucker, Leigh M. Vanderloo, Maeghan E. James

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Introduction. Active play is often the primary form of physical activity (PA) in early childhood, typically involving child-led, unstructured activities. Active play has been used as a method of assessment and promotion of physical activity in the early years. This review aims to investigate the quality of participation in active play for children with disabilities aged 0-4 in current literature, to provide insight to strategies of inclusion. Methods. The paper adhered to Joanna Briggs Institute best practice guidance and reporting items for scoping reviews. A search of Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, and SportDiscus was conducted in May 2024, using 91search …

A Behaviour Analysis Of Adult Nutrition Behaviours And Technology Use Of Individuals Living With Severe Mental Illness In High Support Hostels In Ireland., Ciara M. O'Sullivan, Alison Merrotsy, Indika Dhanapala, Tara Coppinger

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Introduction: Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) often have poor diet quality⁽¹⁾_. Factors influencing their nutritional habits include psychotropic medications^(2–5), low motivation and cognitive impairment⁽⁶⁾, food insecurity^(7,8)_, body weight management⁽⁸⁾_, challenges in meal planning, and limited autonomy over food choices in controlled environments⁽¹⁰⁾.Digital technology in health interventions is a growing area of research, showing potential for behaviour change in this population⁽¹¹⁾. However, few specifically target improvements in nutrition behaviours⁽¹¹⁾.

Understanding nutritional behaviours and the potential use of technology in their contextual settings is …

Trajectories Of Leisure-Time Physical Activity And Influencing Factors Among Middle-Aged And Older Adults With Disabilities, Areum Han, Jooyeon Jin Prof.

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity and International Symposium on Physical Activity and Visual Impairment and Deafblindness

Introduction Middle-aged and elderly people (>40 years old) with disabilities (MOAD) account for 88.6% of the total disability population in Korea. As this percentage is increasing due to rapid aging, and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is considered a means to promote their healthy lifestyles. This study analysed a large dataset to identify patterns in their LTPA over time and main factors that influence LTPA at different PA levels.

Methodology Data were extracted from the Disability and Life Panel Survey (2018–2022), including 3,289 MOAD who completed all five waves. Participants were categorized into four LTPA levels based on WHO guidelines. …

Picked Apart, Mackenzie R. Mol

NEXUS: The Liberty Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

Delving into the mind of a bullied girl, we see choices, we see people, and we see emotion. Oh, how emotions rule our minds too often. How do we overcome? A Short Poetry Story Submission.

The Ends Of The Earth, Rebekah L. Yockey

NEXUS: The Liberty Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

"The Ends of the Earth" is a creative nonfiction short story about a girl trying to decide whether to invite her absent mother to her graduation. The story uses the sinking islands of Hooper's Island, Maryland to explore the concept of what to do when personal "islands" sink. The narrator recounts memories from her upbringing that have helped her build a sturdy foundation in life and compares them to the upbringing her mother experienced. By the end, the narrator states that building a firmer foundation should be based on adapting rather than abandoning.

Research Proposal: Complex Relationship Of Religious Community, Psychological Health, And Socioeconomic Status Of Spanish Speaking Residents Ages 18-50 In Lynchburg, Va, Faith Park

NEXUS: The Liberty Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

Previous research has shown a clear quantitative correlation between socioeconomic status and religious gatherings as well as psychological health and religious gatherings. However, there have been few studies on the interconnectedness of mental health, socioeconomic stability, and religious identity and gathering. Research thus has not addressed the personal implications and the benefits of individual perspectives that can be offered through a qualitative methodology. Thus, this research proposes an ethnographic methodology which may provide insights that do not limit the subjectivity of mental health, religious experiences, and socioeconomic struggles.Through an integration of psychology, anthropology, and sociology, the proposed research hopes to …

Mr. Hyde And His Representation Of Alcoholism, Jacob S. Capes

NEXUS: The Liberty Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

This essay explores The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson through the lens of addiction psychology, drawing parallels between Dr. Jekyll’s descent into madness and the stages of alcoholism as defined by the DSM-5. By interpreting Jekyll’s relationship with his transformative elixir as a metaphor for alcohol abuse, the analysis traces his progression through early experimentation, growing dependency, and eventual loss of control, aligning with the three clinical stages of alcohol use disorder. The essay further examines how intelligence and genetic predisposition—two key risk factors for addiction—contribute to Jekyll’s vulnerability, incorporating both modern scientific …

The Effects Of Study Abroad Programs On Second Language Acquisition (Sla), Isabel Odewald

NEXUS: The Liberty Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

As study abroad programs have increased annually by 10%, numerous researchers have examined how participation in study abroad programs have affected second language acquisition (SLA) in students (Isabelli-Garcia, et. al, 2018). Reviewing previous literature evaluating the relationship between study abroad programs and undergraduate students overall academic achievement, personal growth, and career preparation, it has been found that study abroad programs impact students academically, emotionally, and cognitively. Specifically focusing on factors such as the duration of study abroad programs, personality of students, students’ motivations, and engagement with peers abroad, the current literature review provides explanations of relevant SLA theoretical frameworks and …

Views From The Cheap Seats: Understanding The Key Motivators Behind Sport Volunteering, Nicholas Paul Smith, Tiberio Garza

The COSMA Journal

Sport volunteers are imperative to the success of sport mega events. Knowing why volunteers continue to help events was the purpose of this study. This study aimed to investigate the motivations of sport volunteers post Covid-19. Data were collected from 30 volunteers at the 2023 NCAA College World Series. Inductive qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics found that community support was the reason the respondents were most glad to volunteer. The findings offered insight into how communication factors between supervisors, law enforcement, and other volunteers affected volunteer motivation. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed in more detail …

An Exploration Of Elementary Teachers’ Experiences In Providing Instruction For Students Identified As At Risk For Dyslexia, Laurie J. Flannery Ms

Doctor of Education Program Dissertations

The problem addressed in this study was the need to understand if teachers were prepared to provide instruction for students identified as at risk for dyslexia after the implementation of a dyslexia screener. Dyslexia legislation requiring screening for dyslexia has been passed in numerous states (National Center for Improving Literacy [NCIL], 2023), but studies have indicated teachers do not feel prepared to provide instruction for students identified as at risk for dyslexia (Jones et al., 2019; Shaywitz et al., 2007; Wadlington & Wadlington, 2005; Washburn et al., 2011). The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the experiences …

نظريات المؤامرة في الثقافة السياسية العربية, Banan Salem Mohammad Alshdaifat

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت هذه الدراسة الموسومة بــ "نظريات المؤامرة في الثقافة السياسية العربية" إلى التعرف على مفهوم نظرية المؤامرة، وبيان مفهوم الثقافة السياسية العربية، والبحث في مدى انتشار وشيوع نظريات المؤامرة في الثقافة السياسية العربية من خلال استعراض شواهد تاريخية قديمة ومعاصرة على ذلك، مستندةً إلى الجمع بين مقولات المدارس الفلسفية التحليلية والتاريخ الثقافي والدراسات الثقافية التي عالجت نظريات المؤامرة. وقد تم التوصل إلى أن المدارس التي نظّرت للمؤامرة مختلفة ومتعددة، فمنها ما يرى نظريات المؤامرة كحقل بحثي دون وجود موقف أيديولوجي أو قيمي معها أو ضدها، ومنها ما يرى في نظريات المؤامرة أنها غير علمية، وأنها تمثل خطراً على القيم التعددية …

فاعلية برنامج إرشادي مستند إلى نظرية لازروس في تعزيز الفاعلية الذاتية لدى طالبات الصفوف الثامن والتاسع والعاشر, Shaden Shafiq Mustafa Al-Momani

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى فحص فاعلية برنامج إرشادي مستند إلى نظرية لازروس في تعزيز الفاعلية الذاتية لدى طالبات الصفوف الثامن والتاسع والعاشر، حيث بلغ عدد أفراد الدراسة (30) طالبة من بنات المطلقين تم اختيارهن من مدرستين من مدارس لواء قصبة عمان، وقد تم توزيع أفراد الدراسة عشوائيا" إلى مجموعتين تجريبية وضابطة. تعرض أفراد المجموعة التجريبية للبرنامج الإرشادي المكوّن من (13) جلسة تدريبية مدة كل جلسة (45) دقيقة، بينما لم يتعرض أفراد المجموعة الضابطة لأية معالجة. وقد تم تطوير برنامج إرشادي مستند الى نظرية لازروس ومقياس الفاعلية الذاتية، وتم تطبيقه على أفراد الدراسة قبل التدريب وبعده، وتم تطبيق الادوات بعد شهر …

علاقة أنماط التنشئة الإجتماعية في تشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب الأردني, Tasneem Abdullah Mahmoud Alkhawaldeh, Mohammad Fayez Al-Tarawneh

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى علاقة أنماط التنشئة الاجتماعية بتشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب الأردني، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من (200) شباب من الشباب الأردنيين من الذكور والإناث في هيئة شباب كلنا الأردن، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (26) شاباً وشابة ومنهم (13) ذكراً و (13) إناث، وتتراوح أعمارهم من (19-35) من الشباب المتواجدين في هيئة شباب كلنا الأردن، وتم التوصل إليهم من خلال العينة المتيسرة، وتم استخدام المقابلة كأداة لجمع البيانات حيث شملت أربعة محاور. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم النمط التسلطي كانت نسبتهم (50%)، في حين أن الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم النمط …

دور النخب الأكاديمية في التغيير التكنولوجي والاجتماعي, Rajaa Eid Alwreikat

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى دور النخب الأكاديمية في التغيير التكنولوجي والاجتماعي على طلبة الجامعة الأردنية خلال جائحة كورونا، واستخدمت منهج المسح الاجتماعي بالعينة، وشملت عينة الدراسة (381) طالباً وطالبة من طلبة الجامعة الأردنية تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية، وتم إعداد استبانة لغايات جمع البيانات بعد أن تم التأكد من صدقها وثباتها. أشارت النتائج إلى أن المتوسطات الحسابية لفقرات دور النخب الأكاديمية في التغيير التكنولوجي ‏خلال جائحة كورونا جاءت بدرجة مرتفعة، وأن المتوسطات الحسابية لفقرات دور النخب الأكاديمية في التغيير الاجتماعي ‏خلال جائحة كورونا جاءت بدرجة مرتفعة، كما أشارت النتائج إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في دور النخب الأكاديمية في …

دور المدرسة في تعزيز الهوية الوطنية لدى الطلبة, Mohammad Jamal Alazzeh

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور المدرسة في تعزيز الهوية الوطنية لدى الطلبة من وجهة نظر معلمي مدارس مديرية تربية لواء القويسمة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي. وقد تكون مجتمع الدراسة من جميع معلمي ومعلمات مدارس مديرية تربية لواء القويسمة في الأردن، في حين تم اختيار عينة عشوائية منهم بلغ قوامها 903 معلماً ومعلمة تم توزيع استبانة الدراسة عليهم خلال الفصل الأول من العام الدراسي 2022/2023. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن دور المدرسة في تعزيز الهوية الوطنية لدى الطلبة من وجهة نظر معلمي مدارس مديرية تربية لواء القويسمة في الأردن قد جاء بدرجة مرتفعة بشكلٍ عام، كما …

التعليم المتمايز وأثره على رفع مستوى التفكير الإبداعي في مادة العلوم لدى طالبات الصف السابع الأساسي, Lona Hassan Qasim Alqudah

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فهم أثر تطبيق استراتيجية التعليم المتمايز في تحسين مستوى التفكير الإبداعي لدى طالبات الصف السابع الأساسي في مادة العلوم . تم استخدام المنهج شبه التجريبي في مدرسة شجرة الدر الأولى الأساسية للبنات في الزرقاء، الأردن، خلال الفصل الدراسي 2023-2024، حيث شملت الدراسة عينة من 172 طالبة تم تقسيمهن إلى مجموعتين: مجموعة تجريبية تم تدريسها باستخدام استراتيجية التعليم المتمايز ومجموعة ضابطة. بواقع 68 طالبة في كل مجموعة . تم استخدام اختبار تورانس للتفكير الإبداعي الصورة (أ) لقياس تأثير استراتيجية التعليم المتمايز والذي تم تطبيقه على أفراد عينة الدراسة . بعد تحقيق ثبات وصدق الأداة وبعد استخدام الأساليب …

أثر بيئة العمل في الإبداع الإداريّ لدى مديري المدارس الحكوميّة في لواء ديرعَلّا, Balqis Hamdan Salem Alramadina

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت الدراسة إلى بيان أثر بيئة العمل في الإبداع الإداري لدى مديري المدارس الحكومية في لواء ديرعلا. وتمّ اتّباع المنهج الوصفيّ التحليليّ، وتمّ اعتماد الاستبانة أداة لجمع البيانات، وتكوّن مجتمع الدراسة من مدراء ومديرات المدارس، وبلغ حجمه (49) مديرًا، ومديرة، وتمّ أخذ العينة بطريقة المسح الشامل، حيث بلغ عدد المدارس في لواء ديرعلا (49) مدرسة، توزّعت ما بين (14) مدرسة ثانويّة، (35) مدرسة أساسيّة، وتمَّ إجراء مسح شامل لمجتمع الدراسة، حيث بلغ حجم العينة (49) مديرًا، ومديرة، وتمّ توزيع أداة الدراسة (الاستبانة) بالطريقة الإلكترونية، حيث تمّ توزيع (49) استبانة، وتمّ استرداد (45) استبانة، وبعد الفحص تمّ استبعاد (3) استبانات، حيث …