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Articles 21901 - 21930 of 1824619
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The "Hallett Sign" Of Functional Jerky Movement Disorder, Jon Stone, Anthony E Lang, Joseph Jankovic, Michele Tinazzi, Barbara A Dworetzky, Alan Carson, Marina A J Tijssen
The "Hallett Sign" Of Functional Jerky Movement Disorder, Jon Stone, Anthony E Lang, Joseph Jankovic, Michele Tinazzi, Barbara A Dworetzky, Alan Carson, Marina A J Tijssen
Faculty, Staff and Students Publications
No abstract provided.
Integrated Management Of Procambarus Clarkii Through Habitat Manipulation And Chemosensory Predator Avoidance, Allarae J. Prigan
Integrated Management Of Procambarus Clarkii Through Habitat Manipulation And Chemosensory Predator Avoidance, Allarae J. Prigan
Biology Theses
Aquatic invasive species pose a significant threat to native biodiversity, water quality, and local economies. The Laurentian Great Lakes are especially at risk with over 180 established non-native species. In particular, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a recent invader to the Lake Erie eastern watershed and requires sustained management to prevent its spread further into the region. This thesis explores a multi-faceted approach to managing this species via a habitat manipulation study and a laboratory behavior experiment.
I assessed the outcomes of winter stream dewatering on population catch per unit effort (CPUE), mean animal size, and …
Spring 2026 (Volume 63, Issue 2) Complete Issue, Georgia Library Quarterly
Spring 2026 (Volume 63, Issue 2) Complete Issue, Georgia Library Quarterly
Georgia Library Quarterly
No abstract provided.
Exploring Culturally Responsive Practices At A Community-Based Organization Serving Incarcerated Men Of Color And Their Families: A Leadership Case Study, Franchesca M. Capellan
Exploring Culturally Responsive Practices At A Community-Based Organization Serving Incarcerated Men Of Color And Their Families: A Leadership Case Study, Franchesca M. Capellan
Education Doctoral
The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions of New York City community-based organization (CBO) executive leaders regarding how they support families affected by paternal incarceration through culturally responsive leadership practices and the navigation of systemic barriers. Six executive leaders from a multi-site CBO participated in virtual semi-structured interviews designed to examine leadership approaches, family engagement strategies, and organizational responses to structural inequities affecting justiceimpacted families. Using Saldaña’s hybrid deductive–inductive coding process, seven superordinate themes emerged from the data analysis. Findings revealed that the leaders supported caregivers, youth, and incarcerated fathers through trust-based, trauma-informed programming, crisis …
Plasma Proteins Associated With Psychosocial Factors And Heart Disease: The Jackson Heart Study, Sara N O'Brien, Madeline G Gillman, Michael D Green, Daniel E Cruz, James S Floyd, Susan Hankinson, Daniel H Katz, Xiaojuan Liu, Michelle C Odden, Bruce M Psaty, Alexander P Reiner, Jerome I Rotter, Stephen S Rich, Robert E Gerszten, Amil Shah, Mario Sims, Usman A Tahir, Lesley F Tinker, Alexis C Wood, Bing Yu, Anthony S Zannas, Laura M Raffield, Láshauntá M Glover
Plasma Proteins Associated With Psychosocial Factors And Heart Disease: The Jackson Heart Study, Sara N O'Brien, Madeline G Gillman, Michael D Green, Daniel E Cruz, James S Floyd, Susan Hankinson, Daniel H Katz, Xiaojuan Liu, Michelle C Odden, Bruce M Psaty, Alexander P Reiner, Jerome I Rotter, Stephen S Rich, Robert E Gerszten, Amil Shah, Mario Sims, Usman A Tahir, Lesley F Tinker, Alexis C Wood, Bing Yu, Anthony S Zannas, Laura M Raffield, Láshauntá M Glover
Faculty, Staff and Students Publications
Background: Knowledge of proteomic mechanisms explaining the link between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease is limited. This study aimed to (1) identify plasma proteins associated with psychosocial factors and (2) assess associational pathways between psychosocial factors, identified proteins, and incident cardiovascular disease events in a discovery cohort, JHS (Jackson Heart Study), and 2 replication cohorts, the CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study), and the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).
Methods: JHS participants from exam 1 (2000-2004) with SomaScan 1.3k platform proteomics data were included (n=2143, mean age=55.3). Depressive symptoms and perceived stress scores were measured via the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies …
Teacher Perceptions In Early Childhood Classrooms: Understanding The Disproportionate Suspension Of Black Girls In Preschool, Lachelle Dionne Walker
Teacher Perceptions In Early Childhood Classrooms: Understanding The Disproportionate Suspension Of Black Girls In Preschool, Lachelle Dionne Walker
Education Doctoral
The purpose of this interpretive qualitative study was to examine eight preschool lead teachers’ perceptions of the behaviors of Black girls, with a specific focus on those leading instruction in classrooms of 3- and 4-year-old learners, to assess if their perceptions of the behaviors of Black preschool-aged girls influenced their discipline practices and behavior management. The findings of this study revealed that preschool lead teachers held positive perceptions and early adultified views, also known as adultification bias, of Black girls in preschool settings. Furthermore, early adultified views of preschool lead teachers toward Black preschool-aged girls did not correlate with discriminatory …
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome As Presentation Of Pediatric Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis, Shruti Sakhuja, Stacey S Beer, Kalyani R Patel, Alexiss M Williams, Nhu Thao Galvan, John A Goss, Krupa R Mysore
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome As Presentation Of Pediatric Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis, Shruti Sakhuja, Stacey S Beer, Kalyani R Patel, Alexiss M Williams, Nhu Thao Galvan, John A Goss, Krupa R Mysore
Faculty, Staff and Students Publications
Childhood obesity is rising and leading to serious co-morbidities, among which is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) predisposing individuals to cirrhosis. We describe a young 11-year-old Hispanic male who presented with hepatopulmonary syndrome secondary to cirrhotic portal hypertension from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), necessitating liver transplantation. Despite lifestyle modifications post-transplantation, the patient experienced persistent weight gain and recurrence of steatosis, emphasizing challenges of managing pediatric MASLD. The burden of childhood obesity is increasing and impacting children significantly earlier than previously believed. Our case is one of the few to report the severe complications of MASH in a young, pre-teen …
Geography, Income, And The Incidence Of A Massachusetts Carbon Tax, Susan Stratton Sayre
Geography, Income, And The Incidence Of A Massachusetts Carbon Tax, Susan Stratton Sayre
Economics: Faculty Publications
I use spatial microsimulation to estimate the geographic incidence of the consumer-facing portion of various revenue-neutral carbon tax designs in Massachusetts. I identify a substantial urban-rural disparity in impacts that is reduced, but not eliminated, by proposed revenue-targeting mechanisms. I further demonstrate that seemingly small variations in the definition of rural households can have substantial impacts on urban-rural equity and the distribution of gains and losses. Proposed policies are highly progressive in the aggregate with most low-income households receiving more in rebates than they pay in taxes, but notable numbers of low-income households are likely to experience significant losses. Methodologically, …
Climate Lies And Unjust Profits, Vanessa Casado-Pérez, Yotam Kaplan, Yael Lifshitz, Niv Meyerson
Climate Lies And Unjust Profits, Vanessa Casado-Pérez, Yotam Kaplan, Yael Lifshitz, Niv Meyerson
Faculty Scholarship
The climate crisis has reached a perilous tipping point. Our entrenched reliance on fossil fuels remains unchecked, as fossil fuel corporations wield their power to block meaningful reform and entrench their profits. The political horizon offers little relief—an incoming administration is poised to dismantle vital environmental protections, stripping away the few safeguards that stand between us and climate catastrophe.
In this grim landscape, communities across the nation are turning to the courts with renewed urgency, seeking justice and reform through climate litigation. Yet past efforts have fallen short, stymied by two formidable barriers. First, by centering on greenhouse gas emissions …
Fifty Ways To Leave Your Lover: Using State Constitutions To Escape The Dead Hand Of Article V, Meg Penrose
Fifty Ways To Leave Your Lover: Using State Constitutions To Escape The Dead Hand Of Article V, Meg Penrose
Faculty Scholarship
Thomas Jefferson believed that “the earth always belongs to the living generation.” His constitutional approach would empower twenty-first century Americans to decide twenty-first century problems regularly determined by the United States Supreme Court. Article V, the formal method for constitutional change, seemingly relegates these decisions to the Supreme Court because amending the federal Constitution is nearly impossible.
Unfortunately, our fixation on federal constitutional law often eclipses the power of state constitutional law. State constitutions balance our relatively static federal Constitution with responsive state governments. There is no need to debate what the Framers thought about modern issues when Americans can …
Hypothetical Courtroom: Influence Of Expert Witness Testimony On Jurors’ Decision-Making, Macy R. Hooper
Hypothetical Courtroom: Influence Of Expert Witness Testimony On Jurors’ Decision-Making, Macy R. Hooper
Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects
Jurors’ decision-making is shaped by social and psychological factors that may create bias, particularly in cases involving psychopathic defendants. The present study examines how a hypothetical defendant’s perceived psychopathy, the type of scientific evidence presented (neuroimaging vs. only verbal descriptions), the gender of the expert witness, and the expert’s use of artificial intelligence (AI) affect jurors’ decisions. Participants read one of four mock trial vignettes involving a psychopathic defendant and then evaluated the defendant’s guilt, recommended sentence length, and weighed the credibility of the expert witness. Results indicated that confidence in the expert significantly decreased after participants were informed that …
Realities Of Cyber Dating: The Impact Of Dating Apps On Romantic Relationships, Emma C. Timberg
Realities Of Cyber Dating: The Impact Of Dating Apps On Romantic Relationships, Emma C. Timberg
Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects
Over the last decade there have been considerable shifts in the dating landscape. The increased popularity of dating apps has allowed for convenience in finding a partner, expanding the potential for making a romantic connection. Although these apps offer flexibility in dating and communication, there is also a growing concern as to whether these apps are contributing to insincere romance. This study attempts to understand the perception that college students have of dating apps. Students at The University of Lynchburg - a Mid-Atlantic liberal arts institution - were surveyed on their thoughts about hookup culture, instant messaging, and the ability …
Stance And Gait Analysis Of Apollo Astronauts On The Moon, Faye Y Chiou-Tan, Conrad Li, Jason P Caffrey, Millard Reschke, Timothy R Macaulay
Stance And Gait Analysis Of Apollo Astronauts On The Moon, Faye Y Chiou-Tan, Conrad Li, Jason P Caffrey, Millard Reschke, Timothy R Macaulay
Faculty, Staff and Students Publications
Introduction/aim: As humans return to the Moon, safe efficient ambulation and fall prevention on the lunar surface are key concerns. The analysis of gait from archived Apollo mission video footage is now possible with pose estimation video analysis software. Thus, this study aims to retrospectively quantify parameters of Apollo astronauts' stance and gait on the Moon.
Methods: Publicly available National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) footage of astronauts ambulating on the Lunar surface was examined using body pose analysis software. Goniometric lower limb joint/torso angles and width of base of stance and gait were derived. Gait cycle stance phase, swing …
A Multi-Institutional Epid-Based 3d Dose Reconstruction Model In A Virtual Phantom For Standardized Patient Qa, Benchmarking And Auditing For Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Benjamin Zwan, Emily Searle, Cameron Stanton, Ching-Ling Teng, Seng Boh Lim, Andrew Dipuglia, Richard Popple, Michael Lovelock, Ashley Cullen, Conor K Mcgarry, Victoria Robinson, Sergei Zavgorodni, Baozhou Sun, Xiaodong Zhao, Matthew Schmidt, Juan-Francisco Calvo-Ortega, Gemma Warner, Andrew Cousins, Michael Barnes, Peter Greer
A Multi-Institutional Epid-Based 3d Dose Reconstruction Model In A Virtual Phantom For Standardized Patient Qa, Benchmarking And Auditing For Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Benjamin Zwan, Emily Searle, Cameron Stanton, Ching-Ling Teng, Seng Boh Lim, Andrew Dipuglia, Richard Popple, Michael Lovelock, Ashley Cullen, Conor K Mcgarry, Victoria Robinson, Sergei Zavgorodni, Baozhou Sun, Xiaodong Zhao, Matthew Schmidt, Juan-Francisco Calvo-Ortega, Gemma Warner, Andrew Cousins, Michael Barnes, Peter Greer
Faculty, Staff and Students Publications
Background and purpose: For single-isocentre multi-target (SIMT) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), benchmarking, auditing and inter-institutional standardisation of dose verification remain challenging as they require specialized equipment and expertise. This work aims to develop and validate an electronic portal imaging device (EPID)-based technique to determine 3D dose in a virtual spherical phantom which is applicable across institutions for SIMT SRS dose verification.
Materials and methods: Small-field output factors from 11 international centres were measured in-water for the TrueBeam linear accelerator, including jaw-defined and high-definition multi-leaf collimator (MLC) fields from 0.5 × 0.5 to 20 × 20 cm2 and depths from 1.5-20 cm. …
Protecting Minors From Medical Malpractice Act: Implications For Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shiven Sharma, Margo K Mckenna, Julina Ongkasuwan, Michael J Brenner
Protecting Minors From Medical Malpractice Act: Implications For Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shiven Sharma, Margo K Mckenna, Julina Ongkasuwan, Michael J Brenner
Faculty, Staff and Students Publications
No abstract provided.
A Federated Learning Framework For Data-Sovereign Predictive Maintenance In Distributed Smart Manufacturing, Md Sazol Ahmmed, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank Liou
A Federated Learning Framework For Data-Sovereign Predictive Maintenance In Distributed Smart Manufacturing, Md Sazol Ahmmed, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank Liou
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Featured Application: The proposed federated learning framework can be applied in distributed smart manufacturing environments where multiple factories or production facilities collaboratively develop predictive maintenance models without sharing sensitive operational data. This approach is particularly useful for industrial networks involving geographically distributed plants, contract manufacturing partners, and multi-site production systems where data sovereignty and avoidance of raw data sharing are critical. Predictive maintenance enables early detection of machine failures and reduces unexpected production downtime. However, conventional approaches typically rely on centralized data collection and model training which introduce challenges related to data sovereignty, communication overhead and data ownership. To address …
An Arbitration Revelation? The Evolution Of Ai And Online Arbitration, Emily Bishop
An Arbitration Revelation? The Evolution Of Ai And Online Arbitration, Emily Bishop
Arbitration Law Review (2009 - Present)
No abstract provided.
Things Montaigne Got Right About Medicine, Stewart Justman
Things Montaigne Got Right About Medicine, Stewart Justman
Global Humanities and Religions Faculty Publications
In an article in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine a few years ago, I documented a number of Montaigne’s insights into medicine that have held up over time. Not everyone was convinced. Therefore I here augmented my case, adducing several other Montaignean insights and adding some particulars to one or two that were mentioned in the original article.
Investigating The "Party Consciousness": Gender Normativity & Affect In Woolf’S Party Scenes In “To The Lighthouse” & “Mrs. Dalloway”, Chelsea Goodman
Investigating The "Party Consciousness": Gender Normativity & Affect In Woolf’S Party Scenes In “To The Lighthouse” & “Mrs. Dalloway”, Chelsea Goodman
English
In 1925, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary, “…I should like to investigate the party consciousness…where people secrete an envelope which connects them and protects them from others, like myself, who am outside the envelope” (DIII 13). Woolf’s metaphor of the “envelope” reflects how parties have the potential to be places of community and, conversely, of alienation. In literary criticism, Woolf’s parties are often simplified and read as sites of communion. I argue that instead of a suspension of normativity across all characters, which one might expect in a party scene, Woolf’s domestic party scenes solidify, reflect, and enforce …
Mississippi Early Childhood Math Resource Guide: Supporting Mathematical Development From Birth Through Age Eight, Melissa Luckett, Systems Change Lab, Mississippi State University, Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University
Mississippi Early Childhood Math Resource Guide: Supporting Mathematical Development From Birth Through Age Eight, Melissa Luckett, Systems Change Lab, Mississippi State University, Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University
Books
The Mississippi Early Childhood Math Resource Guide is a comprehensive, research-informed digital publication designed to support the development of foundational mathematical skills in children from birth through age eight. Developed by the Systems Change Lab at Mississippi State University's Social Science Research Center, the guide translates evidence-based early mathematics concepts into practical, accessible strategies for educators, families, and caregivers.
Organized by developmental stages, the guide integrates learning domains, age-appropriate math skills, and everyday instructional practices to promote the use of "math talk" and embedded learning opportunities across settings. It incorporates activities, instructional strategies, and resources aligned to support both formal …
Tiny Tusk Internship: Gut Instincts: A Review Of Literature On The Impact Of Breastfeeding On The Infant Gut Microbiome, Rayla Payne
The Eleanor Mann School of Nursing Undergraduate Honors Theses
The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate both the short- and long-term benefits that breastfeeding has on the infant gut microbiome. The PICOT question was: In full-term infants, how does exclusive breastfeeding compared to mixed or formula feeding influence the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome throughout the first 12 months of life? For this research, EBSCOhost, CINAHL, and the National Library of Medicine databases were searched to find relevant studies and systematic reviews. Terms such as “breastfeeding and infant gut microbiome” were used to conduct the search. Other terms used included “breastfeeding OR formula feeding”, “human …
Total Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Inhalation Anesthesia For The Prevention Of Post Operative Nausea And Vomiting: A Comprehensive Literature Review, Francesca A. Diflorio
Total Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Inhalation Anesthesia For The Prevention Of Post Operative Nausea And Vomiting: A Comprehensive Literature Review, Francesca A. Diflorio
Nursing Undergraduate
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication defined as the occurrence of nausea and/or vomiting within the first 24–48 hours following surgery. While nausea represents the subjective urge to vomit, vomiting involves the physical expulsion of gastric contents; both remain among the most distressing postoperative complications, strongly associated with the type of anesthesia administered. According to Timerga and Befkadu (2024), the incidence of PONV ranges from 25% to 30% in the general surgical population and may increase to as high as 80% among high-risk patients. Complications resulting from PONV can further prolong recovery and negatively impact patient outcomes, …
Bridging Care Gaps For Sickle Cell Disease: Examining Case Management And Healthcare Utilization., Lindsey Page
Bridging Care Gaps For Sickle Cell Disease: Examining Case Management And Healthcare Utilization., Lindsey Page
Doctor of Social Work Capstone Projects
Individuals living with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience complex medical and social needs, including high emergency department (ED) utilization, fragmented care, and systemic inequities. Disease-specific case management has emerged as a promising strategy to improve care coordination, patient outcomes, and healthcare efficiency. This mixed-methods case study examined the impact of disease-specific case management on healthcare utilization, patient-reported outcomes, and healthcare providers’ perspectives. Quantitative analysis evaluated the impact of disease-specific case management on ED and inpatient admissions, healthcare-related costs, and the length of stay for inpatient admissions. Qualitative data were collected using interviews with patients and healthcare providers, exploring utilization, bias, …
The Intersection Of Athletics And Online Abuse: A Study Of Cyberbullying Among Student-Athletes., Kate T. O'Bryan
The Intersection Of Athletics And Online Abuse: A Study Of Cyberbullying Among Student-Athletes., Kate T. O'Bryan
Doctor of Social Work Capstone Projects
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify associations between social media use, cyberbullying victimization, and mental health symptoms experienced by Division I athletes at the University of Louisville. Using an electronic survey methodology, the current study examined individual characteristics such as social comparison frequency, team culture, and sport-level factors (e.g., NIL–based visibility and online experiences of athletes) to investigate cyberbullying victimization frequency among athletes (N =80) and potential relationships with mental health symptoms. Findings indicate that one-fifth (21.4%) of athletes between the ages of 18 and 24 were cyberbullied in the last month, with rumors spreading and mean …
Analyzing Trauma And Behavioral Health Trends: A Study Of Cans Data From Kentucky’S Child Welfare System., Bradley Scott
Analyzing Trauma And Behavioral Health Trends: A Study Of Cans Data From Kentucky’S Child Welfare System., Bradley Scott
Doctor of Social Work Capstone Projects
Children who are involved in the child welfare system experience disproportionately higher rates of trauma and unmet behavioral health needs, which at times often go unmet. This study uses a secondary data analysis of administrative data compiled from the Analysis of Screening and Assessment Practice Study completed by the University of Louisville from Project SAFESPACE data organized from the 2022 assessment year across a sample of 3.759 youth involved in the child welfare system. The study found that a youth who was found to be demonstrating an adjustment to trauma is highly predictive of additional traumatic event exposure. Additionally, it …
Electric Charging Arm Mechanism - Echarm, Jacob A. Lewis, Gabriel A. Greer
Electric Charging Arm Mechanism - Echarm, Jacob A. Lewis, Gabriel A. Greer
Mechanical Engineering Student Research
As demand for electric and hybrid vehicles continues to rise, many EV owners rely on home charging in their garages. Gabriel Greer and I’s Senior Design Project, the Electric Charging Arm Mechanism (ECHARM), addresses this by creating a robotic system that autonomously detects a vehicle’s charging port, connects to it, and returns to a rest position when charging is complete. ECHARM is designed as a six-axis robotic arm with wrist and shoulder joints driven by stepper motors through custom cycloidal drive gearboxes. A closed-loop control system using rotary potentiometers ensures precise motion control. At the end of the arm is …
Can Methanogens Grow On Asteroids?, Isabella N. Reimer
Can Methanogens Grow On Asteroids?, Isabella N. Reimer
Biological Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses
Because of asteroids’ chemical features, they may serve as potential environments for life and are of interest in astrobiology. Dr. Kral’s laboratory studies methanogens, microorganisms in the domain Archaea, as possible life forms on extraterrestrial bodies. Since some methanogens can withstand harsh environmental conditions and produce methane as a waste product, methane production can be used as an indicator of potential microbial activity. In this study, three methanogen species, Methanothermobacter wolfeii, Methanobacterium formicicum, and Methanosarcina barkeri were tested for growth on asteroid simulants based on the Orgueil (CIE-1) and Murchison (CME-1) meteorites. First, methanogen growth was assessed in the …
The Effect Of Facial Adiposity On Hypothetical Medical Treatments As A Function Of Disgust, Lindsey Duran
The Effect Of Facial Adiposity On Hypothetical Medical Treatments As A Function Of Disgust, Lindsey Duran
Biological Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses
Perceivers are capable of estimating the health of individuals through cues to facial adiposity, with such inferences having accuracy in recognizing worse chronic health among those exhibiting greater adiposity. Nonetheless, these inferences could extend beyond health assessments into subsequent anti-fat prejudice based on perceptions of such individuals as pathogenically threatening. Although potentially functional in ancestral contexts, modern healthcare settings could render this functional stigmatization a liability that results in worse medical care toward those with higher adiposity. In this study, I tasked medical workers to evaluate male and female hypothetical patients at high and low levels of facial adiposity, particularly …
Objects Against Erasure: Literary Materiality In Tommy Orange’S There There And Oscar Hokeah’S Calling For A Blanket Dance, Paige Hinton-Franciotti
Objects Against Erasure: Literary Materiality In Tommy Orange’S There There And Oscar Hokeah’S Calling For A Blanket Dance, Paige Hinton-Franciotti
Theses & ETDs
No abstract provided.
Teaching Machines To Deter: Exploring Strategic Deterrence In Ai Models, Will Taylor
Teaching Machines To Deter: Exploring Strategic Deterrence In Ai Models, Will Taylor
Theses/Capstones/Creative Projects
This capstone project investigates whether deterrence can emerge as a meaningful strategy within a zero-sum stochastic game using multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). After outlining core concepts in game theory and deterrence, the study models a simplified deterrence environment in which two minimax-Q agents repeatedly interact under uncertainty and adversarial incentives. The agents learn from rewards shaped by escalation costs, unilateral vulnerability, and the stabilizing benefits of restraint. Results show that both agents consistently converge toward a conservative, status-quo strategy, overwhelmingly selecting the Maintain action while avoiding both escalation and restraint in most scenarios. This behavior reflects the risk-averse logic of …