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Articles 22801 - 22830 of 792425
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
International Education And Spiritual Emptiness A Reflection From Europe, Nitya N. Timsina
International Education And Spiritual Emptiness A Reflection From Europe, Nitya N. Timsina
Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education
This essay is a revolt against a biased understanding called “internationalization” in education which grounds all historical, geographical, philosophical, ecological, and cultural distinctions in the world into a Platonic absolute. The key to this problem, this essay argues, lies in the drive to ontological, conceptual, or theoretical understanding in our approach to knowledge with its primacy in the Western thought. This essay calls into question this absolute sphere of influence, power and mastery enjoyed by the Western sciences, and a sense of space and authority it enjoys to make others impossible in the world. It does so by bringing different …
Mental Health And Beliefs About Abortion Access Following Changes To Reproductive Healthcare Laws In 2022: Findings From Oklahoma, Munjireen Sifat, Laili K. Boozary, Tina N. Le, Julia Mcquoid, Brittany Zaring-Hinkle, Sarah Tonkin, Lizbeth Benson, Bingjing Mao, Motolani Ogunsanya, Ruosi Shao, Amy M. Cohn, Allyson Shortle, Darla E. Kendzor
Mental Health And Beliefs About Abortion Access Following Changes To Reproductive Healthcare Laws In 2022: Findings From Oklahoma, Munjireen Sifat, Laili K. Boozary, Tina N. Le, Julia Mcquoid, Brittany Zaring-Hinkle, Sarah Tonkin, Lizbeth Benson, Bingjing Mao, Motolani Ogunsanya, Ruosi Shao, Amy M. Cohn, Allyson Shortle, Darla E. Kendzor
Department of Medical Oncology Faculty Papers
INTRODUCTION: A secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data was conducted to characterize beliefs about abortion access in Oklahoma, measure stress associated with the overturn of Roe vs. Wade (2022), and evaluate the potential relationship between post-Roe stress (PR stress) and mental health.
METHODS: From August through September 2022, adult Oklahomans (N = 1793) were surveyed about their sociodemographic characteristics, beliefs about abortion access, frequency of past-month stress related to the overturn of Roe vs. Wade, and mental health. Beliefs about abortion access were characterized overall and within sociodemographic groups. The relationship between PR stress and mental health was evaluated, and …
My Research Journey Into Family Domestic Work: Methodological Reflections Of Conducting Research With Sister-Maids And Sister-Madams In Limpopo, Percyval Bayane
My Research Journey Into Family Domestic Work: Methodological Reflections Of Conducting Research With Sister-Maids And Sister-Madams In Limpopo, Percyval Bayane
The Qualitative Report
Research has been conducted on domestic work in South Africa with studies focusing on domestic workers’ conditions during Apartheid and examining the little to no changes post-Apartheid. Domestic work in post-Apartheid South Africa involves the hiring of family and friends as domestic workers, and this is an under-researched area. As a young black man researching family domestic work, I was confronted with methodological challenges relating to negotiating access and conducting interviews with older black women hiring relatives and those working for family members as domestic workers. This reflexive paper reflects on my personal journey and experiences of conducting qualitative research …
Information Technology Managers’ Strategies For Securing Organizational Networks From Cyberattacks, Damilola O. Jibowu
Information Technology Managers’ Strategies For Securing Organizational Networks From Cyberattacks, Damilola O. Jibowu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Cyberattacks increasingly threaten enterprise networks, creating significant risks to sensitive data and business operations. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the strategies Information Technology (IT) managers use to secure organizational networks from cyberattacks. Participants consisted of seven experienced IT managers with a minimum of 5 years of network security management experience, purposefully selected through LinkedIn. The study was grounded in integrated systems theory, which emphasizes the interdependence of technology, processes, and risk management within organizations. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and document analysis to examine practical approaches to securing networks. Thematic analysis identified eight core …
Psychological Resilience As A Predictor Of Occupational Stress Among Teaching Staff In Course X, Indah Kusuma Wardani, Fajaria Nurcandra, Dr. Dyah Utari, Afif Amir Amrullah
Psychological Resilience As A Predictor Of Occupational Stress Among Teaching Staff In Course X, Indah Kusuma Wardani, Fajaria Nurcandra, Dr. Dyah Utari, Afif Amir Amrullah
Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia
Workplace stress is a common condition that may be triggered by the demands of professional involvement. Psychological resilience functions as a protective factor that enables individuals to maintain their level of work engagement despite experiencing job-related stress arising from work–life imbalance. This study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological resilience and occupational stress among teaching staff at Course X. The research employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, utilizing chi-square testing and Cox regression analysis, with a total sample of 98 participants. Data collection was conducted from April to June 2024. The instruments used included the Workplace Stress …
Examining Herd Behavior In The Saudi Stock Market, Salah Ahmed Oraby
Examining Herd Behavior In The Saudi Stock Market, Salah Ahmed Oraby
Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Economics and Administration
The study aims to determine whether market conditions motivate individual investors to engage in herd behavior from 2013 to 2023 for the Saudi stock capital as an emerging market. To achieve this goal, the study used the cross-sectional absolute mean–median difference as the proxy for herd behavior and as the dependent variable, market returns as the independent variable. In addition, the study used descriptive statistics to describe the study variables and the least square regression models to test the study's hypotheses. The overall results for the entire study period found that individual investors exercised irrational herd behavior. However, the yearly …
Improving Adoption Of Evidence-Based Guidelines On Exercise For Depression In An Adult Community Mental Health Team, Jack Richards
Improving Adoption Of Evidence-Based Guidelines On Exercise For Depression In An Adult Community Mental Health Team, Jack Richards
South West Clinical School Journal
No abstract provided.
Assessing The Awareness And Understanding Of Microaggression Among The Staff In A Critical Care Unit, Sangeeta Gyawali
Assessing The Awareness And Understanding Of Microaggression Among The Staff In A Critical Care Unit, Sangeeta Gyawali
South West Clinical School Journal
No abstract provided.
Co-Designing A Staff Intervention To Provide Meaningful Activities For Patients On An Acute Older People’S Ward, Niyatiben Bhoi
Co-Designing A Staff Intervention To Provide Meaningful Activities For Patients On An Acute Older People’S Ward, Niyatiben Bhoi
South West Clinical School Journal
No abstract provided.
Co-Designing Pre-Operative Patient Information And Evaluating Its Impact On Post-Operative Pain In A Surgical Ward Setting, Bilkisu Yahaya
Co-Designing Pre-Operative Patient Information And Evaluating Its Impact On Post-Operative Pain In A Surgical Ward Setting, Bilkisu Yahaya
South West Clinical School Journal
No abstract provided.
The Silent Witness: The Journey Of Celibacy In The Life Of Diocesan Clergy Of Pagadian, Jumar T. Lague, Enrique C. Tapanan, Raven M. Leyte, Jinggle C. Selgas
The Silent Witness: The Journey Of Celibacy In The Life Of Diocesan Clergy Of Pagadian, Jumar T. Lague, Enrique C. Tapanan, Raven M. Leyte, Jinggle C. Selgas
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
Celibacy is a defining vow in the life of Catholic priests, requiring thorough preparation and ongoing commitment. While celibacy enables priests to devote themselves fully to ministry, it also presents challenges that can influence their fidelity to priesthood. This study aimed to explore how Catholic priests experience, sustain, and interpret their vow of celibacy within their ministry. Using a transcendental phenomenological design, ten diocesan priests from Pagadian, representing junior, middle, and senior clergy, were purposively selected and interviewed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, validated with participant feedback, and analyzed thematically while bracketing researcher biases. The findings reveal that priests …
Revitalizing The Application Of Pancasila Values Through Modeling The Lonto Leok Culture Of The Manggarai Community, Eastern Indonesia, Yulius R. Effendi
Revitalizing The Application Of Pancasila Values Through Modeling The Lonto Leok Culture Of The Manggarai Community, Eastern Indonesia, Yulius R. Effendi
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
This study explores the potential for integrating Lonto Leok culture as a character education model based on Pancasila values in schools. This research employs a qualitative approach utilizing a case study methodology. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis in Manggarai communities and schools that have integrated the Lonto Leok cultural tradition into their learning processes. The data analysis confidently employed a triangulation approach to solidify the validity of the research outcomes, ensuring their credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirmability. The research results indicate that the values espoused in Lonto Leok culture, including religiosity, deliberation, unity, peace, and justice, …
Documenting Death: Maternal Mortality And The Ethics Of Care In Tanzania (Adrienne E. Strong 2020), Luluk Oktavia, Megawati Sukarno
Documenting Death: Maternal Mortality And The Ethics Of Care In Tanzania (Adrienne E. Strong 2020), Luluk Oktavia, Megawati Sukarno
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya
In recent decades, global efforts to reduce maternal mortality have become a primary focus in health development agendas. However, challenges in providing quality healthcare remain complex, especially in resource-limited countries. Adrienne E. Strong’s book, Documenting Death: Maternal Mortality and the Ethics of Care in Tanzania, offers an ethnographic perspective on the relationship between bureaucratic structures, resource constraints, and healthcare practices in Tanzania. This review examines Strong’s key concepts, such as good enough care, documented care, and fierce care, which highlight the ethical dilemmas faced by healthcare workers in delivering care under administrative pressures and limited facilities. The critique of the …
Exploring Political Neutrality And Disengagement: The Experiences Of Jehovah’S Witnesses Students In Educational Settings, Kurt Zeus L. Dizon
Exploring Political Neutrality And Disengagement: The Experiences Of Jehovah’S Witnesses Students In Educational Settings, Kurt Zeus L. Dizon
Social Sciences and Development Review
Schools are tasked with instilling civic and social responsibility values, and such means are achieved through political activities. However, for Jehovah’s Witness (JW) students, participation in such activities can conflict with their religious convictions, presenting a unique challenge as they navigate educational expectations while striving to uphold their beliefs. Hence, this study explores the experiences of JW students regarding their political neutrality and disengagement in educational settings. Utilizing qualitative interviews and document analysis, the research identifies the political activities and challenges JW students face and the coping mechanisms they employ to reconcile their religious commitments with political expectations. Findings reveal …
Designing Inclusive Immersive Experiences: Intergenerational Codesign Of Heritage And Underwater Extended Reality For Older Adults, Marius N. Varga, Oksana Hagen, Rory Baxter, Alejandro Veliz Reyes, Ray B Jones, Amir Aly, Dena Bazazian, Gaudl Swen
Designing Inclusive Immersive Experiences: Intergenerational Codesign Of Heritage And Underwater Extended Reality For Older Adults, Marius N. Varga, Oksana Hagen, Rory Baxter, Alejandro Veliz Reyes, Ray B Jones, Amir Aly, Dena Bazazian, Gaudl Swen
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Despite rapid advances in immersive Extended Reality technologies, creating inclusive and accessible experiencesfor older adults remains challenging. Many Extended Realityapplications fail to account for the physical, cognitive, andergonomic needs of older users, resulting in low engagement anddigital exclusion. Cultural heritage and underwater environmentsoffer rich contexts for meaningful interaction and wellbeing.This study explored how intergenerational codesign can informthe development of immersive Extended Reality applicationsfor older adults. Two case studies were undertaken within theICONIC project: a Heritage Extended Reality experience recreating Cotehele, a National Trust heritage site, and an UnderwaterTelepresence experience simulating marine environments. Theobjective was to identify design principles supporting accessibility, …
Efikasi Diri Dalam Melakukan Diet Sehat Pada Masyarakat Desa Cipacing, Sumedang, Hilmi Khairun Nisa, Neti Juniarti, Adelse Prima Mulya
Efikasi Diri Dalam Melakukan Diet Sehat Pada Masyarakat Desa Cipacing, Sumedang, Hilmi Khairun Nisa, Neti Juniarti, Adelse Prima Mulya
Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior
Background. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for 57 million deaths (71%) worldwide and 73% of all deaths in Indonesia. Eating habits are one of the factors contributing to the incidence of NCDs. In the process of improving a healthy lifestyle, including a healthy diet, self-confidence or self-efficacy in maintaining a healthy diet is necessary.
Objective. This study aims to identify the level of self-efficacy in maintaining a healthy diet among the community in Cipacing Village, Sumedang.
Methods. This study was conducted using a quantitative descriptive research design among the community of Cipacing Village, Sumedang Regency, West Java. The sample was …
Hubungan Persepsi Manfaat Terhadap Kesadaran Kesehatan Pengguna Wearable Device Di Kota Banda Aceh, Raihanil Fitri, Tahara Dilla Santi, Hafnidar A. Rani
Hubungan Persepsi Manfaat Terhadap Kesadaran Kesehatan Pengguna Wearable Device Di Kota Banda Aceh, Raihanil Fitri, Tahara Dilla Santi, Hafnidar A. Rani
Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior
Background. Wearable devices are portable technologies designed to be worn directly on the body and capable of collecting and analyzing data related to various aspects of a user's health. Aim. This study aims to analyze the influence of perceived benefits on users' health awareness among wearable device users in Banda Aceh City.
Aim. This study aims to analyze association of perceived benefits on users' health awareness among wearable device users in Banda Aceh City.
Method. This research applied a descriptive quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 106 active wearable device …
Pengaruh Pendidikan Pencegahan Kekerasan Seksual Berbasis Animasi Terhadap Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Remaja, Lulu Lutpia Muharomah, Irma Darmawati, Asih Purwandari Wahyoe Puspita
Pengaruh Pendidikan Pencegahan Kekerasan Seksual Berbasis Animasi Terhadap Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Remaja, Lulu Lutpia Muharomah, Irma Darmawati, Asih Purwandari Wahyoe Puspita
Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior
Background. Sexual violence is a major problem that impacts the physical and psychological health of adolescents. Prevention efforts are needed through health education that is in accordance with the characteristics of adolescents. Animation media is considered effective because it can convey messages audio-visually and attractively.
Purpose. This study aims to assess the influence of Animation-Based Education on adolescents' knowledge and attitudes regarding the prevention of sexual violence.
Method. The study used a one-group pretest–posttest design with 59 student respondents in Cimahi City. The intervention was in the form of an educational animated video on sexual violence prevention of ±5 minutes …
Korelasi Antara Intensitas Doomscrolling Konten Negatif Kehamilan Di Media Sosial Dengan Tingkat Stres Dan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil, Besse Aismaria Am, Yudiarsi Eppang B, Jusniati C
Korelasi Antara Intensitas Doomscrolling Konten Negatif Kehamilan Di Media Sosial Dengan Tingkat Stres Dan Kecemasan Ibu Hamil, Besse Aismaria Am, Yudiarsi Eppang B, Jusniati C
Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior
Background.The rapid development of social media has significantly influenced information-seeking behavior, including among pregnant women. One emerging phenomenon is doomscrolling, defined as the excessive consumption of negative information, which may trigger stress and anxiety.
Aim. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the intensity of doomscrolling of negative pregnancy-related information on social media and levels of stress and anxiety among pregnant women in Pare-Pare City.
Method. This study employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of all pregnant women attending antenatal care at public health centers in Pare-Pare City, …
Academic Dishonesty In Higher Education, Nitza Davidovitch, Aleksandra Gerkerovaa, Ruth Dorota
Academic Dishonesty In Higher Education, Nitza Davidovitch, Aleksandra Gerkerovaa, Ruth Dorota
Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education
Academic dishonesty has become a pervasive issue among students, often driven by environmental and social pressures and facilitated by opportunities such as the use of digital devices (e.g., smartwatches) that enable misconduct. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between academic dishonesty and variables including class attendance, self-efficacy, and the use of digital learning methods. It was hypothesized that academic dishonesty would increase with higher absenteeism, lower self-efficacy, and greater reliance on Zoom lectures and exams. This study was conducted at a single academic institution in Israel, based on an anonymous structured survey completed by 121 …
Intercultural Transofmrational Experiences Of International Faculty In An American University, David Benefo, Wisdom Mensah
Intercultural Transofmrational Experiences Of International Faculty In An American University, David Benefo, Wisdom Mensah
Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education
This qualitative interpretive study investigated the intercultural and transformational experiences of selected international faculty in a public university in the southeastern United States. This study collected data using semi-structured interviews with seven African and Asian international faculty from a public university in the southeastern United States. The themes that emerged from the data showed that time was of the essence in achieving proficiency in the communication systems of the host environment. Learning about the culture of the host environment was a gradual learning process that involved strategies such as total cultural immersion in the university activities, regular interaction with American-born …
The Well-Being Of International Doctoral Students—What Does It Look Like, What Affects It, And How Can We Support It?, Sean Nicholas, Pinjia Chan, Ivana Chan
The Well-Being Of International Doctoral Students—What Does It Look Like, What Affects It, And How Can We Support It?, Sean Nicholas, Pinjia Chan, Ivana Chan
Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education
There are multiple reviews on the well-being of international students and doctoral students, but to our knowledge, none on the well-being of international doctoral students. We undertook a scoping review to understand the state of well-being of international doctoral students, the factors that affect it, and the strategies that support it. We searched PsycInfo, EBSCO, Scopus, and ERIC for full-text, peer-reviewed articles published in English from 2003–2023. Fourteen studies were included in our scoping review. These studies suggest that international doctoral students report relatively low well-being in terms of negative emotions, attitudes toward the self, and social relationships. Their well-being …
A Critical Analysis Of Identity Formation Amongst Closeted Filipino Youth Through Judith Butler's Gender Trouble, Nikky S. Garo, Samantha B. Cancino, Dhenissa B. Dugat, Patricia Suzanne J. Mahawatta, Julianne Margarette C. Ocampo, Jared Emeric G. Sanchez
A Critical Analysis Of Identity Formation Amongst Closeted Filipino Youth Through Judith Butler's Gender Trouble, Nikky S. Garo, Samantha B. Cancino, Dhenissa B. Dugat, Patricia Suzanne J. Mahawatta, Julianne Margarette C. Ocampo, Jared Emeric G. Sanchez
Social Sciences and Development Review
Filipino society is often regarded as being pervasively conservative and a stickler for heteronormativity, putting young people identifying within the queer umbrella under significant pressure to conform to traditional gender and sexual norms. This environment fosters a dual performative identity, where closeted individuals present a “cisnormative” front in the face of traditionally restrictive spaces while exploring and expressing a more authentic identity within supportive communities. Queer theory, which challenges binary conceptions of gender and sexuality, frames this exploration by validating the fluidity of non-traditional labels as tools for self-expression, even if only within specific contexts. Feminist theory adds further depth …
Reconceptualizing Political Socialization In The Philippines, Nathan Mishael O. Go
Reconceptualizing Political Socialization In The Philippines, Nathan Mishael O. Go
Social Sciences and Development Review
Political socialization is a lifelong process of learning about political beliefs, attitudes, and motivations. Studies that have attempted to uncover political socialization in the Philippines have associated socialization with political participation and political cynicism; such an association imposes limits on how political socialization is viewed. Thus, this paper attempts to reconceptualize political socialization in the Philippines by introducing nuances and developments in the field of political participation, political socialization, and Philippine society.
Rethinking Governance: Public Choice Theory And The Modern State, John Carlo Colot
Rethinking Governance: Public Choice Theory And The Modern State, John Carlo Colot
Social Sciences and Development Review
This study critically reexamines governance in the modern state through the lens of Public Choice Theory, which challenges the traditional assumption that government officials always act in the public interest. Developed by economists James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, Public Choice Theory posits that political actors, like individuals in markets, are motivated by self-interest, which can lead to government inefficiencies such as corruption, rent seeking, and policy outcomes that favor private gains over public welfare. By synthesizing recent empirical and theoretical literature from 2020 to 2025, this research explores how individual incentives and institutional arrangements influence bureaucratic behavior, governance styles, and …
An Analysis Of The Experiences Of Lawyers Handling Criminal Law Cases Within The Philippine Court System Through A Weberian Lens, Minami O. Iwayama, Mark Anthony M. Quintos
An Analysis Of The Experiences Of Lawyers Handling Criminal Law Cases Within The Philippine Court System Through A Weberian Lens, Minami O. Iwayama, Mark Anthony M. Quintos
Social Sciences and Development Review
In accordance with the Weberian tradition of classical public administration, the core responsibility of the Philippine Public Administration is the efficient delivery of public services to its constituents. In the case of the Judicial branch of the government, this responsibility manifests in the form of a quick disposition of cases filed before its courts. This is particularly important in criminal cases where people may be deprived of liberty while awaiting conviction from the Court – leading to the sentiment that “justice delayed is justice denied.” This study aimed to explore the challenges observed in the Philippine court system by focusing …
Karanasan Ng Piling Pamilyang Pilipino Sa Panahon Ng Pandemya: Alaala Ng Enhanced Community Quarantine Sa Metro Manila, Glenda D. Salorsano
Karanasan Ng Piling Pamilyang Pilipino Sa Panahon Ng Pandemya: Alaala Ng Enhanced Community Quarantine Sa Metro Manila, Glenda D. Salorsano
Social Sciences and Development Review
The global spread of COVID-19 has become a worldwide phenomenon. Every country faced different challenges brought by the pandemic in which highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of each nation in combating the virus. It not only became a widespread blow to the health sector but also paved the way for the revelation of other social aspects that need attention. This occurrence allowed the concrete identification of other deficiencies in crucial sectors of society that are associated with pandemic response. These include infrastructure, public transportation, public safety, human rights, and access to sufficient and proper food for every family, and financial …
Bell Hooks’ Sisterhood Model: An Integration Of Religious Congregations And Women’S Advocacy In The Philippines, Ariane Shelley Q. Pepito
Bell Hooks’ Sisterhood Model: An Integration Of Religious Congregations And Women’S Advocacy In The Philippines, Ariane Shelley Q. Pepito
Social Sciences and Development Review
In the Philippines, Catholic religious sisters serve their communities as teachers, nurses, leaders, and companions, as a commitment to their chosen vocations. While their acts of service and charity is a sincere commitment to Gospel, their identities continue to be veiled and shaped by the enduring image of a Madonna: a symbol of womanhood inspired in the figure of Mary characterized by purity, chastity, obedience, and maternal devotion. This image, although revered, also places expectations on how sisters are seen and see themselves creating tension between ecclesial identity and public advocacy. This study explores how Filipino Catholic sisters reconcile traditional …
Experience Is Not Enough: Allan Combs And The Developmental Conditions Of Integration, Maria Giovanna Vianello
Experience Is Not Enough: Allan Combs And The Developmental Conditions Of Integration, Maria Giovanna Vianello
Journal of Conscious Evolution
Allan Leslie Combs occupies a distinctive position in consciousness studies through his sustained attention to the relationship between experience, interpretation, and development. This article examines Combs’s enduring contribution by focusing on his insistence that extraordinary or altered states of consciousness are neither self-interpreting nor inherently developmental. Drawing primarily on Consciousness Explained Better and related works, the paper argues that Combs’s central insight lies in viewing interpretation as a function of one’s developmental stage rather than treating it as a reflective process applied after experience. This perspective is articulated most explicitly through the Wilber–Combs lattice, which correlates states of consciousness with …
Deep Learning Approaches For Fatigue Detection: A Traditional Review Of Models, Datasets, And Applications, Ahmad Ali Skaiky, H. Ayad
Deep Learning Approaches For Fatigue Detection: A Traditional Review Of Models, Datasets, And Applications, Ahmad Ali Skaiky, H. Ayad
Al-Farahidi Expert Systems Journal
Fatigue is an important factor affecting human safety, effectiveness and health in various industries, but it still is a challenge to accurately detect it. Recent advances in deep learning fuel the emergence of vision-based, physiology-based, and hybrid fatigue detection systems with better accuracy and real-time monitoring. We cover work up until 2025 and perform a meta-analysis of recent models, datasets, and methodologies. Face- and appearance-based—building system upon facial expression, eye closure, and head pose information—is highly effective but sensitive to image variation caused by illumination change (lighting condition change) or occlusions. Physiological systems based on EEG, ECG and HRV approaches …