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Examining The Relationship Of Telehealth Use Between Zoom Fatigue And Psychological Well-Being, And The Moderating Role Of Social Support Seeking And Work-Life Boundaries Among Remote Therapists, Angelia M. Worley Apr 2026

Examining The Relationship Of Telehealth Use Between Zoom Fatigue And Psychological Well-Being, And The Moderating Role Of Social Support Seeking And Work-Life Boundaries Among Remote Therapists, Angelia M. Worley

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health therapists rapidly transitioned to telehealth services. In addition, therapists experienced a significant increase in client demand, leading to larger caseloads and longer waitlists. In the post-pandemic context, many therapists have continued to deliver services via telehealth, either fully remote or in a hybrid format. However, there is limited research on the relationship between telehealth intensity and therapist wellness. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between telehealth intensity (duration, frequency, and burstiness) and wellness outcomes, specifically, synchronous telehealth fatigue (STF; therapist-related Zoom fatigue) and psychological well-being (PWB). Furthermore, this study …


Teacher Leadership Inventory Among The Nine Seventh-Day Adventist Unions Of The North American Division: A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study, Adam C. Littell Apr 2026

Teacher Leadership Inventory Among The Nine Seventh-Day Adventist Unions Of The North American Division: A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study, Adam C. Littell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to determine if there was a difference in sharing expertise, sharing leadership, and/or supra-practitioner behaviors among the teachers of the nine Seventh-day Adventist Unions of the North American Division. This study is important because it meets an important gap in teacher leadership understanding, both within the broad context of education and specifically within the Seventh-day Adventist educational system. The sample was composed of 264 Seventh-day Adventist full-time teachers from across the North American Division (with the exception of the Seventh-day Adventist Church of Canada due to privacy laws prohibiting participation) who did …


Artificial Intelligence, Synthetic Media, And The Criminal Justice System, Jeffrey J. Jacobs Apr 2026

Artificial Intelligence, Synthetic Media, And The Criminal Justice System, Jeffrey J. Jacobs

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies continue to evolve at an exponential pace, and their utilization of synthetic media in criminal activity presents both unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges for criminal justice systems. This dissertation explores the intersection of AI-driven synthetic media crime and the U.S. criminal justice system, identifying how such technologies are being utilized in criminal activity and evaluating the system’s capacity to adapt. This study uses a longitudinal, mixed-methods research design; it also collects and analyzes data from law enforcement agencies, AI developers, and cybersecurity experts to forecast future crime trends and assess the efficacy of current justice system …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Eritrean Refugee Mothers Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Kebreab Hailegiorgis Apr 2026

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Eritrean Refugee Mothers Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Kebreab Hailegiorgis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to explore how the lived experiences of surviving intimate partner violence (IPV) in the context of forced migration influences among Eritrean refugee mothers. Guided by trauma theory and attachment theory, the research seeks to understand the impact of IPV and displacement-related trauma on parenting behaviors and parent–child relationships among Eritrean women. This study recruited 12 Eritrean refugee mothers with IPV experiences and used semi-structured interviews conducted virtually (via Zoom) to gather rich, first-person narratives of their parenting challenges and resilience. Data analysis followed Moustakas’ phenomenological approach, involving horizonalization, thematic coding, and synthesis …


Man In The Medium: A Historical Examination Of The Life And Work Of Roger Ailes In The American Political Arena, Korey A. Bowles Apr 2026

Man In The Medium: A Historical Examination Of The Life And Work Of Roger Ailes In The American Political Arena, Korey A. Bowles

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Roger Ailes is one of the most prolific figures in American politics and media of the last 60 or so years. Despite his many contributions and achievements, he remains relatively unknown among the public and underrepresented in the field of communication research. This study uses a critical historical approach to examine the life and influence of Ailes on the American political and media landscapes through his work with Presidents Nixon, Reagan, Bush, and numerous other key political figures, as well as the founding of Fox News Channel. In doing so, this study provides insight into Ailes’ perspective on the ecology …


Development And Validation Of The Organizational Humanization Scale, Kevin Stroop Apr 2026

Development And Validation Of The Organizational Humanization Scale, Kevin Stroop

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Research on humanization is fragmented, generally focuses on dehumanization, and prior to this study no validated measure of humanization existed. To fill this gap, I developed and validated the Organizational Humanization Scale (OHS), a nine-item measure defining organizational humanization as the perceived affirmation of autonomy, individuality, and dignity. Items for the OHS subscales were adapted from established measures of work autonomy, work-group uniqueness, and workplace dignity. Using a cross-sectional survey of full-time employed adults in the United States (N = 427), I evaluated the OHS’s internal consistency reliability and evidence of structural, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. Results supported a …


A Phenomenological Study Of Pastoral Perspectives Of Conservative Churches Effectively Serving The Disability Community, John D. Hall Apr 2026

A Phenomenological Study Of Pastoral Perspectives Of Conservative Churches Effectively Serving The Disability Community, John D. Hall

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This phenomenological study explored the experience of pastors leading conservative churches engaging with and serving persons with disabilities and their families. It focused on six theologically conservative churches providing special needs ministry, with at least three distinct scheduled ministry opportunities staffed by lay leadership, meeting a minimum of quarterly, and overseen by a paid staff member. This research sought to understand the perspectives of the pastors leading these churches, focusing on their personal experiences with disability, vision implementation, and leadership development. This study explored these pastors’ leadership through the lens of Transformational Leadership Theory and whether their style demonstrates transformational …


Decades Delayed Diaphragmatic Defect: A Delicate Multi-Disciplinary Diagnosis, Hannah Runnoe, Abivarma Chandrakumaran, Cynhia Hsu, Divya Thomas, Jasmine Jody, Paul Gordon Apr 2026

Decades Delayed Diaphragmatic Defect: A Delicate Multi-Disciplinary Diagnosis, Hannah Runnoe, Abivarma Chandrakumaran, Cynhia Hsu, Divya Thomas, Jasmine Jody, Paul Gordon

Advocate GME

No abstract provided.


Abortion Politics And Policy: Stigma And Access In The Silver State, Celene Fuller Apr 2026

Abortion Politics And Policy: Stigma And Access In The Silver State, Celene Fuller

Lincy Institute Events

In the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) overturning Roe V. Wade, states have taken divergent paths in regulating access to abortion services. In 2024, Nevada voters overwhelmingly passed Question 6 proposing to codify abortion rights into the state constitution. In November 2026, Question 6 will again be on the ballot for final confirmation. If it passes, these rights will be protected from future legislative action.

Despite Nevadans’ strong support for abortion rights, the state’s dearth of abortion providers limits access to these services. As this lecture explores, both providers and individuals seeking abortions, …


Intraoperative Liposomal Bupivacaine Is Associated With Reduced Opioid Use And Enhanced Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Registry Study, Mitchell Ng, Jennifer Lin, Andrew Spitzer, Vinod Dasa, Adam Rivadeneyra, David Rogenmoser, Andrew Concoff, Mary Digiorgi, Joshua Urban, William Mihalko, Michael Mont Apr 2026

Intraoperative Liposomal Bupivacaine Is Associated With Reduced Opioid Use And Enhanced Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Registry Study, Mitchell Ng, Jennifer Lin, Andrew Spitzer, Vinod Dasa, Adam Rivadeneyra, David Rogenmoser, Andrew Concoff, Mary Digiorgi, Joshua Urban, William Mihalko, Michael Mont

Rothman Institute Papers

BACKGROUND: With an annual volume of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) in the United States projected to exceed 1.5 million by 2050, optimizing perioperative pain control and facilitating early discharge remain clinical priorities. This study evaluated the effectiveness of liposomal bupivacaine (LB) vs conventional bupivacaine/ropivacaine in opioid-naïve patients undergoing primary TKA, comparing/contrasting: (1) pain score improvements, (2) opioid usages, (3) functional recoveries, and (4) hospital lengths of stay.

METHODS:  Data from the Innovations in Genicular Outcomes Research (iGOR) registry were used to identify patients undergoing unilateral primary TKA between September 2021 and December 2024. Two hundred twenty-five patients were analyzed, 42 …


Breeding For Diverse Color And Protein Quality In Popcorn And Sweet Corn, Jonathan Niyorukundo Apr 2026

Breeding For Diverse Color And Protein Quality In Popcorn And Sweet Corn, Jonathan Niyorukundo

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Sweet corn and popcorn are important crops consumed globally as vegetable and snack, respectively. They are deemed healthy foods due to high fiber and carotenoid contents, especially in yellow varieties. Commercial varieties are optimized for high-yielding agronomics, and previous efforts were made to improve specific macro- and micronutrient contents. Both sweet corn and popcorn have poor protein quality due to the inadequate essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan. Moreover, commercial varieties are predominantly yellow, thereby offering no diversity of other maize colors, which are potentially healthier and more appealing to the consumer. In this project, we sought to …


Exploring How Leadership And Religion Improve Work Motivation And Well-Being, Laura G. Strickland Apr 2026

Exploring How Leadership And Religion Improve Work Motivation And Well-Being, Laura G. Strickland

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Leadership is a well-researched topic that shows that leaders have a significant impact on employees’ perspectives of work motivation and well-being factors. There are gaps in research on older generations and the impacts of leadership since there has been such a heavy focus on research learning about the incoming work force. Other studies have found that strong religious beliefs help build better leadership skills. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how leadership behavior and religious beliefs impact employee work motivation and well-being in older adults. In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted to understand older adults’ experiences …


The Impact Of Gratitude Interventions On Job Satisfaction Among Healthcare Workers In A Hospital Setting, Miranda Rae Green Apr 2026

The Impact Of Gratitude Interventions On Job Satisfaction Among Healthcare Workers In A Hospital Setting, Miranda Rae Green

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative experimental study sought to examine job satisfaction among healthcare workers in a hospital setting and to determine if the use of daily gratitude journaling increases job satisfaction. Healthcare workers were recruited from healthcare organizations within the United States. The aim of this study was to use reciprocity of Social Exchange Theory (SET) to encourage participants to use daily journaling prompts to focus on positive interactions within their organization and with leadership or colleagues. Data was collected using the Job Satisfaction Survey and the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 and analyzed using a paired samples-t test to compare pre- and post- intervention …


Leadership Strategies And Registered Nurse Burnout, Chloee Wendorf Apr 2026

Leadership Strategies And Registered Nurse Burnout, Chloee Wendorf

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Burnout among registered nurse leaders has intensified within academic medical centers, where increasing clinical demands, staffing challenges, and organizational complexities converge. This qualitative single-case study explored how 32 nurse leaders within the experienced and responded to burnout, and how leadership strategies shaped emotional resilience and team well-being. Guided by the Job Demands–Resources model and transformational leadership theory, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using memoing, coding cycles, and NVivo-assisted thematic analysis. Findings revealed that burnout was largely driven by workload intensity, emotional labor, and misalignment between demands and available resources. Transformational leadership strategies, including individualized support, relational transparency, …


Perceptions Of Rural Large Animal Owners On Cost And Distance As Barriers To Veterinary Medicine, Alyssa Dalleske Apr 2026

Perceptions Of Rural Large Animal Owners On Cost And Distance As Barriers To Veterinary Medicine, Alyssa Dalleske

Honors College Theses

Access to veterinary care remains a significant issue in rural communities due to financial, geographic, and access barriers. Limited access to veterinary care can have an impact on animal welfare and an economic impact for producers. This study aimed to assess factors influencing access to veterinary services, including cost, distance to clinics, perceived value of care, and availability of mobile veterinary professionals. The survey was distributed to rural large animal owners using social media, and gained 20 participants. It collected data on perceived barriers within their communities. The survey results indicated that cost of care and distance to veterinary clinics …


Success Or Setback: A Literature Review Of The Association Between Youth Athlete Sport Specialization And Injury Incidence From Adolescence To Adulthood., Kelis Adams Apr 2026

Success Or Setback: A Literature Review Of The Association Between Youth Athlete Sport Specialization And Injury Incidence From Adolescence To Adulthood., Kelis Adams

Honors College Theses

For a multitude of reasons, in the United States, present day society is a persistent witness and contributor to the adultification and professionalization of children alongside the activities they engage in. Single-sport specialization in youth sports is one of our most clear and poignant instances of the existence of this subcurrent. But, in recent years, following the uptick in single-sport specialization among youth athletes there has also been a marked increase in sports medicine professionals cautioning athletes and their families of premature commitment to a sole sport due to concerns of physical health risks. As sport typically involves forceful and …


A Deep Learning-Based Approach For Bot Detection In Trending Hashtags On X, Mehboob Hussain, Muhammad Rizwan Rashid Rana, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Hasaan Mujtaba Apr 2026

A Deep Learning-Based Approach For Bot Detection In Trending Hashtags On X, Mehboob Hussain, Muhammad Rizwan Rashid Rana, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Hasaan Mujtaba

Makara Journal of Technology

The widespread presence of bots on social media platforms, such as X (formerly Twitter), poses a significant threat to the integrity of online information by facilitating the dissemination of misinformation and manipulating public discourse. This study proposes a robust deep learning-based framework, DeepBot, to detect bot participation in trending hashtags and discussions on X. The approach uses a dataset sourced from Kaggle, comprising user profile metadata, including follower count, tweet frequency, account verification status, and engagement metrics. The data were subjected to comprehensive preprocessing, including noise removal, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and word embedding using the pre-trained GloVe model. RoBERTa is …


Automatic Modulation Classification On Satellite Communications Across Orbital Domains, Lorraine (Raina) Freeman Apr 2026

Automatic Modulation Classification On Satellite Communications Across Orbital Domains, Lorraine (Raina) Freeman

Theses

In recent years, the space domain has exploded with both commercial and government activity, making situational awareness critically important. In this work, we highlight the need for signal intelligence capabilities that can transfer gracefully from terrestrial systems to space networks. This already difficult task is additionally complicated by the fact that satellites operate at multiple different orbits. Geostationary (GEO) satellites face significantly different channel conditions than their Low Earth Orbit (LEO) counterparts, meaning that any cross-orbital signal analysis tool must be able to handle widely varying conditions. Such tools may soon be critical for identifying satellites and detecting malicious cyber …


Exploring Eating Behaviors And Dietary Patterns Among Adolescents And Emerging Adults With Adhd: A Scoping Review, Annika Waller Apr 2026

Exploring Eating Behaviors And Dietary Patterns Among Adolescents And Emerging Adults With Adhd: A Scoping Review, Annika Waller

Theses

Objective     To map global evidence on eating behaviors and dietary patterns among adolescents and emerging adults with ADHD, with attention to executive function, medication-related appetite timing, and gender. Introduction     Adolescents and emerging adults with ADHD gain increasing autonomy over food choices during a developmental period marked by heightened executive-function demands and irregular routines. Research examining ADHD and diet is fragmented across disciplines and uses heterogeneous eating and dietary outcomes, limiting synthesis. Inclusion Criteria Studies were eligible if they included adolescents or emerging adults aged 12 to 25 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reported at least one eating behavior, dietary pattern, …


Culturally Tailored Materials For Smoking Cessation And Hiv Care Adherence Among Hispanic Adults: Protocol For Content Development And Formative Evaluation, Lorra Garey, Jacqueline J Charles, Ashley L Ruiz, Rodrigo Castillo-Avilés, Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Marshall K Cheney, Thomas P Giordano, Michael J Zvolensky Apr 2026

Culturally Tailored Materials For Smoking Cessation And Hiv Care Adherence Among Hispanic Adults: Protocol For Content Development And Formative Evaluation, Lorra Garey, Jacqueline J Charles, Ashley L Ruiz, Rodrigo Castillo-Avilés, Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Marshall K Cheney, Thomas P Giordano, Michael J Zvolensky

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Hispanic people with HIV who smoke cigarettes experience unique stressors (eg, stigma), which contribute to health disparities. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) may worsen mood management problems, which are a leading barrier to smoking cessation. Interventions targeting AS can improve HIV-specific outcomes and smoking cessation. However, no prior research has culturally tailored an AS reduction program to improve quality of life among Hispanic people with HIV who smoke. The research team previously developed a mobile health (mHealth) intervention addressing AS reduction, smoking cessation, and HIV care management for Black people with HIV who smoke. Building on this work, this study represents …


Indicators Of Fontan Circulatory Failure In Pediatric Patients: A Scoping Review Of Early Clinical And Hemodynamic Factors, Marina Mcmahon Apr 2026

Indicators Of Fontan Circulatory Failure In Pediatric Patients: A Scoping Review Of Early Clinical And Hemodynamic Factors, Marina Mcmahon

Student Works

Structured Summary

a. Background/Introduction:

For patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease, the Fontan procedure is the definitive palliative procedure. Although advancements have been made in the surgical technique and management, the Fontan circulation is inefficient and prone to progressive dysfunction. Elevated central venous pressure, non-pulsatile pulmonary blood flow, and reduced cardiac output can lead to many complications, and eventual failure. These conditions can lead to protein losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis, and hepatic fibrosis which often indicate advanced decline. Though a known problem, there is a lack of standardized criteria to guide optimal intervention timing of Fontan revision prior to …


Trauma-Informed Academic Practice Partnerships To Support Nursing Students’ Transition To Practice, Lori Dawn Mcelroy, Stacy King Apr 2026

Trauma-Informed Academic Practice Partnerships To Support Nursing Students’ Transition To Practice, Lori Dawn Mcelroy, Stacy King

Creating Healthy Work Environments (CHWE)

The transition from nursing student to professional nurse is a vulnerable phase marked by stress, uncertainty, and emotional fatigue. These challenges can lead to burnout and attrition, making healthy work environments essential for fostering resilience and retention. Trauma-Informed Education (TIE) strategies centered on safety, trust, empowerment, and peer support offer a framework to support students and new nurses. When integrated into academic-practice partnerships, TIE strategies enhance clinical learning, promote well-being, and strengthen the workforce.

The project explores how trauma-informed strategies embedded in academic practice partnerships create psychologically safe environments for nursing students transitioning into practice. Goals are to impact transition …


The Parthenon, April 29, 2026, Baylee Parsons, Kaitlyn Fleming, Abby Ayes, Ella Hatfield, Davina Snyder, Scott Price, Trista Honaker, Tally Mamula Apr 2026

The Parthenon, April 29, 2026, Baylee Parsons, Kaitlyn Fleming, Abby Ayes, Ella Hatfield, Davina Snyder, Scott Price, Trista Honaker, Tally Mamula

The Parthenon

No abstract provided.


Analysis Of Bacterial Virulence And Resistance In A Model Of Recurrent Uti, Rachel L. Proper Apr 2026

Analysis Of Bacterial Virulence And Resistance In A Model Of Recurrent Uti, Rachel L. Proper

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a major women’s health issue, affecting approximately 40% of women during their lifetime. Formation of a biofilm by UTI-causing bacteria poses a major challenge in treatment, as the protection provided by the biofilm hinders both host defenses and antibiotic treatment. Failure to eradicate these infections causes them to become recurrent (rUTI). Previous research indicates that rUTI may be comorbid with a mutation in the SERPINE1 gene, which causes fibrin to accumulate within the body. Literature also indicates that fibrin provides a better scaffold for bacterial attachment and, subsequently, biofilm formation. In this work it was …


Evaluating The Screening And Referral Process For The Use Of Phq-9 Screening Tool In Middle-School Aged Students: A Scoping Review, Kaythi Soe, Msn, Pmhnp-Bc, Fnp-Bc, Margaret Harvey Phd, Acnp-Bc, Fhrs, Sharon Little Dnp, Fnp-Bc Apr 2026

Evaluating The Screening And Referral Process For The Use Of Phq-9 Screening Tool In Middle-School Aged Students: A Scoping Review, Kaythi Soe, Msn, Pmhnp-Bc, Fnp-Bc, Margaret Harvey Phd, Acnp-Bc, Fhrs, Sharon Little Dnp, Fnp-Bc

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

No abstract provided.


Energy Transitions By Wire? The Spatial Politics Of Transmission Development In New England, Maddy Kroot Apr 2026

Energy Transitions By Wire? The Spatial Politics Of Transmission Development In New England, Maddy Kroot

Student Publications [Scholarly]

This data set is a corpus of de-identified transcripts from a doctoral research project examining local opposition to two high-voltage transmission lines in northern New England. The corpus includes 41 transcripts from interview participants who consented for their de-identified transcripts to be posted to the Clark Digital Commons. This research was supported by the NSF Human-Environment and Geographical Sciences Doctoral  Dissertation Research Improvement Award (#2400991).


Unleashing Stress: The Effects Of Training, Bond Strength, And Stress On Pet Dog Behaviors And Health, London Maria Wolff Apr 2026

Unleashing Stress: The Effects Of Training, Bond Strength, And Stress On Pet Dog Behaviors And Health, London Maria Wolff

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Humans and dogs have formed a unique ability to communicate with each other through evolutionary and developmental mechanisms. This increased communication serves to form dynamic interspecies bonds by facilitating learning and training over the lifetime of a dog. However, it is not known what factors permit the unique capacity of dogs to form bonds with, and learn from, their human companions. Odor is a notable candidate for interspecies communication about emotional states, with studies showing that both dogs and humans use odor information to detect human emotions (Calvi et al., 2020). Possibly, this may include detection of both acute and …


Problems With Small Drinking Water Systems In Developing And Developed Countries: How Do They Compare?, Kurt Kesteloot Apr 2026

Problems With Small Drinking Water Systems In Developing And Developed Countries: How Do They Compare?, Kurt Kesteloot

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

This dissertation compares the factors that drive the long-term functionality of small drinking water systems (serving fewer than 10,000 people) in developing and developed country contexts, with a focus on groundwater supplies. Using regression analysis in SAS and complementary fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) for developing countries, the study integrates two datasets: 23 Engineers Without Borders project surveys (90+ variables across 14 countries) and a multi-year National Park Service inspection dataset (approximately 1,561 systems; 7,460 recorded deficiencies, enriched with U.S. Census ZIP-code aggregates). In developing countries, statistically significant predictors of success include government cash contributions (odds ratio [OR] ≈ 67.6), …


2026-04-29 Gen Z Is Bringing Moviegoing Back To Life, Maya Deguzman Apr 2026

2026-04-29 Gen Z Is Bringing Moviegoing Back To Life, Maya Deguzman

The Spectator Online

No abstract provided.


From The Ground To The Stars: How Research And Development In Aerospace Plays A Massive Role, Bryan Sohan Apr 2026

From The Ground To The Stars: How Research And Development In Aerospace Plays A Massive Role, Bryan Sohan

Honors College Theses

Aerospace technology is a long-standing field of innovation, yet it has experienced renewed momentum in recent years due to increased public and private investment. This study analyzes how changes in budget allocations to aerospace-related firms and government organizations influence the pace and scope of technological development within the aerospace sector. By examining historical trends in aerospace innovation alongside recent funding initiatives and policy decisions, this research evaluates the relationship between financial investment and technological advancement. This analysis focuses on Hypothesis 1 (H1): that higher aerospace R&D expenditure is positively correlated with innovation output. Using a two-period state-level panel (FY2021 and …