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Understanding Self And Others: Exploring The Relationship Between Maladaptive Personality Traits And Theory Of Mind, Christian Dellavella Jan 2026

Understanding Self And Others: Exploring The Relationship Between Maladaptive Personality Traits And Theory Of Mind, Christian Dellavella

Theses and Dissertations

The relationship between theory of mind (ToM) and maladaptive personality traits is a poorly understood but critical intersection between cognitive and clinical psychology. While some research has suggested certain personality characteristics may elevate ToM ability, others may contribute to deficits that lead to negative health outcomes and poor social functioning. Understanding how variability in the population’s ideological disposition affects our capacity to comprehend others’ perspectives and emotions is key to grasping the intricacies of social interactions. As the fields of clinical psychology and psychiatry begin to reclassify their diagnostic systems, it is critical to evaluate how novel conceptualizations of personality …


Media Exposure To Collective Trauma And Resilience Among College Students: The Role Of Coping Strategies, Tourika Alam Jan 2026

Media Exposure To Collective Trauma And Resilience Among College Students: The Role Of Coping Strategies, Tourika Alam

Theses and Dissertations

Exposure to collective traumatic events through media has become increasingly common, particularly among college students who frequently engage with digital and social media platforms. Prior research has shown that repeated exposure to traumatic media content can contribute to psychological distress, but less is known about how such exposure relates to resilience and coping processes. The present study examined the relationship between media exposure to collective trauma and resilience among college students, as well as whether coping strategies mediated this relationship. Participants included 63 undergraduate and graduate students recruited through a university participant pool and social media platforms. Participants completed an …


Leading For Wholeness: Black Girlhood, Morrison And Hurston, And The Epistemology Of Flourishing In Independent Schools, Kamaya Prince Thompson Jan 2026

Leading For Wholeness: Black Girlhood, Morrison And Hurston, And The Epistemology Of Flourishing In Independent Schools, Kamaya Prince Thompson

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates how Black girls in US independent schools experience Zora Neale Hurston’s, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon, alongside the larger, traditional literary canon taught within high school English classrooms as texts that can shape their sense of self. In this project, wholeness is defined through a tripartite framework consisting of three interconnected parts: Self (a deepened sense of identity and ways of knowing), Community (experiences of belonging, safety, mentoring, and joy), and Purpose (the development of values, meaning, and a sense of connection both to the community and self). These aspects are …


A Hero’S Horizon Of Mirrors: Dovette, Deve, Dovrà, William James Kerrane Jan 2026

A Hero’S Horizon Of Mirrors: Dovette, Deve, Dovrà, William James Kerrane

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation examines James Joyce’s Ulysses as a modern transformation of the Ulysses myth through the philosophical framework of Ernst Cassirer’s theory of symbolic forms and W.B. Stanford’s historical study of the Ulysses tradition. While Stanford demonstrates how the figure of Ulysses has been continually reinterpreted across literary history—from Homer’s cunning hero to Dante’s transgressive explorer and the restless modern figures of the nineteenth century— this study argues that Joyce’s Ulysses represents a uniquely philosophical adaptation of the myth in which heroic identity becomes a function of symbolic consciousness rather than physical action. Drawing on Cassirer’s philosophy, which defines myth, …


Examining Positive Psychology Components In Cbt For Adolescent Depression: A Manual-Level Content Analysis, Isabel Bingham Mixter Jan 2026

Examining Positive Psychology Components In Cbt For Adolescent Depression: A Manual-Level Content Analysis, Isabel Bingham Mixter

Theses and Dissertations

Adolescent depression is prevalent, recurrent, and associated with substantial functional impairment, yet variability in treatment response suggests that existing interventions may differ in how therapeutic processes are emphasized. The present study examined the extent to which positive psychology–consistent components, operationalized using the PERMA framework (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment), are embedded within empirically supported cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) manuals for adolescent depression and whether variation in this content corresponds to differences in treatment outcomes. Rather than analyzing individual participants, the unit of analysis was the treatment manual. Seven manualized CBT protocols for adolescents aged approximately 12–17 years were identified …


Have Gun, Will Travel: The Domestic Intelligence Implications Of Travel-To-Target Distances In Domestic Violent Extremist Attacks, Kyle W. Mcdonnell Jan 2026

Have Gun, Will Travel: The Domestic Intelligence Implications Of Travel-To-Target Distances In Domestic Violent Extremist Attacks, Kyle W. Mcdonnell

Theses and Dissertations

Domestic violent extremist (DVE) attacks in the U.S. present a fluid and dynamic threat to national security. While past research has extensively examined the ideological drivers of DVE violence, relatively little focus has been placed on their geographic mobility, particularly how far DVE actors travel from their hometowns to attack sites and what insights this provides for intelligence and law enforcement. This dissertation explores how geographic proximity, ideological motivation, and logistical constraints shape DVE travel patterns. Using a comprehensive dataset covering U.S.-based DVE incidents from 2001 to 2025, this study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative geospatial analysis with qualitative …


An Rebt Intervention To Reduce Stress And Enhance Putting Performance Among Student-Athlete Golfers, Jasmine Bryant Jan 2026

An Rebt Intervention To Reduce Stress And Enhance Putting Performance Among Student-Athlete Golfers, Jasmine Bryant

Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the effects of a Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) self-talk intervention on golf putting performance, irrational beliefs, and stress in competitive high school golfers. Three participants (ages 14–17) completed a baseline session followed by three weekly REBT intervention sessions at a golf course. Measures included the Irrational Performance Beliefs Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Sports Anxiety Scale, Self-Talk and Performance Facilitation Likert Scale, and a pressured putting task. Results were mixed: one participant demonstrated a large improvement in putts made (h = 0.82), while performance gains were minimal for others. Sports anxiety showed reliable change for two participants, …


The Relationship Between Fixed Mindsets, Irrational Beliefs, And Athletic Performance In High School Track And Field Athletes, Gianna Bolusi Jan 2026

The Relationship Between Fixed Mindsets, Irrational Beliefs, And Athletic Performance In High School Track And Field Athletes, Gianna Bolusi

Theses and Dissertations

Sports performance research demonstrates that growth mindsets and flexible belief systems enhance athletes’ performance, while studies on fixed mindsets and irrational beliefs reveal detrimental effects. How irrational beliefs may influence the relationship between fixed mindset and athletic performance has not been explored in high school aged athletes. This research seeks to understand the role of irrational beliefs in the relationship between fixed mindsets and objective and subjective athletic performance. Measures of irrational beliefs, fixed mindsets, perspective of performance and styles of evaluating performance were analyzed among 211 competitive high school aged track and field athletes with a mean age of …


A Profile Approach To Childhood Adversity And Positive Experiences: The Mediating Role Of Psychological Flexibility In Resilience And Coping, Ariellis Moreta Jan 2026

A Profile Approach To Childhood Adversity And Positive Experiences: The Mediating Role Of Psychological Flexibility In Resilience And Coping, Ariellis Moreta

Theses and Dissertations

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been widely linked to poorer mental health outcomes, whereas positive childhood experiences (PCEs) have been shown to promote resilience and psychological well-being. However, less research has examined how combinations of adversity and positive experiences jointly relate to psychological functioning. The present study examined how profiles of adverse childhood experiences and positive childhood experiences relate to resilience and coping among college students and whether psychological flexibility mediates these relationships. Participants included 110 undergraduate and graduate students recruited from universities across the United States through research participation platforms and study recruitment materials. Participants were at least 18 …


Academic Attention And Executive Difficulties In College Students: Reliability, Convergent Validity, And Exploratory Associations With Gpa, Piotr Draus Jan 2026

Academic Attention And Executive Difficulties In College Students: Reliability, Convergent Validity, And Exploratory Associations With Gpa, Piotr Draus

Theses and Dissertations

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in attention regulation, organization, and impulse control, which may be associated with academic challenges in higher education settings. The present study evaluates a custom, non-diagnostic academic attention/executive difficulties composite developed for college students and explores its associations with academic performance. Student participants (N=56) completed an online survey that included the custom composite, the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale (ASRS v1.1), and a self-reported numeric grade point average (GPA). The study primarily examined internal consistency and convergent validity of the custom composite using the ASRS v1.1 and secondarily explored associations between …


Human Being And Being Human In Frankenstein Through The Lens Of Catholic Social Teaching, Faria S. Sookdeo Jan 2026

Human Being And Being Human In Frankenstein Through The Lens Of Catholic Social Teaching, Faria S. Sookdeo

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation argues that looking at social issues, such as racism, adverse effects of advancement in and use of science and technology, and environmental concerns, in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein through a Catholic Social Teaching (CST) lens enables an understanding of the nature of humans that brings marginalized and non-marginalized creatures, both human and non-human in a common community and emphasizes and that our behaviors towards such creations are what define our humanity and are vital to the preservation of our environment, subjects that are as relevant today as they were when Shelley first published Frankenstein in 1818 and when the …


High School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Care In The Classroom, Laura Thérèse Freeze Jan 2026

High School Teachers’ Perceptions Of Care In The Classroom, Laura Thérèse Freeze

Theses and Dissertations

This narrative inquiry study explored high school teachers’ perceptions of care in the classroom. The researcher gained insight into teachers’ perceptions of care by collecting data from semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, surveys, and participant discussions. The researcher used Noddings’s (1984) ethic of care as a heuristic for analysis to explore how teachers perceive and enact care for students. Participants engaged in collaborative discussion as members of a professional learning community (PLC) to explore their own experiences with care. The interview, observation, and PLC discussion data presented the following unique approaches to care: (1) care as being responsive to student needs, …


Moderators Of Change In Parent Child Relationship Quality In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emilie Paul Jan 2026

Moderators Of Change In Parent Child Relationship Quality In Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Emilie Paul

Theses and Dissertations

The parent-child relationship may protect children against negative mental health outcomes after trauma. One aim of evidence-based interventions for trauma-related symptoms in children is often to improve the parent-child relationship, as seen in trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT). This study investigated changes in parent-child relationship quality during TF-CBT in child-parent dyads. Participants were families receiving TF-CBT through a community-based training clinic as part of an ongoing open trial of TF-CBT (N=287). Children reported on relationship quality at pre-, mid-, and post-treatment. Multilevel growth modeling examined changes in relationship quality across TF-CBT and moderating effects of caregiver symptoms, homework completion, and …


Do Friendship Features Moderate Associations Between Body-Related (Co)-Rumination And Disordered Eating Behaviors?, Annabel Grace Susanin Jan 2026

Do Friendship Features Moderate Associations Between Body-Related (Co)-Rumination And Disordered Eating Behaviors?, Annabel Grace Susanin

Theses and Dissertations

For young adults, the transition to college includes increased responsibility and academic pressures, as well as new living environments with same-age peers. The demands of this transition can contribute to increased stress and uncertainty in students, resulting in engagement of behaviors that negatively impact physical and mental well-being. Among these behaviors include disordered eating. In this project, we sought to better understand individual and social risk factors for developing disordered eating behaviors. We measured a cognitive process that can occur within the self (rumination) or between the self and others (co-rumination), two concepts previously linked to other internalizing disorders, including …


Parental Emotion Regulation: Associations With Child Affect And Emotion Socialization Behaviors, Jordan Holmén Jan 2026

Parental Emotion Regulation: Associations With Child Affect And Emotion Socialization Behaviors, Jordan Holmén

Theses and Dissertations

Parenting is an emotional context in which parents often need to be able to regulate their own emotions in order to respond effectively to their child. Thus, how one regulates themselves may impact child outcomes. Supporting this notion, parent emotional regulation (ER) has been found to influence child adjustment (for a review, see Zimmer-Gembeck et al., 2021) and, more specifically, child affect (Hamzallari et al., 2022). For example, maternal suppression of emotions has been found to predict infant frustration (i.e., crying; Hamzallari et al., 2022). However, it is less clear how parent ER impacts child positive and negative affect. Theory …


Middle Grades English Language Arts Teachers’Experiences Of Care: A Narrative Case Study, Kathleen Rose O’Farrell Jan 2026

Middle Grades English Language Arts Teachers’Experiences Of Care: A Narrative Case Study, Kathleen Rose O’Farrell

Theses and Dissertations

This narrative case study examined how four middle grades English Language Arts (ELA) teachers enacted care in a suburban Northeastern U.S. middle school. Drawing on interviews, classroom observations, instructional artifacts, and notes, the study developed narrative portraits to examine how care was experienced and enacted within daily instructional practices. Guided by Nel Noddings’s (2013) care theory and Geneva Gay’s (2018) culturally responsive care framework, the study explored how teachers sustained meaningful and equitable instruction amid post-pandemic academic, social-emotional, and technological shifts. Findings revealed care as the instructional foundation, making equitable and meaningful literacy learning possible with three interrelated dimensions: trust, …


The Burden Of (Hand)Writing: The Lived Experiences Of Secondary Students With Dysgraphia, Eleesha S. Romasko Jan 2026

The Burden Of (Hand)Writing: The Lived Experiences Of Secondary Students With Dysgraphia, Eleesha S. Romasko

Theses and Dissertations

Developmental dysgraphia is a disability that impacts the writing of students and has long-term effects on their education. While past research has primarily focused on clinical aspects, there is scarce qualitative research. The purpose of this study was to give a voice to the experiences of secondary students (grades 6-12) with dysgraphia using a phenomenological approach. The study was grounded in Piaget’s cognitive constructivism and uses a Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological approach to understand the lived experience of students with dysgraphia. The research utilized purposive sampling to find four participants with dysgraphia who were in grades 6-12. Data was collected through …


Nuestro Testimonio: The Experiences And Testimonios Of Early-Career World Language Educators In An Urban High School, Bonny Guadalupe Jan 2026

Nuestro Testimonio: The Experiences And Testimonios Of Early-Career World Language Educators In An Urban High School, Bonny Guadalupe

Theses and Dissertations

Research shows that teaching Spanish language and culture often reinforces biases, stereotypes, and suffers from limited economic and institutional support (Avendaño, 1979; Carter, 2014; Heredia & Altarriba, 2001; Potowski, 2002; Quan, 2021; Randolph Jr., 2017). These challenges restrict the social and academic mobility of Spanish-speaking students, especially in urban areas like New York City. This qualitative narrative inquiry addresses two questions: how do early-career high school World Language educators decolonize the AP Spanish Language and Culture curriculum, and how does engagement in Sealy-Ruiz’s Archeology of Self framework influence their teaching? The study examines the intersections of personal identity, professional growth, …


Using Authentic Material To Motivate Adult Low Literacy Learners, Toni M. Morales Jan 2026

Using Authentic Material To Motivate Adult Low Literacy Learners, Toni M. Morales

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to discover through exploratory research if using authentic material; comics, newspapers and graphic novels would motivate and improve the reading skills of low literacy adults. This was an important study that demonstrated the need to enhance reading programs for adults. The outcomes supported the study’s aim of developing new curricula for adult reading programs. The study utilized a qualitative approach, utilizing three methods; personal narratives interviews, and self-surveys which provided descriptions of the results of lack of literacy skills in low-level literacy adults. The study sought to discover if using authentic material both holds …


Anger Coping And Its Relations To Ambulatory Blood Pressure Reactivity And Recovery: The Moderating Effects Of Ethnic Discrimination, Brandon Dial Jan 2026

Anger Coping And Its Relations To Ambulatory Blood Pressure Reactivity And Recovery: The Moderating Effects Of Ethnic Discrimination, Brandon Dial

Theses and Dissertations

Past research has found significant associations between anger coping (i.e., anger-in, anger-out, anger-control) and blood pressure. As these studies used retrospective surveys to measure anger coping and clinic measures of blood pressure, less is known about the relations of anger coping and blood pressure in daily life. This ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study tested whether momentary use of anger coping styles in the context of interpersonal interactions were associated with momentary blood pressure reactivity and nocturnal blood pressure recovery (i.e., blood pressure dipping). Lifetime perceived ethnic discrimination was tested as a moderator of the relations of anger coping and blood …


The Relation Between Referral Source And Completion Of Trauma-Specific Assessment And Therapy In A Community-Based Training Clinic, Olivia Fiallo Jan 2026

The Relation Between Referral Source And Completion Of Trauma-Specific Assessment And Therapy In A Community-Based Training Clinic, Olivia Fiallo

Theses and Dissertations

In the United States, more than 60% of youth experience at least one trauma by age 16, and about one-third develop a trauma-related disorder. Evidence-based trauma-specific cognitive behavioral therapies (TS-CBTs) exist, yet fewer than 20% of trauma-exposed youth receive trauma-focused treatment, with dropout rates as high as 75% after treatment initiation. Referral sources are gatekeepers to TS-CBTs and may be a key system-level factor shaping barriers to starting and staying in treatment. This study examined whether referral source was associated with entry into and completion of a full TS-CBT service delivery pathway in a community-based trauma clinic. Participants were 346 …


Reframing Discipline Through A Justice Lens: Educator Perceptions Of Restorative Practices In Special Education Schools, Jenny V. Cook Jan 2026

Reframing Discipline Through A Justice Lens: Educator Perceptions Of Restorative Practices In Special Education Schools, Jenny V. Cook

Theses and Dissertations

Restorative practices have increasingly been adopted in schools as an alternative to traditional disciplinary approaches, emphasizing relationship building, accountability, and community repair rather than punishment. Research suggests that restorative approaches can contribute to improved school climate, stronger relationships among students and staff, and reductions in exclusionary discipline practices. Despite the growing implementation of restorative practices in educational settings, much of the existing literature focuses on general education environments. Comparatively little research has examined how restorative practices are perceived and experienced within special education schools that serve students with complex behavioral, social, and emotional needs. Understanding educator perceptions in these specialized …


Examining Community School Hubs In Creating Sustainable And Transformative Spaces For English Learners And Families: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth Ortiz-Wright Jan 2026

Examining Community School Hubs In Creating Sustainable And Transformative Spaces For English Learners And Families: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth Ortiz-Wright

Theses and Dissertations

Economically disadvantaged English learner students are at risk for poor academic outcomes. These challenges are exacerbated by inaccessibility to nutritious food, educational resources, healthcare, and stable housing. These cyclical and persistent issues require a community-based response. Community school hubs emerged as a response to the numerous academic and social challenges for English learner families who are living in vulnerable communities. This qualitative narrative study examined the perceptions of English learner parents and members of one community school hub regarding the available resources. Research questions examined the overall perceptions of one community school hub, including challenges and necessary changes to strengthen …


Analytics Framework For Cyberattack Risk, Severity, And Timing Prediction Using Survival - Aware Sequence Modeling, Mariia Voronina Jan 2026

Analytics Framework For Cyberattack Risk, Severity, And Timing Prediction Using Survival - Aware Sequence Modeling, Mariia Voronina

Theses and Dissertations

This study aimed to develop an analytics framework for cyberattack risk, severity, and timing prediction using survival-aware sequence modeling. The primary objective was to analyze the temporal dynamics of cyberattacks by jointly considering attack type, severity, risk, and time-to-attack, and to evaluate whether these components can be effectively modeled within a probabilistic framework. The analysis was conducted using a synthetically generated cyberattack dataset designed for cybersecurity research purposes. The dataset included multiple attack categories, such as DDoS, Intrusion, Malware, severity levels, and engineered risk measures. Python was used as the primary programming language for data analysis and model development. The …


Exploring Perceived School Administrator Leadership Support And Teacher Burnout, Matthew H. Stifelman Jan 2026

Exploring Perceived School Administrator Leadership Support And Teacher Burnout, Matthew H. Stifelman

Theses and Dissertations

Burnout is an issue that affects those in numerous occupational settings and comes with tremendous risks for physical and psychological consequences (Edú-Balsania et al., 2022). Burnout is defined as one’s psychological response to chronic work stressors that can cause cognitive, emotional, or physical health damage (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Decades of research have identified numerous risk factors for burnout across occupations. Risk factors include job and personal values, workload, lack Burnout is an issue that affects those in numerous occupational settings and comes with tremendous risks for physical and psychological consequences (Edú-Balsania et al., 2022). Burnout is defined as one’s …


Beliefs And Recommendations Of Parents And Teachers For Internalizing Vs. Externalizing Disorders: A Thematic Analysis, Kyle Macdonald Jan 2026

Beliefs And Recommendations Of Parents And Teachers For Internalizing Vs. Externalizing Disorders: A Thematic Analysis, Kyle Macdonald

Theses and Dissertations

The prevalence of mental health disorders among school-aged children continues to rise, underscoring the importance of effective collaboration between families and schools. This qualitative study explored how parents (N=11) and teachers (N=11) perceive the causes, severity, and most appropriate interventions for internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) and externalizing (e.g., ADHD, conduct) disorders. Using vignette-based interviews and thematic analysis, six central themes emerged: (1) causal attributions (biological vs. environmental), (2) links between causes, symptom permanence, and intentionality, (3) intervention preferences, (4) importance of collaboration, (5) perceptions of severity, and (6) gendered interpretations of symptoms. 12 of the 22 participants (5 parents, 7 …


The Impact Of Music Education On Language Acquisition Of English Language Learners, Andrew David Frey-Gould Jan 2026

The Impact Of Music Education On Language Acquisition Of English Language Learners, Andrew David Frey-Gould

Theses and Dissertations

Schools continue to face increasing accountability pressures to improve English language proficiency outcomes for English Language Learners (ELLs), while access to arts education, particularly music, has declined in many districts. This study examines whether music education can serve as an effective and equitable support for language development among elementary ELL students. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to determine whether participation in ensemble-based music programs (i.e., band, orchestra, and chorus) is associated with greater gains in English language proficiency than participation in compulsory general music instruction. This study is grounded in Krashen’s Second Language Acquisition theory and Patel’s resource-sharing …


Investigating The Lived Experiences Of Students In The Online Community College Learning Environment, Kevin Allen Fleming Jan 2026

Investigating The Lived Experiences Of Students In The Online Community College Learning Environment, Kevin Allen Fleming

Theses and Dissertations

The rapid expansion of online learning in higher education following the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed community colleges, positioning virtual education as both an access strategy and an institutional survival mechanism. Despite significant growth in online education programs, persistent gaps remain in understanding how students experience learning within fully online environments. This qualitative phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of undergraduate students enrolled in asynchronous online courses at a public community college in upstate New York. Grounded in Constructivist learning theory and informed by User Experience design principles, the study explores how students engage with and through institutional learning technologies, construct …


Program Evaluation: A Study To Evaluate A Traditional Suspension Program Versus An Alternate Suspension Program, Ruth Desronvil Jan 2026

Program Evaluation: A Study To Evaluate A Traditional Suspension Program Versus An Alternate Suspension Program, Ruth Desronvil

Theses and Dissertations

In the United States, millions of students face out-of-school suspensions from public schools each year. Black and Hispanic students, in particular, are suspended at higher rates than their white peers (Cobb-Clark et al., 2015). Students miss class time and valuable learning, which widens the achievement gap between Black, Hispanic, and White students. Suspended students also face additional consequences, such as social alienation from schools and a higher likelihood of engagement in delinquency. Several programs seek to improve the effects of suspensions on students’ outcomes. In this dissertation response, I examine the effectiveness of one such program: an alternative suspension educational …


Don’T Hit Mommy! Associations Between Harsh Parenting And Aggression In Toddlerhood: The Moderating Role Of Temperament, Serah Betancourt Jan 2026

Don’T Hit Mommy! Associations Between Harsh Parenting And Aggression In Toddlerhood: The Moderating Role Of Temperament, Serah Betancourt

Theses and Dissertations

Physical aggression is known to be particularly common in toddlerhood. Further, harsh parenting practices and certain temperament traits in children have been found to be associated with aggressive behaviors. Recently, aggression has been demonstrated to be differentiated between provoked and unprovoked aggression. The current study examined early aggression and explored the mechanisms by which harsh parenting practices and temperament traits may predict different types of aggression and how that may also change depending on the stage of development in toddlerhood. That is, we proposed that harsh parenting would be more strongly associated with provoked aggression among toddlers with higher negative …