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Ex-116-209 The Understudy – A 2.5d Turn-Based Story Game​, Ara Randolph, Rin Egl, Cayden Herrington, Jonah Swerdlow, Carter Griffin, Amaya Cruz Apr 2026

Ex-116-209 The Understudy – A 2.5d Turn-Based Story Game​, Ara Randolph, Rin Egl, Cayden Herrington, Jonah Swerdlow, Carter Griffin, Amaya Cruz

C-Day Computing Showcase

“The Understudy” is a whimsy-filled 2.5D turn-based theatrical adventure where you play as the last-minute understudy, who has been suddenly thrust into the spotlight after the lead mysteriously vanishes right before showtime. Armed with nothing but masks (comedic, dramatic, and tragic) and a script you definitely didn’t not rehearse enough, you fight your way through a cast of dramatic acting troupe members, ranging from a painfully shy tree to a snarky jester ex to a pompous king who’s very sure you don’t belong on his stage. Swap masks to change your combat style, solve dialogue puzzles, and prove that even …


Gc-119-134 Pipeline For Vr Embodied Lecture Authoring And Ai Gesture Refinement, Rishi Kiran Aiyatham Prabakar Apr 2026

Gc-119-134 Pipeline For Vr Embodied Lecture Authoring And Ai Gesture Refinement, Rishi Kiran Aiyatham Prabakar

C-Day Computing Showcase

While Virtual Reality (VR) offers immersive educational opportunities, its pedagogical success relies heavily on a genuine sense of "instructor presence". This project presents a hybrid pipeline that automatically refines presenter 3D avatar gestures using semantic AI. Our non-VR recording system captures high-fidelity facial tracking and MediaPipe for upper-body pose estimation via standard RGB video. For emotion recognition, a local Large Language Model analyzes audio transcripts to generate a timestamped emphasis track. This semantic engine, intelligently exaggerating gestures during critical lecture moments. The captured motion and AI-enhanced gestures are synthesized and replayed on a virtual lecturer within an VR environment for …


Gc-126-148 Allies Connect- Georgia's Nonprofit And Volunteer Coordination Platform, Molly Calhoun, Takeshia Banks, David Castro, Ryan Hanrahan, Tarik Davis Apr 2026

Gc-126-148 Allies Connect- Georgia's Nonprofit And Volunteer Coordination Platform, Molly Calhoun, Takeshia Banks, David Castro, Ryan Hanrahan, Tarik Davis

C-Day Computing Showcase

Georgia's nonprofit services face an issue of discoverability. While many nonprofits have the resources to help their community members succeed, they have trouble actually connecting to members of the community that need their support. Connecting with these resources is challenging for community members because their avenues of communication are spread across the internet. Some have their own websites, some have a Facebook page where they post events, some rely on word of mouth and fliers, and others rely on phone chains to keep their community members informed. This means that community members seeking support need to be able to access …


Gc-130-160 C-Day Explorer: A Domain-Aware Platform For Discovering And Extending Ksu Student Projects, Rohan Jonnalagadda, Sanketh Chapaneri Apr 2026

Gc-130-160 C-Day Explorer: A Domain-Aware Platform For Discovering And Extending Ksu Student Projects, Rohan Jonnalagadda, Sanketh Chapaneri

C-Day Computing Showcase

C-Day showcases some of the strongest computing projects at KSU, but once each event ends, past work becomes scattered across semester pages, posters, PDFs, and videos, making it difficult to see long-term trends or build on prior ideas. C-Day Explorer addresses this gap with a centralized, domain-aware web platform that aggregates project records from 21 semesters of C-Day archives, KSU Digital Commons, winner pages, and YouTube presentation videos. The system organizes 1,286 projects into 11 computing domains with high abstract coverage, poster and video links, and similarity-based connections that help users quickly find related work and promising directions for extension. …


Grm-083-218 Wise: Whitebox Importance-Based Subnetwork Extraction And The Privacy-Preserving Properties Of Model Compression, Mason Pederson Apr 2026

Grm-083-218 Wise: Whitebox Importance-Based Subnetwork Extraction And The Privacy-Preserving Properties Of Model Compression, Mason Pederson

C-Day Computing Showcase

WISE (Whitebox Importance-based Subnetwork Extraction) is a structured compression algorithm which extracts task-specific subnetworks by instrumenting a pretrained networks with learned gates on transformer components and optimizing on task loss and L0 sparsity regularization. WISE maintains high task performance at high sparsity levels (81-88% accuracy at 85%) where other SOTA methods collapse to near random chance. We present the first evaluation of model compression along privacy dimensions: attribute inference resistance, training data memorization, and extraction attack vulnerability. Structured compression via learned gates produces subnetworks with favorable privacy-utility balance without any explicit privacy mechanism. WISE masks also transfer to fresh models …


Grm-153-198 Safecircle: Ai And Micro-Radar-Based Remote Monitoring For Patients With Ad/Adrd, Awan-Ur- Rahman, Soarov Borty, Gowtham Ankolu Apr 2026

Grm-153-198 Safecircle: Ai And Micro-Radar-Based Remote Monitoring For Patients With Ad/Adrd, Awan-Ur- Rahman, Soarov Borty, Gowtham Ankolu

C-Day Computing Showcase

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) are irreversible and degenerative neurological conditions that severely impacts neurons, resulting in cognitive decline and memory loss. This study explores a mHealth system, including a SafeCircle iOS prototype, a novel solution that combines artificial intelligence with cutting-edge micro-radar technology. The platform offers a variety of features, including management of patient and caregiver profiles, real-time alerts in case of emergencies, emergency contact lists, one-touch SOS support, sharing of live locations, and recording of unusual events in video. It is a responsive and reliable care assistant that optimizes patient safety while reducing caregiver burden.


Grm-156-153 Finding Top-K Assignments For Multi-Hypothesis Tracking, Tyler Hood, Rakshak Gurung Apr 2026

Grm-156-153 Finding Top-K Assignments For Multi-Hypothesis Tracking, Tyler Hood, Rakshak Gurung

C-Day Computing Showcase

Multi-Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) is a framework for solving the data association problem in multi-target tracking by maintaining multiple possible assignments between observations and targets over time. Rather than committing to a single solution, MHT explores a set of competing hypotheses, allowing it to handle noise, missed detections, and ambiguous measurements. In practical systems such as radar, LiDAR, and vision-based tracking, MHT is commonly implemented using algorithms like Murty’s algorithm to generate multiple high-quality assignment solutions from the Hungarian algorithm. In this work, we instead propose an assignment-tree-based approach, where hypotheses are incrementally constructed and prioritized using a structured search strategy. …


Grm-157-180 Precision Engineering: Using Ai To Design Nanoparticles That Target Malignant Cells, Rakshak Gurung, Nino Tkabladze Apr 2026

Grm-157-180 Precision Engineering: Using Ai To Design Nanoparticles That Target Malignant Cells, Rakshak Gurung, Nino Tkabladze

C-Day Computing Showcase

The challenge of predicting nanoparticle distribution remain a significant hurdle in nanomedicine. This research presents a computational framework for the inverse design of nanoparticles, utilizing ML models to optimize drug delivery systems for tumor targeting. By analyzing the relationship between nanoparticle compositions and biological accumulation, the model identifies optimal configurations to maximize therapeutic efficacy. The results demonstrate that AI-driven inverse design can significantly streamline the development of precision nanocarriers, reducing the need for exhaustive experimental trials.


Does Time Matter? Comparing 8- And 12-Hour Registered Nurse Shifts., Ava P. King, Abby L. Goodall, Cheryl L. Goodall, Makayla B. Ramsey, Imari K. Golden Apr 2026

Does Time Matter? Comparing 8- And 12-Hour Registered Nurse Shifts., Ava P. King, Abby L. Goodall, Cheryl L. Goodall, Makayla B. Ramsey, Imari K. Golden

Epsilon Sigma at-Large Research Conference

This project analyzes the effect that registered nurse's shift length has on patient outcomes and quality of care. The research specifically explores a well-debated healthcare issue; are 12-hour shifts associated with poor patient care due to fatigue? By comparing errors made in 12-hour and 8-hour shift lengths of registered nurses, it can be determined if a trend can be seen in declining patient care. Not only will this research shed light on nurses' fatigue and burnout, but it will also showcase the patient dangers associated with overworking. Overall, the goal is to bring awareness using statistical data that explains why …


The Impact Of Social Interaction On Patient Well-Being With Transition Into Long-Term Care Settings: A Review Of Interventions For Improved Patient Outcomes, Helen Whitney Harmon Apr 2026

The Impact Of Social Interaction On Patient Well-Being With Transition Into Long-Term Care Settings: A Review Of Interventions For Improved Patient Outcomes, Helen Whitney Harmon

Epsilon Sigma at-Large Research Conference

Abstract

Purpose: When individual patients are transitioned from home or acute care settings to more long-term care environments such as skilled nursing units or assisted living facilities, the residents are at an increased risk of experiencing loneliness, which is linked to depression, anxiety, and increasing cognitive decline, and other detrimental outcomes.

Aims: Combinations of peer-reviewed qualitative and quantitative research studies were analyzed to determine what factors contributed to changes in patient well-being, mental health and overall quality of life during these transitions.

Methods: One article focusing on preventable healthcare transitions in patient population was able to link higher medical acuity …


Choreographed Confession: Plath’S Engineered Extremity And Technical Voice, Emma Heagney Apr 2026

Choreographed Confession: Plath’S Engineered Extremity And Technical Voice, Emma Heagney

Liberty University Research Week

Sylvia Plath’s poetry is frequently interpreted through the framework of confessionalism, encouraging readings that equate emotional extremity with spontaneous self-disclosure and psychological crisis. This presentation challenges that assumption by arguing that the intensity of Plath’s late poetry is not an eruption of uncontrolled feeling but a deliberately engineered aesthetic effect. Drawing on Plath’s journals and letters alongside close readings of poems from Ariel, the project demonstrates that Plath conceived of poetry as a disciplined, technical practice involving control, revision, and precision rather than unmediated expression. Her private writings repeatedly emphasize ordering, manipulation, and the importance of sound, revealing a poet …


A Systematic Literature Review Examining Suicide Risk Factors In Older Adults, Carolyn Bivens Apr 2026

A Systematic Literature Review Examining Suicide Risk Factors In Older Adults, Carolyn Bivens

Epsilon Sigma at-Large Research Conference

Introduction & Background: Suicide in older adults is a increasingly prevalent tragedy worldwide, and rates in North America have uniquely increased over the past two decades. The context of the cultural environment of North America and population-specific factors in the elderly must be explored to protect this vulnerable group.

Purpose Statement Question: In older adults living in North America, what experiences and risk factors influence the development and severity of suicidal thoughts and behaviors?

Literature Review: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart guided the search of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature …


Canndor Herbarium: A Comprehensive Herbarium Resource For Cannabis Identity, Diversity, And Botanical Research, Nick Batora, Laura Klein, Kerin Law, Eleanor Kuntz Apr 2026

Canndor Herbarium: A Comprehensive Herbarium Resource For Cannabis Identity, Diversity, And Botanical Research, Nick Batora, Laura Klein, Kerin Law, Eleanor Kuntz

Oxford ICSB

Decades of cannabis prohibition have created major gaps in our understanding of cannabis biology, especially with regard to the genomic, phenotypic, and germplasm resources that are standard in other agriculturally and medicinally important crops. Herbarium collections, which serve as archival specimens that preserve plant material for long term study, are no exception. Although herbarium specimens are meant to document plant diversity, most collections contain only a narrow sampling of cannabis and do not reflect the extensive variation present in commerce or this species at large. To address this need, the Canndor Herbarium was established in 2016 as the first dedicated …


Synthesis And Characterization Of Group 7 Tricarbonyl Fluoromethyl Substituted Aromatics, Christopher Roylance Apr 2026

Synthesis And Characterization Of Group 7 Tricarbonyl Fluoromethyl Substituted Aromatics, Christopher Roylance

Liberty University Research Week

Organometallic compounds are chemical species containing at least one direct bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal atom. These compounds have a wide variety of uses, including OLEDs, semiconductors, reagents, catalysts, and pharmaceuticals. The compounds synthesized in this report are similar to the compounds used in the production of OLEDs and semiconductors.This research focuses on the synthesis and characterization of fluoromethyl-substituted aromatic tricarbonyl complexes employing Group 7 metal centers. Group 7 tricarbonyls have several applications that include hydrodesulfurization, medicine, and electronic materials. These complexes have been shown to be quite stable towards O2 and H2O …


Quantifying Neuropathy With Von Frey Filaments In Mice: Novel Neuropathic Pain Animal Model, Maggie Milhorne Apr 2026

Quantifying Neuropathy With Von Frey Filaments In Mice: Novel Neuropathic Pain Animal Model, Maggie Milhorne

Liberty University Research Week

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition resulting from damage to the nervous system which does not respond to current pharmacological treatments. Previous research in rats has demonstrated that formalin injections can induce chronic pain states and molecular changes within the spinal cord comparable to those of the spinal nerve ligation (SNL), an established surgical model of neuropathic pain. This study aimed to determine whether a subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin is sufficient to induce chronic pain in mice, providing a simple and less invasive model to study chronic pain mechanisms. Mechanical pain sensitivity is assessed using the von Frey …


Histological Quality Of Fresh And Pre-Fixed Tissue, Rebekah Satalino, Andrew Hodges, Bright Danso, Gretchka Mair, Kingsley Ampong Apr 2026

Histological Quality Of Fresh And Pre-Fixed Tissue, Rebekah Satalino, Andrew Hodges, Bright Danso, Gretchka Mair, Kingsley Ampong

Liberty University Research Week

The quality of a tissue sample used for histological analysis robustly influences the accuracy of scientific results and diagnostic interpretation. For fresh tissue samples, the duration between termination and fixation is a major determinant for tissue quality going forward as fixation halts tissue degradation. The condition of the fixed tissue before subsequent processing can have a pronounced effect on staining characteristics and cellular component integrity as examined under the microscope. However, while fresh tissue is frequently considered best, many institutions may only have access to pre-fixed tissue for training or research purposes. The aim of this research is to compare …


Examining Carroll’S Alice In Wonderland And Through The Looking Glass, And What Alice Found There: A Christian Calling To Spiritual Childhood, Kristen Hess Apr 2026

Examining Carroll’S Alice In Wonderland And Through The Looking Glass, And What Alice Found There: A Christian Calling To Spiritual Childhood, Kristen Hess

Liberty University Research Week

"Examining Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: A Christian Calling to Spiritual Childhood" dives into the positive and negative childlike habits that Alice, a representative of children and childhood, embodies and how Christians should identify and emulate her positive childlike behaviors in order to best fulfill their roles as spiritual children of God. Because Christians are children of God according to Romans 8:16, it is vital for Christians, like children, to understand the world around them, learn about themselves and others, and enjoy physical and mental play and recreation. Lewis Carroll found …


Inclusion May Affect Marching Band Members Of Black Universities Differently Than Members Of White Universities: Narrative Inquiry, Derrick Yates Apr 2026

Inclusion May Affect Marching Band Members Of Black Universities Differently Than Members Of White Universities: Narrative Inquiry, Derrick Yates

Liberty University Research Week

There is a lack of research on the emotional connection and support students of Historically Black Colleges and Universities may seek through their band experience versus students of Predominantly White Institutions. Some studies demonstrate that those who participate in music ensembles express heightened self-esteem, a sense of connectedness, and a positive impact on their mental and psychological well-being. This narrative inquiry research study focuses on the unexplored perspectives of three band members from historically black and three predominantly white university marching bands, regarding their emotional connections to their programs and the emotional connections and support they receive from them. The …


Paws And Predictions: Interpreting Intraspecific Cat Social Interactions Through Facial Signals, Levi Neal, Lauren Scott, Gosia Zobel, Brittany Florkiewicz Apr 2026

Paws And Predictions: Interpreting Intraspecific Cat Social Interactions Through Facial Signals, Levi Neal, Lauren Scott, Gosia Zobel, Brittany Florkiewicz

People and Animals: The International Journal of Research and Practice

There has been limited research on humans’ ability to perceive and predict social interactions among cats using facial signals. This area is crucial to explore since conflicts between cats often cause significant stress for their guardians. By evaluating individuals’ skills in understanding cat interactions, researchers can develop tools to help guardians predict affiliative and nonaffiliative behaviors, leading to effective intervention strategies for multicat households. We distributed a survey to individuals subscribed to the Companion Animals New Zealand newsletter to assess cat guardians’ effectiveness in perceiving and predicting various social interactions among cats. We hypothesized that guardians with one or more …


Real World Fertility: From Participatory Research To Clinical Trial, Belinda Tan, Azure Grant, Ayla Barmmer Apr 2026

Real World Fertility: From Participatory Research To Clinical Trial, Belinda Tan, Azure Grant, Ayla Barmmer

Oxford ICSB

Nutritional supplements are widely popular for female reproductive health, but their ingredients are typically studied in isolation in the laboratory. Finished products make claims based on these isolated studies, creating a gap in which impact of multi-nutrient formulas in the real world are not investigated, largely due to high research costs. Decentralized clinical research methods are modernizing clinical trials, leading to affordable, efficient evidence generation in large representative populations. Utilizing a decentralized research platform, we tested the hypothesis that specific supplement protocols would be associated with improved female health and fertility in a real world cohort. We present a novel …


When Faith Becomes A House Of Cards: C.S. Lewis’ Lament, Sadie Sudbrock Apr 2026

When Faith Becomes A House Of Cards: C.S. Lewis’ Lament, Sadie Sudbrock

Liberty University Research Week

More than three million individuals die annually in the United States (Ahmad et al., 2024). If each of these individuals leaves behind just three people who mourn their loss, that results in over nine million individuals enduring the torment of grief each year. In A Grief Observed, C. S. Lewis offers an excruciatingly candid reflection on loss, capturing the raw thrashings of his mind and heart in the grip of sorrow. This study utilizes a rhetorical criticism employing Burkean cluster analysis, to examine how Lewis rhetorically constructs his evolving perspective on grief, suffering, and faith. Drawing on Kenneth Burke, this …


"I Guess It Was My Turn": German Public Perception Of The Sterilization Program From 1933 - 1939, Dylan Cumbo Apr 2026

"I Guess It Was My Turn": German Public Perception Of The Sterilization Program From 1933 - 1939, Dylan Cumbo

Liberty University Research Week

Adolf Hitler's accension to power opened new pathways for anti-disability sentiment. Quickly after his rise to power, they passed the Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases in 1933, allowing the sterilization of people with select disabilities, disorders, and asocial characteristics. This was supported by an additional marriage law the and the establishment of the Office of Racial Policy. Through the use of health courts, around 400,000 were sterilized during the program's operation. The RPA published numerous propaganda pieces to try to coerce the population to completely support the program. Many within Germany resisted the order and pushed …


Implementing The Abcdef Bundle In A Rural Critical Care, Kayla Hubbard Apr 2026

Implementing The Abcdef Bundle In A Rural Critical Care, Kayla Hubbard

Epsilon Sigma at-Large Research Conference

Patients admitted to the critical care unit are at risk of debilitating adverse outcomes including Delirium, Post intensive care syndrome (PICS), debility, wounds, depression, and both mental and physical impairments. Complications related to ICU care can easily be combatted by using a multidisciplinary approach. The ABCDEF bundle serves to incorporate all aspects of a critically ill patients care in a simple, easy to follow bundle focusing on assessment of pain (A), both spontaneous awakening ang breathing trials (B), choice of sedation/analgesic (C), delirium (D), early mobility (E), and family involvement (F). A quality improvement project was designed and piloted in …


2026 Acssc Program, Acssc Planning Committee Apr 2026

2026 Acssc Program, Acssc Planning Committee

Annual Celebration for Student Scholarship and Creativity

No abstract provided.


Frankincense (Boswellia Spp.) Essential Oils: Chemistry-Driven Authentication, Chemotype Discovery, And Sustainability Insights Across My Published Studies, Prabodh Satyal Apr 2026

Frankincense (Boswellia Spp.) Essential Oils: Chemistry-Driven Authentication, Chemotype Discovery, And Sustainability Insights Across My Published Studies, Prabodh Satyal

Oxford ICSB

Frankincense, which comes from the oleo-gum resins of Boswellia species, is one of the most important botanicals in global trade. However, its essential oils often face issues like variations in chemical makeup, mislabeling, and adulteration. This presentation summarizes findings from ten peer-reviewed studies conducted between 2016 and 2023. These studies create a chemistry-based framework for authenticating frankincense and ensuring sustainable sourcing.  Research on various Boswellia species, including B. sacra, B. carteri, B. papyrifera, B. frereana, B. occulta, B. ogadensis, and B. rivae, shows strong patterns in volatile profiles at both the species and tree levels. This supports distinguishing between species …


Using Path Analysis To Examine The Psychological Well-Being Model For U.S. College Students, Pi-Ming Yeh, Cheng-Huei Chiao, Gavin Waters Apr 2026

Using Path Analysis To Examine The Psychological Well-Being Model For U.S. College Students, Pi-Ming Yeh, Cheng-Huei Chiao, Gavin Waters

Epsilon Sigma at-Large Research Conference

Background: College students’ psychological well-being and mental health issues are very important in this society. Little is known about a comprehensive psychological well-being model for college students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was using Path Analysis to examine the Development of Personality and Psychological Well-Being Model among US college students.

Methods: This was a cross sectional, descriptive design. The 481 participants were recruited from nursing and business college students in the United States. After IRB approval, the trained researchers explained this study to college students. After agreeing to participate, they signed an informed consent form. Upon completion of a …


Amplifying The Issues Of Colorism: How Literature Challenges Colorist Beauty Standards, Wytinsea Jones Apr 2026

Amplifying The Issues Of Colorism: How Literature Challenges Colorist Beauty Standards, Wytinsea Jones

Liberty University Research Week

Colorism is a major concern in our society, including literature. Colorism excludes darker-complexioned people and perceives lighter complexion as more desired, favorable, and acceptable. In Alice Walker’s book, In Search of our Mothers’ Gardens, she defined colorism as, “preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on the color of their skin” (Myers, n.d.). This research presentation aims to explore how damaging colorism has been to ethnic communities and its impact on literature. Analyzing data on colorism found in Hispanic, Asian, Black, and Native American families will help provide context on the global phenomenon. Additionally, examining the correlation colorism has in …


All The Glory, Mother Nature, Steph Kotropolous Apr 2026

All The Glory, Mother Nature, Steph Kotropolous

Earth Day Symposium on Climate and Sustainablity

Submission for the Earth Day Creative Writing Competition. Poetry by a Bryant University student.


Beyond Memorization: Ai Chatbots For Smarter Retrieval Practice, Marcy A. Faircloth, Patrick G. Paulson, Lawrence Schrenk Apr 2026

Beyond Memorization: Ai Chatbots For Smarter Retrieval Practice, Marcy A. Faircloth, Patrick G. Paulson, Lawrence Schrenk

Essays in Education

This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence chatbots as tools for implementing retrieval practice – an evidence-based learning technique that significantly enhances long-term memory retention – in business education contexts. We present four distinct implementation strategies that vary in sophistication and resource requirements: the standard AI model approach, which allows students to upload materials and use custom prompts for flexible, self-directed practice; the course-specific chatbot, which provides immediate access to preloaded curriculum content; the dedicated retrieval practice chatbot, which incorporates systematic algorithms for spaced repetition and interleaved practice; and the course-specific chatbot with integrated retrieval practice module, which combines …


Teacher Reflections On Media And Information Literacy In Vietnamese K-12 Schools: Current Practices, Challenges, And Pathways For Improvement, Tinh T.T Le, Minh Tran, Anh Dương, Huong T. Pham, Vy Tran, Daniel Jackson Apr 2026

Teacher Reflections On Media And Information Literacy In Vietnamese K-12 Schools: Current Practices, Challenges, And Pathways For Improvement, Tinh T.T Le, Minh Tran, Anh Dương, Huong T. Pham, Vy Tran, Daniel Jackson

Journal of Media Literacy Education

Media and Information Literacy (MIL) education is widely recognized as essential, yet its adoption in Vietnamese K-12 schools is still at the early stages. This study examines the current state of MIL education in Vietnam from the perspective of teachers. Drawing on insights from a trial online MIL teacher training program, which includes teachers’ learning journals, lesson plans, and an open survey using SWOT forms, we explore the approaches they use, the challenges they face, and the opportunities in promoting MIL education in their school setting. Additionally, the findings highlight specific professional development needs to enhance teachers’ MIL instruction quality. …