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The Time For A Consensus Regarding The Coeliac Disease Diagnosis In Adults Has Come: Balancing The Pros And Cons Of Omitting The Biopsy, Carolina Ciacci, Julio C. Bao

Translational Medicine @ UniSa

How balancing the pros and cons of omitting the biopsy in diagnosing CeD in adults?

Water Resources, Agriculture And Pasture: Implications Of Growing Demand And Increasing Scarcity, M. W. Rosegrant, R. A. Valmonte-Santos, S. A. Cline, C. Ringler, W. Li

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key points

1. Water availability for irrigation is threatened in many regions by rapidly increasing demand for nonagricultural water uses in industry, households, and the environment. The scarcity of irrigation water will not only impact crop production, but also meat production, as much of the pasture used to feed livestock is irrigated.

2. Grassland is caught between two countervailing forces: a requirement for increasing meat demand that boosts the need for additional pasture to support livestock production, and rapidly increasing water scarcity that makes pasture irrigation uneconomical.

3. The most effective means of dealing with water scarcity is likely to …

Fungal Associations In An Urban Forest, Jordan Leis

Senior Theses

Fungal communities worldwide are scarcely understood in part due to their vast networks stretching underground or woven into the biomass of plant life. Even macrofungi which produce fruiting bodies colloquially called ‘mushrooms’ hold a transient lifestyle above soil. Urbanization has introduced another challenge towards studying fungi as highly disturbed soils and a lack of preferred host plant species can alter fungal community composition and prevalence. In the summer of 2020 the macrofungal community of Forest Park in Portland, Oregon was surveyed in addition to control sites in the Mount Hood National Forest. Fungi samples were identified by genus and when …

Factors Associated With Home Delivery In Rural Sindh, Pakistan: Results From The Global Network Birth Registry, Afreen Sadia, Shafaq Mahmood, Farnaz Naqvi, Seemab Naqvi, Zahid Soomro, Sarah Saleem

Community Health Sciences

Background: According to global estimates for 2017, nearly 295,000 maternal deaths occurred worldwide. Thus, approximately 810 women die every day due to pregnancy-related complications. This burden of maternal deaths in LMICs is primarily due to poor healthcare service utilization, as indicated by relatively low rates of institutional deliveries and skilled-birth attendance (SBA). We conducted this study with an aim to assess the factors associated with home delivery and its subsequent effect on the pregnancy outcome in rural Sindh, Pakistan.
Methods: Data for this study were taken from The Global Network's Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR), which is a prospective, population-based …

Iron Supplementation During The First Trimester Of Pregnancy After A National Change Of Recommendation: A Danish Cross-Sectional Study, Lb Løvschal, S Høgh, Thomas Bergholt, Kate Maslin, Jill Shawe, Hanne K. Hegaard, Wolff Mg De

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Abstract In 2013, the Danish Health Authorities recommended a change in prophylactic iron supplementation to 40–50 mg/d from gestational week 10. Hence, the aims of the present study were (1) to estimate the prevalence of women who follow the Danish recommendation on iron supplementation during the last 3 weeks of the first trimester of pregnancy and (2) to identify potential sociodemographic, reproductive and health-related pre-pregnancy predictors for iron supplementation during the first trimester. We conducted a cross-sectional study with data from the hospital-based Copenhagen Pregnancy Cohort. Characteristics were analysed by descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to …

Identification Of The Global Mir-130a Targetome Reveals A Role For Tbl1xr1 In Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal And T(8; 21) Aml, Gabriela Krivdova, Veronique Voisin, Erwin M Schoof, Sajid A Marhon, Alex Murison, Jessica L Mcleod, Martino M Gabra, Andy G X Zeng, Stefan Aigner, Brian A Yee, Alexander A Shishkin, Eric L Van Nostrand, Karin G Hermans, Aaron C Trotman-Grant, Nathan Mbong, James A Kennedy, Olga I Gan, Elvin Wagenblast, Daniel D De Carvalho, Leonardo Salmena, Mark D Minden, Gary D Bader, Gene W Yeo, John E Dick, Eric R Lechman

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Gene expression profiling and proteome analysis of normal and malignant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) point to shared core stemness properties. However, discordance between mRNA and protein signatures highlights an important role for post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) in governing this critical nexus. Here, we identify miR-130a as a regulator of HSC self-renewal and differentiation. Enforced expression of miR-130a impairs B lymphoid differentiation and expands long-term HSCs. Integration of protein mass spectrometry and chimeric AGO2 crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) identifies TBL1XR1 as a primary miR-130a target, whose loss of function phenocopies miR-130a overexpression. Moreover, we report that miR-130a is highly expressed …

Defining The Mammalian Coactivation Of Hepatic 12-H Clock And Lipid Metabolism, Huan Meng, Naomi M Gonzales, Sung Yun Jung, Yue Lu, Nagireddy Putluri, Bokai Zhu, Clifford C Dacso, David M Lonard, Bert W O'Malley

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The 12-h clock coordinates lipid homeostasis, energy metabolism, and stress rhythms via the transcriptional regulator XBP1. However, the biochemical and physiological bases for integrated control of the 12-h clock and diverse metabolic pathways remain unclear. Here, we show that steroid receptor coactivator SRC-3 coactivates XBP1 transcription and regulates hepatic 12-h cistrome and gene rhythmicity. Mice lacking SRC-3 show abnormal 12-h rhythms in hepatic transcription, metabolic functions, systemic energetics, and rate-limiting lipid metabolic processes, including triglyceride, phospholipid, and cardiolipin pathways. Notably, 12-h clock coactivation is not only preserved, with its cistromic activation priming ahead of the zeitgeber cue of light, but …

Too Masculine For Healthcare, Too Feminine For Intense Sports: Correlation Between Gender Conformity And Pro-Health Behaviours, Aleksandra Pawlowska, Kornelia Lipowska, Daniel Krokosz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The goal of this paper is to examine to what extent levels of femininity and masculinity are associated with practicing several types of health behaviours among individuals who are physically active and inactive. Material/Methods: A total of 559 individuals aged between 35 and 45 (M = 39.4; SD = 3.2) took part in the study. The inactive group consisted of 211 individuals (n = 85 women, n = 126 men), and the active group consisted of 348 individuals (n = 131 women, n = 217 men). The participants completed the following pen-and-paper questionnaires: the Psychological Gender Inventory, the Health …

Emotional States Of Athletes In The First Lockdown Due To Covid-19: A Comparison Of Polish And Spanish Samples, Dominika Wilczynska, David Alarcon Rubio, Patrycja Sliwinska, Jose Carlos Jaenes

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: The situation of the coronavirus pandemic has affected the lives of many athletes from different disciplines. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of Covid-19 first lockdown on emotional states and motivation of athletes from Spain and Poland. Material and methods: Polish male (N=24) and female (N=94) and Spanish male (N=81) female (N=95) athletes were investigated. The respondents did online ad hoc questionnaires, namely Emotional and Adaptative reactions during confinement (COVID-19-RECOVID-19), and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Results: Significant differences were observed in training conditions by country, with the Polish sample having higher scores than Spaniards. Stressing thoughts characterized …

Epigenetic Impact Of The Parents' Physical Activity On The Health Of Their Children, Agnieszka Boron

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

All parents’ dream is to have healthy children. The question whether the parents' lifestyle affects the quality of their progeny's health has been bothering scientists and society for many years. Based on epidemiological studies, it has been shown that physical activity during pregnancy is beneficial both for the health of the mother and the newborn. A significant number of studies conducted so far have shown that exercises performed by fathers modulate future generations by affecting the sperm epigenome. Epigenetics plays a key role in transmitting the response of the parents' environment and their lifestyle onto the characteristics and health of …

Correlation Between Participation In Physical Activity And Healthy Nutrition: An Example Of A Sports Science Faculty, Yasemin Ari, Ergün Çakir

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: It is important to encourage people to participate in physical activities and to develop motivational approaches to healthy nutrition in order to maintain a healthy life. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the physical activity levels of university students and their attitudes to healthy nutrition. Material and methods: 392 (153 female and 239 male) university students voluntarily participated in the study. In the study, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) were used. Results: As a result of the analysis conducted in the study group, in the comparison …

The Relatıonship Between Shooting Performance And Respiratory Muscle Strength In Archers Aged 9-12, Özgür Bostanci, Menderes Kabadayi, Muhammet Hakan Mayda, Ali Kerim Yilmaz, Coşkun Yilmaz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between shooting performance and pulmonary functions and respiratory muscle strength in archers. Material and methods: The research was conducted with 31 boy and 11 girl archers aged 9-12. The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiration volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) of the archers were measured. To determine the shooting performance, a total of 30 shots (15+15) were taken from an 18-meter distance in closed shooting range. Results: A significant difference was …

Assessment Of The Diet And Body Composition Of Students Recreationally Training Team Sports, Filip Michal Borys, Beata Zysk, Adrianna Zanko, Dominika Chimkowska, Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka, Barbara Kielczewska, Lucyna Ostrowska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Knowledge about nutrition and supplementation during increased physical activity is still insufficient among people recreationally training sports. The aim of the study was to assess the diet, supplementation and nutritional status, as well as to characterize the body composition of students who recreationally train team sports. Material and methods: The study group consisted of 49 students from team sports sections (19 basketball, 10 volleyball and 20 football). The research tools used in the study were: a 24-hour nutritional interview, a questionnaire (concerning dietary supplementation, the frequency and duration of training) and the results of body composition analysis. Results: The …

The Effect Of Different Doses Of Zinc Supplementation On Nail Elements In Elite Female Athletes, Gunay Eskici

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The trace elements concentration in metabolically inactive fingernails has been used to monitor the exposure to toxic metals or to assess associations between excess or deficiency of trace elements. Material and methods: The research protocol was applied to a total number of 20 female volleyball players. The subjects who were randomly allocated into two groups with an equal number of members were administered 220 mg/day (Group 1) and 440 mg/day (Group 2) of zinc sulfat. Results: The result of the analysis of nail samples collected after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of supplementation showed no significant difference between Mg, …

Comparison Of Sprint Interval And Continuous Endurance Training On Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Adaptations In Young Healthy Adults, Gulbin Rudarli Nalcakan, Ece Onur, Arzu Oran Oran, S. Rana Varol

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Different intensities of exercise induce varying levels of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress. However, regular physical training enhances the antioxidant system and protects tissues by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the difference in markers between time-efficient low-volume high intensity interval (sprint interval training: SIT) and traditional high-volume low-intensity methods (continuous endurance training: CET) regarding oxidative stress and antioxidant levels. Material and methods: Fifteen male volunteers were divided into two groups according to their VO2max levels. The SIT program consisted of 4–6 Wingate all-out sprints with a 4.5 min recovery, while CET consisted of 30–50 min cycling …

The Effect Of The Dynamics Of External Load Changes In The Aspect Of The Lower Limit Response Time Of The Competitors Of Mixed Martial Arts (Mma) Taking Into Account Weight Categories And Sport Experience, Angelina Ignatjeva, Magdalena Nitychoruk, Artur Terbalyan, Alan Langer, Agata Wacek, Adam Maszczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The main aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the external load on the reaction time of the lower limbs of mixed martial arts fighters. Material and methods: The research group consisted of 31 senior MMA fighters (with training experience of at least 10 years, divided into two weight categories: light (66-70 kg) and heavy (over 93 kg) and each of them into two categories: intermediate and advanced). The Keizer Leg Press pneumatic device (Keizer, Fresno, CA, USA) was used to evaluate the reaction time of the lower limbs of MMA fighters. The subjects performed a …

Mental And Physical Health In General Population During Covid-19: Systematic Review And Narrative Synthesis, Feifei Wang, Szilvia Boros

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 changed the normality of daily life. Due to mobility restriction measures, physical and mental health in general population became a remarkable concern for researchers and health professionals. Material and methods: This article briefly reviews the evidence of mental and physical health consequences during COVID-19 pandemic. The review was conducted in October 2020 through PubMed and Web of Science with the searching frame: Mental health and Physical health and COVID-19. The study selection process followed the PRISMA flow diagram. Results: The reported mental consequences were mainly negative psychological effects including stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression. The …

Characteristics Of The Roles Of Mothers Of Children With Intellectual Disabilities As A Basis For Their Individual Therapy, Marcin Bialas

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: ‪Women enjoy a variety of social roles during their lives. Among the commonly known ones, which include e.g. the roles of wives and mothers, there are also those that radically change the scenario of one’s past life. These include the role of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. After all, the hardships associated with caring for them and with their upbringing, influence their mothers' perception of the world, change the existing family and professional social relations, determine the choice of values, and limit or block the goals set to date. It seemed interesting to the author of the study …

Purslane Supplementation Lowers Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory And Muscle Damage Biomarkers After High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise In Female Runners, Anis Charkhi Sahl Abad, Amine Ghram, Rahman Soori, Ali Akbarnejad, Fatemeh Azizi Ghuchan, Mohammad Mehdi Zare, Anthony C. Hackney, Stephen J. Bailey

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of purslane supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle damage biomarkers after completing high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Methods: Nine healthy female runners completed a HIIE treadmill protocol comprising 1 min at 100% of the peak treadmill velocity attained in a preliminary exhaustive incremental treadmill test, interspersed by 1 min of passive recovery, until they had run for 2.5 km. Athletes repeated this test following 10 days of supplementation with 1000 mg per day of purslane. Results: At baseline (i.e., absence of purslane supplementation) the HIIE protocol increased 9-HODE (p < 0.001), 13-HODE (p < 0.001), IL-17 (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.001), and LDH (p < 0.001). After purslane consumption, resting 9-HODE, 13-HODE, IL-17, TNF-α, and LDH were lowered (p < 0.001) and IL-10 was increased (p < 0.001) compared to before purslane supplementation. After purslane consumption and following the HIIE protocol, the responses of these biomarkers were lower compared to baseline (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Ten days of purslane supplementation blunted the perturbation to biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and muscle damage in female runners completing a HIIE protocol.

Resource Selection Of Deer Hunters In Georgia's Appalachian Mountains, Jacalyn P. Rosenberger, Andrew R. Little, Adam C. Edge, Cheyenne J. Yates, David A. Osborn, Charlie H. Killmaster, Kristina L. Johannsen, Karl V. Miller, Gino J. D'Angelo

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and hunters on 2 Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) within the Chattahoochee National Forest of northern Georgia, USA, significantly declined in number from the 1980s to 2018. Managers were interested in understanding how they could manipulate hunter distribution according to deer management goals. To understand the spatial distribution of hunting pressure and factors driving hunter resource selection, we analyzed GPS tracking data from 58 deer hunters over the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 hunting seasons. We evaluated hunter selection on 3 spatial scales relative to elevation, slope, and distance from roads, trails, wildlife openings, deciduous forest, mixed …

Gingival Transcriptome Of Innate Antimicrobial Factors And The Oral Microbiome With Aging And Periodontitis, Jeffrey L. Ebersole, Sreenatha S. Kirakodu, Linh Nguyen, Octavio A. Gonzalez

Center for Oral Health Research Faculty Publications

The epithelial barrier at mucosal sites comprises an important mechanical protective feature of innate immunity, and is intimately involved in communicating signals of infection/tissue damage to inflammatory and immune cells in these local environments. A wide array of antimicrobial factors (AMF) exist at mucosal sites and in secretions that contribute to this innate immunity. A non-human primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis was used to explore characteristics of the antimicrobial factor transcriptome (n = 114 genes) of gingival biopsies in health, initiation and progression of periodontal lesions, and in samples with clinical resolution. Age effects and relationship of AMF to …

Soy Formula Is Not Estrogenic And Does Not Result In Reproductive Toxicity In Male Piglets: Results From A Controlled Feeding Study, Martin J.J. Ronis, Horacio Gomez‐Acevedo, Kartik Shankar, Leah Hennings, Neha Sharma, Michael L. Blackburn, Isabelle Miousse, Harry Dawson, Celine Chen, Kelly E. Mercer, Thomas M. Badger

School of Graduate Studies Faculty Publications

Soy infant formula which is fed to over half a million infants per year contains isoflavones such as genistein, which have been shown to be estrogenic at high concentrations. The developing testis is sensitive to estrogens, raising concern that the use of soy formulas may result in male reproductive toxicity. In the current study, male White‐Dutch Landrace piglets received either sow milk (Sow), or were provided milk formula (Milk), soy formula (Soy), milk formula supplemented with 17‐beta‐estradiol (2 mg/kg/d) (M + E2) or supplemented with genistein (84 mg/L of diet; (M + G) from postnatal day 2 until day 21. …

Carveol Promotes Nrf2 Contribution In Depressive Disorders Through An Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism, Asmaa Jan Muhammad, Liangliang Hao, Lina Tariq Al Kury, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Arooj Mohsin Alvi, Haroon Badshah, Ikram Ullah, Fawad Ali Shah, Shupeng Li

All Works

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a progressive deteriorating mental state with a feeling of worthlessness and frequent mood swings. Several studies reported the favorable effects of natural drug substances on MMD associated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The present study is attempted to examine whether carveol could affect lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced depression, and if so, how nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) contributed to the neuroprotective effects of carveol mechanistically. Two experimental cohorts were used using the SD rats: first to evaluate the promising dose of carveol (whether 20 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) and secondly to determine the effect of carveol on …

Effect Of Long-Term Ketogenic Diet In Mice Serum Adiponectin, Hamidah Kurniasari, Purwo Sri Rejeki, Hartono Kahar, Sri Sunarti

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlight: • Adiponectin is an important protective factor for cardiovascular disease and increased insulin sensitivity. • Ketogenic diet effect on adiponectin level in mice besides decrease weight gain was determined. • The difference in serum adiponectin level and body weight is uncorrelated. Abstract: Ketogenic diet is a popular diet to reduce weight gain quickly. This diet has become a lifestyle . The ketogenic diet has been reported to affect adiponectin level, although it is still contraindicated. Adiponectin is a biomarker for metabolic disease that plays an important role as a protective factor for cardiovascular disease and increase insulin sensitivity. This …

Prioritizing Nurturing Care At The Municipal And District Level With The Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (Imapi), Gabriela Buccini, Juliana L. Pimentel, Jéssica Pedroso, Stefanie Dos Anjos Coelho Kubo, Juracy Bertoldo, Alberto Sironi, Marcos E. Barreto, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Muriel B. Gubert

Social and Behavioral Health Faculty Research

The Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (IMAPI) is a population-based approach to monitor the nurturing care environment for early childhood development (ECD) using routine information system data. It is unknown whether IMAPI can be applied to document metropolitan urban territorial differences in nurturing care environments. We used Brasilia, Brazil's capital with a large metropolitan population of 2,881,854 inhabitants divided into 31 districts, as a case study to examine whether disaggregation of nurturing care data can inform a more equitable prioritization for ECD in metropolitan areas. IMAPI scores were estimated at the municipal level (IMAPI-M, 31 indicators) and at the …

Selection On Dispersal Drives Evolution Of Metabolic Capacities For Energy Production In Female Wing-Polymorphic Sand Field Crickets, Gryllus Firmus, Lisa A. Treidel, Gessen S. Quintanilla Ramirez, Dillon J. Chung, Michael Menze, Jose P. Vazquez-Medina, Caroline M. Williams

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Life history and metabolism covary, but the mechanisms and individual traits responsible for these linkages remain unresolved. Dispersal capability is a critical component of life histories that is constrained by metabolic capacities for energy production. Conflicting relationships between metabolism and life histories may be explained by accounting for variation in dispersal and maximal metabolic rates. We used female wing-polymorphic sand field crickets, Gryllus firmus, selected either for long wings (LW) and flight-capability or short wings (SW) and high early lifetime fecundity to test the hypothesis that selection on dispersal capability drives the evolution of metabolic capacities. While resting metabolic …

An Overlooked Epidemic: Pediatric Oral Health Concerns On The Rise In Rural Communities, Emma Verbrugge

Honors Program: Senior Projects (Public)

Pediatric oral health is a concern for many dentists and parents as they lay the foundation for long-term proper hygiene in children. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a disease of chronic tooth decay marked as the most common chronic disease of childhood in the world. Children living in rural areas are even more susceptible to this disease and thus significant attention is needed to curve these numbers. The consequences of ECC are much more than just cosmetic, but include heightened risk of gingivitis, periodontal disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and much more. A foundational cause of poor dental hygiene lies with …

Application Of Linear Algebra Within The High School Curriculum: Designing Activities To Stimulate An Interest In Upper-Level Math, Shelby Castle

Honors Program: Senior Projects (Public)

This senior project outlines potential lecture activities for a guest speaker or teacher in a high school classroom to present interesting applications of linear algebra. These applications are meant to be pertinent to things students at this age level are already learning or are interested in. The activities are designed such that the ideas of upper-level math are introduced in a very guided and non-intense way. The intent of the activities is mostly applications and interesting results rather than mathematical lecturing or instruction.

The high school level courses explored in this project are chemistry, economics, and health/physical education. For these …

Profile Of Tuberculosis In Children In Taman District, Sidoarjo Regency, Indonesia, Ranti Dewanti Oktaviani, Pudji Lestari, Daniel Maranatha, Retno Asih Setyoningrum

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlight: • Pediatric tuberculosis patients profile using the medical records was determined. • The most pediatric tuberculosis patients under five years have pulmonary tuberculosis. • Pediatric tuberculosis patients received BCG immunization had a contact with adult tuberculosis patients histories. Abstract: The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia is 391 per 100,000 population with the number of deaths around 110,000 cases in 2016. This study is descriptive research that aims to determine the profile of pediatric TB patients using the medical records at Taman public health center the period 2016-2019 with a total sampling technique. The sample in this study were …

Acute Diarrhea Patients Among Children Under Five Hospitalized In A Tertiary Hospital In East Java, Indonesia, Asmahan Farah Adiba, Subijanto Marto Soedarmo, Sulistiawati Sulistiawati, Alpha Fardah Athiyyah

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlight: • The characteristics of acute diarrhea patients among chidren in Tertiary Hospital In East Java was evaluated. • The highest incidence of diarrhea was found in the 0-24 months age group, good nutritional status, male sex, and hospitalized in less than 5 days. • Mild-moderate dehydration, intravenous rehydration treated, anemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis were mostly founded. Abstract: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in Indonesia after pneumonia. In 2017, diarrhea became an outbreak in 12 provinces. Diarrhea in under-fives can cause several complications and can cause death …