Digital Commons Network^™

Cardiovascular Adaptation To Whole-Body Vibration Exercise In Obese Young Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, And Exploratory Analysis Of Sex Differences, Rafiu Okuneye, Abdulkareem Taiwo, Fatai Akinola Apalara, Okechukwu Kingsley Oforka, Isaiah Whenayon Ajoseh, Ogar Emmanuel Ekawu

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Obesity is strongly associated with hypertension and autonomic dysfunction. Whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) has been proposed as a low-impact intervention for improving cardiovascular function in obese adults, but sex-specific responses remain unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration exercise on blood pressure, autonomic function, and cardiac output in adults with obesity, and to explore potential sex differences in cardiovascular adaptations. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies examining the effects of WBV on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate variability (HRV), and …

Physical Fitness, Body Mass Index, And Physical Activity Among Senior Secondary Students: A Cross-Sectional Study In An Indonesian Islamic Secondary School, Ilona Pratiwi Hutabarat, Acep Rohmat Nurhidayat, Aprizal Fikri, Teguh Andi Prabowo, I Bagus Endrawan

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Physical fitness is a fundamental component of adolescent health and contributes to academic performance, mental well-being, and lifelong health outcomes. Following the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in sedentary behavior, evidence on the fitness profiles of Indonesian senior secondary students—particularly in Islamic secondary schools (Madrasah Aliyah)—remains scarce. Objective: To assess the physical fitness level of Madrasah Aliyah students and to examine its association with body mass index (BMI) and self-reported physical activity. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 35 students (18 male, 17 female; aged 15–19 years) at MA Raudlatul Irfan, South Tangerang, using purposive sampling. Physical fitness …

Dietary Patterns And Nutritional Status In Soccer Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study From An Ergonomic Perspective, Rina Mayangsari, Ravi Masitah

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Normal nutritional status has been established as one of the principal determinants in an athlete's performance. Dietary quality plays a critical role in optimizing athletes' physical fitness and performance outcomes. Objective: To examine the associations between dietary patterns on the MacPersona System and nutritional status of soccer players (energy, protein, et cetera, fat, and carbohydrates). Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted involving 21 soccer players (total sampling). Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Nutritional status was measured using Body Mass Index(BMI) based on anthropometric data. The chi-square test was used for statistical …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Indonesian Adolescents: Limited Role Of Bmi And Dominant Influence Of Age And Sex In A Large Cross-Sectional Study, Anies Setiowati, Sri Sumartiningsih, Nur Ilhaini Sucipto, Fatih Hazar, Philip X. Fuchs

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a crucial indicator of long-term cardiovascular and metabolic health. Whether body mass index (BMI) independently predicts CRF beyond demographic factors in large, real-world adolescent cohorts remains inconsistently defined. Objective: To determine the independent contributions of body mass index (BMI), age, and sex to cardiorespiratory fitness among Indonesian adolescents using a large community-based dataset.. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using community-based fitness screening data from Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 2,730 adolescents aged 10-18 years (mean 13.3 +/- 2.2 years; 49.6% male) were included. The primary outcome was CRF measured by the 1,600-meter run …

Association Between Eating Disorders, Macronutrient Intake Levels, And Muscle Mass Percentage Among University Martial Arts Athletes, Emyr Reisha Isaura, Kinasih Josephine Gusti Wiyarso, Lindsay Ozora Sanyaezra Simanjuntak, Amanda Humaira Febriyanti, Sekar Arum Kinasih, Sri Sumartinigsih

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Combat sport athletes often engage in rapid weight-management practices that may increase the risk of disordered eating and inadequate nutritional intake, potentially affecting muscle mass and athletic performance. However, evidence regarding the relationship between eating disorder risk, macronutrient intake, and muscle mass among university martial arts athletes remains limited. Objective: This study examined the association between eating disorder risk and macronutrient intake with muscle mass among martial arts student club members at Universitas Airlangga. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 university students (≥18 years) selected through stratified random sampling from martial arts student activity clubs. Eating disorder …

The Relationship Between Macronutrient Intake And Cardiometabolic Indicators In College Students Who Regularly Exercise, Yosef Ferdy Yangkara, Akhmad Lutfi, Bagus Kusuma Putra, Siti Baitul Mukarromah, Adi S

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Macronutrient intake plays a crucial role in determining body composition and cardiovascular health. Studies that simultaneously examine macronutrient intake and various cardiometabolic indicators in physically active populations without a clinical history remain limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between macronutrient intake and BMI, blood pressure, and heart rate among a gymnastics community at Semarang State University. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design involving 30 students (12 males and 18 females) aged 18–35 years, selected through purposive sampling. Macronutrient intake data were collected using a 2×24-hour food recall method, while BMI, blood pressure, and heart rate …

Body Composition Profiles And Physical Readiness Among Paragliding Trainees: A Cross-Sectional Study, Nanang Indardi, Anies Setiowati, Fajar Syamsudin, Didik Cahyono, Johnlenon Aliser, Sangheon Park

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Physical readiness is essential for performance and safety in paragliding. Body composition has been recognized as an important factor associated with physical performance; however, evidence regarding its collective influence on physical readiness among paragliding trainees remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to examine the role of body composition as an integrated correlate of physical readiness among paragliding trainees using a multiple regression analysis. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 24 paragliding trainees selected through purposive sampling. Body composition variables, including body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (PBF), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR), …

Analysis Of Rule Violations Leading To Disqualification In Youth Swimming Competitions: Evidence From Indonesia, Ika Novitaria Marani, Ari Subarkah, Heni Widyaningsih, Ricky Susiono, Muhammad Syahrul Ramadhan

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how disqualifications of competition rules in swimming competitions are committed. Rules must be obeyed when competing, and there are consequences for swimmers who violate them. Objective: To find out how the disqualification of the rules of the competition game in the swimming sport is carried out in the swimming competition. Methods: The research was conducted at the GBK Senayan Swimming Pool, and the study used a descriptive observational design. The population in this study consists of all beginner-level swimmers who take part in the 2025 DKI Jakarta swimming competition in Indonesia. …

The Rider (2026-04-06), Daniela Chapa-Reyes

The Rider Archives

Vol. 11, No. 25

Gender Equality, Diversity, And Social Inclusion: Validation And Development Of An Instrument For Higher Education, Nilo Jayoma Castulo, Maryfe M. Roxas, Arlyne C. Marasigan, Jayson L. De Vera, Ma. Laarni D. Buenaventura, Starr Clyde Sebial, John Michael Aquino, Bonjovi H. Hajan, Mark Ponce C. San Juan, Karen Abegail C. Lee

Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education

Gender Equality, Diversity, and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) are critical in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals number 4 (Quality Education), number 5 (Gender Equality), and number 10 (Reduced Inequalities), impacting various aspects of society, organizations, and individual well-being. While GEDSI remains a pressing concern worldwide, this study aims to design an instrument for the GEDSI situationer tool for students, administrative staff, and faculty members. The instrument undergoes a thorough validation and development process utilizing a mixed-method design. First, the item is designed through Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) on GEDSI in a prominent state university in the Philippines. Through exploratory Factor Analysis …

Generational Differences In Smartphone Health App Use, Terry Stringer Damron, Joe Cangelosi

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

No abstract provided.

The Past, Present, And Future Of Managing Seafood Supply Chain For Life Below Water (Un Sdg 14), Jiyoon An

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

No abstract provided.

A Regional Scoping Review Of School-Based Nutrition Interventions Conducted Across Nordic Countries, Basil H. Aboul-Enein, Stephen Gambescia, Nada Benajiba, Norah Eid Aljohani, Teresa Keller, Patricia J. Kelly

College of Nursing Faculty Papers & Presentations

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While Nordic countries have a relatively high socioeconomic status population, they are challenged by the health deficit of rising obesity and overweight among young people. The aim of this regional scoping review is to identify best practices for designing and implementing effective school nutrition programs in Nordic countries and identify gaps for further research.

METHODS: Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a scoping review was conducted across nine academic databases between 1980 and May 2025.

RESULTS: Fifty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, from small pilot interventions to large national or international cohorts involving thousands of students across the five …

The Effect Of The Mind Diet On Cognitive Decline In Als Patients With Frontotemporal Dementia, Riya Thomas, Reba Thomas, Eliana Gitelman

Department of Nutrition Student Projects

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord, leading to a broad range of neurological issues. Individuals with ALS experience progressive muscle weakness, dysphagia, slurred speech, and impaired movement and cognition. In addition to physical symptoms, around 15-20% of individuals with ALS also develop frontotemporal dementia (FTD). There are limited interventions to slow cognitive decline in this specific population. The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet has been associated with slower cognitive decline and reduced risk in neurodegenerative disease among older adults; however, its effects have not been …

Oral Rehabilitation Of A Pediatric Patient With A Dental Anomaly: A Case Report, Enas Almasri, Mohamed Altinawi, Shadi Azzawi, Imad Katbeh, Anas Abdo

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objective: Tooth fusion is an uncommon dental abnormality, occurring in 0.1% of permanent dentition. Fusion of a normal permanent tooth and a supernumerary tooth is unusual. This case report delineates a multidisciplinary strategy for the management of a child with a fused tooth and a concomitant supernumerary tooth. The objective is to progressively illustrate the aesthetic and functional restoration of a smile impacted by a dental fusion abnormality.

Case Report: A 9-year-old boy was referred to the pediatric dental clinic with the chief complaint of a large upper anterior tooth. Intraoral and radiographic investigations showed fusion of the permanent maxillary …

Esophageal Perforation Following Small-Bore Nasogastric Tube Placement: A Case Report, Kate Sanner Dixon, Alexis Ortega, Sofie Hass, Erich Wessel

Student Publications

Esophageal perforations are associated with high morbidity and mortality and can have iatrogenic or spontaneous causes. Nasogastric tube intubation, while generally considered a safe procedure, can be a very rare iatrogenic cause. A 61-year-old male underwent direct laryngoscopy, total laryngectomy, and esophageal dilation with complex closure for laryngeal obstruction and tracheocutaneous fistula secondary to laryngeal cancer. He experienced an esophageal perforation secondary to nasogastric tube advancement and required emergent surgical exploration via thoracotomy and laparotomy with washout and gastrostomy tube placement. Notably, the tube penetrated the cervical esophageal mucosa, tracked distally within a submucosal plane, and ultimately perforated the stomach …

Screening For Food Insecurity In An Outpatient Ophthalmology Clinic: A Health Equity- Quality Improvement Fellowship Project, Christine Coward, Tricia Jacobson, Mahadevan Subramanian, Sharon Ojo, Theresa Green, Neil Seligman, Jan Schriefer

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Background: Various social determinants of health have been implicated in ophthalmic diseases, with food insecurity being particular important, given the link between food and conditions such as diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy. Although quality improvement initiatives that address food insecurity screening exist, data extending to the ophthalmic clinical setting is limited.

Purpose: We implemented a health equity quality improvement fellowship project to improve screening for food insecurity in an urban ophthalmology outpatient clinic that sees adults and children.

Methods: Several initiatives were implemented in an attempt to reach a goal of 80% of patients screened for food insecurity. …

The Effect Of Low And High-Carbohydrate Diets On Memory Performance In College Students, Samia Baugh, Zoe Zajko, Jamie Analuisa, Ivanna Jacome

Department of Nutrition Student Projects

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the brain and play an important role in processes related to memory performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of a low-carbohydrate diet compared to a high-carbohydrate diet on memory performance in college students aged 18–22 years. For the purposes of this study, a low-carbohydrate diet is defined as a diet providing fewer than 130 grams of carbohydrates per day, while a high-carbohydrate diet provides approximately 325 grams of carbohydrates. This population is particularly important to study because college students experience high academic demands that require strong memory …

Predicting Soil Organic Carbon In Lower Depths From Surface Soil Features Using Machine Learning Methods, Lawrence Aula, Milena Maria Tomaz De Oliveira, Amanda C. Easterly, Cody F. Creech

Plants, Soils, and Climate Faculty Publications

Topsoil features within a depth of 0–10 cm are vital for making soil management decisions that affect crop production. However, the use of these soil features to predict soil organic carbon (SOC) at 10–20 cm requires further investigation. The study aims to predict SOC at 10–20 cm using total nitrogen (total N), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and SOC at 0–10 cm and select a suitable model for predicting SOC. This study was conducted using data from a long-term tillage, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow experiment established in autumn 1970. Treatments included moldboard plow, stubble mulch, no-till, and native …

A Ubiquitin Code Written In Circadian Time: Evaluating Protein Linkages In A Drosophila Model, Alejandro Damian, Elinor Harrison, Cj Dalton

Medical Student Research Symposium

Background: Ubiquitin is a small polypeptide that serves many functions within a cell, including modifying proteins, marking them for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Circadian rhythms regulate many cellular processes, but its role on the individual linkages of ubiquitin is poorly understood. This project aims to determine whether there is a circadian pattern for the conjugation of ubiquitin. Methods: Wild-type (Oregon R) Drosophila were entrained to a circadian cycle with standard light and dark environments. The whole heads were then frozen and removed at different times and used to quantify protein linkages using western blotting and antibodies to each …

Effect Of Sugar Concentrations On Flavor Substances In Xiangxi Radish Pickles Based On Gc-Ms And 16s Rrna, Liu Shimei, Zhou Yingjun, Zheng Zhihao, Xie Chunliang, Su Xiaojun

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To explore the effect of sugar concentration on the flavor formation of Xiangxi radish pickles, in response to the "sugar reduction" demand for healthy diets. [Methods] Three sugar treatment groups are set up at the concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 50%. Then, the dynamic changes of metabolites and microbial community structure are systematically monitored during the fermentation process using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. [Results] Levilactobacillus and Lactiplantibacillus are the dominant genera, with the highest abundance observed in the 10% sugar concentration group (P<0.05). In the later fermentation stage, the 30% sugar concentration group accumulates more alcohols, sugars, and organic acids, resulting in a more harmonious flavor profile. According to the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), 16 key metabolites are identified. Additionally, correlation analysis reveals that the two dominant genera are significantly associated with the metabolism of 9 and 12 flavor substances, respectively. [Conclusion] Moderate reduction of sugar concentration contributes to microbial community function and flavor substance synthesis.

Proteomics Of Tribute Citrus Turbid Juice And Characteristic Analysis Of Cloudy Proteins, Wang Feng, Liu Zhen, Ma Lukai, Wang Qin, Xiao Gengsheng, Liu Dongjie

Food and Machinery

[Objective] This study aims to investigate the characteristics of protein components and the types of cloudy proteins in Tribute citrus turbid juice. [Methods] Proteomics was used to analyze the proteomic features of the supernatant proteins and precipitated proteins in Tribute citrus turbid juice. [Results] There were significant differences in the electrophoresis bands of the supernatant proteins and precipitated proteins in Tribute citrus turbid juice. Compared with the supernatant proteins, precipitated proteins contained 2 897 differential proteins, including 2 487 up-regulated differential proteins and 410 down-regulated differential proteins. The up-regulated differential proteins in Tribute citrus turbid juice were mainly enriched in …

Quantitative Detection Of Chicken And Duck Derivatives In Pork Products Based On Digital Pcr Technique, Yang Xiaoli, Xin Le, Cui Ying, Li Hongduo, You Yaning

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To establish a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantitative detection method for chicken and duck adulteration in pork. [Methods] Primers and probes are designed based on single-copy genes specific to porcine, duck, and chicken. Then, a digital PCR quantitative detection method is established for derivatives in meat products, while verification is conducted on the detection limit, sensitivity, and specificity of the method. Additionally, a conversion coefficient K is introduced to convert copy number into the mass fraction of meat. Afterwards, the established method is applied to detect adulteration in 20 commercially available meat product samples. [Results] A digital PCR quantitative …

Effects Of Theaflavins And Modified Atmosphere Packaging On The Quality Of Air-Dried Hairtail (Trichiurus Lepturus) During Refrigerated Storage, Feng Chenxuan, Zhan Yuexiang, Shui Shanshan, Lin Huimin, Zhang Bin

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effects of combined treatment with theaflavins and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality of air-dried hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) during refrigerated storage. [Methods] Several indices of air-dried hairtail are measured during refrigerated storage, including peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, and total bacterial count (TBC). [Results] The combination of 70% CO2+30% N2 MAP and 0.3 g/kg theaflavins significantly inhibits the increase in PV and TBARS values (P<0.05), enhances the free radical scavenging capacity (P<0.05), and results in higher sensory evaluation scores. Moreover, the TBC of air-dried hairtail treated with 70% CO2+30% N2 MAP and 0.3 g/kg theaflavins is found to be significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05). After 10 days of refrigerated storage, the TBC is 5.40 log(CFU/g), which is 46.27% lower than that of the control group. Correlation analysis indicates a close relationship between the degree of lipid oxidation, spoilage, and antioxidant capacity. [Conclusion] The quality of air-dried hairtail during storage is effectively maintained by the combined treatment of 70% CO2+30% N2 MAP and 0.3 g/kg theaflavins.

Effects Of Electron Beam Irradiation On Physicochemical Properties And Edible Quality Of Guangxi Fragrant Rice, Chen Xiuxia, Zhang Bin

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the storage quality of high-moisture Guangxi fragrant rice. [Methods] High-moisture fragrant rice is subjected to electron beam irradiation in varying doses (1 to 5 kGy). Then, changes in its physicochemical properties and edible quality are studied during storage. [Results] After low-dose EBI treatment, no significant change is observed in the moisture content of the fragrant rice. During storage, the growth rates of lipase activity and fatty acid value decrease in the irradiated fragrant rice, with inhibited microbial proliferation. Compared with non-irradiated fragrant rice, the irradiated fragrant rice exhibits slowly …

Mechanisms Of Licochalcone A In Inhibiting Tumor Growth Via Lncrna-Cdc 42bpa-Ampk/Mtor Axis, Shi Zhan, Yao Meicun, Shi Xianyong, Tan Panpan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the molecular mechanism by which licochalcone A inhibits colorectal cancer growth through regulation of the AMPK/mTOR signaling axis via long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs). [Methods] Human colorectal cancer HCT 116 cells and a nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft model were used. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 and EdU assays, and cell migration was evaluated by wound healing and Transwell assays. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was employed to detect the expression levels of proliferation- and migration-related markers, and Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression of proteins related to the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Differential expressed LncRNAs in HCT 116 cells …

Extraction And Analysis Of Structural Characterization And Antioxidant Activity Of Polysaccharides From Xiaobai Apricots, Chen Lin, Abudureheman Buhailiqiemu, Jiang Luxi, Tang Rui, Zhang Jianlin, Gao Zhihui

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To explore the extraction process and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Xiaobai apricots. [Methods] Xinjiang Xiaobai apricots are used as raw materials. The extraction process of Xiaobai apricot polysaccharides is optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The structural properties of the polysaccharides are characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential refractometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activity is evaluated by measuring the scavenging abilities of DPPH radicals, ABTS+ radicals, and hydroxyl radicals. [Results] The optimal extraction conditions are determined as a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶40 (g/mL), extraction time of 6 h, and …

Differential Analysis Of Volatile Oil Components In Artemisia Dracunculus L. From Different Plant Parts And Growth Years, Hou Chunjing, Guo Qin, Yang Jialu, Liu Zhonghao, Chang Zhitian

Food and Machinery

[Objective] This study investigates variations in the chemical composition of volatile oils extracted from different plant parts and growth ages of Artemisia dracunculus L. [Methods] The volatile oil components are analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Differential analysis is performed using cluster heatmaps and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). [Results] The roots, stems, and leaves contain 27, 27, and 47 compounds, respectively. The leaves exhibit the highest chemical diversity, with most compounds present in relatively high concentrations. Certain compounds, such as elemicin, are exclusively detected in the stems and roots. While absent in the leaves, elemicin is particularly abundant …

Comparison Of Amino Acids And Volatile Flavor Compounds In Various Parts Of Ternary Pig Meat, Li Rui, Wang Jingyu, Shi Xixiong, Zhang Aiwen, Yu Xuan, Xu Linna

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To scientifically evaluate the differences of amino acids and volatile flavor compounds in various parts of Ternary pig meat. [Methods] The composition of amino acids and volatile flavor compounds in front leg meat, hind leg meat, and longissimus dorsi muscle of the Ternary pig is compared and analyzed. [Results] The total amino acid content of fore limb meat, hind limb meat, and longissimus dorsi muscle is 16.13, 15.69, and 17.26 g/100 g, respectively. The essential amino acid content is 6.33, 6.12, and 6.71 g/100 g, respectively. The non-essential amino acid content is 9.79, 9.57, and 10.56 g/100 g, respectively. …

Effects Of Different Sterilization Methods On The Physicochemical Properties And Volatile Compounds Of Pomegranate Juice, Gu Junhua, Xing Xiaoke

Food and Machinery

[Objective] This study aims to evaluate the effects of different sterilization methods on the physicochemical properties, phenolic compounds, and aroma components of pomegranate juice, providing a scientific basis for selecting sterilization techniques in pomegranate juice processing. [Methods] 'Tunisia' soft-seed pomegranate juice is subjected to pasteurization (PS), ultrasound (US), high-pressure processing (HPP), and microwave sterilization (MS), respectively. Physicochemical properties and volatile compound content are determined. [Results] HPP demonstrates superior performance in preserving pomegranate juice quality compared to other treatments. PS treatment significantly reduces the redness value from 16.82 to 12.37 and results in the highest total color difference of 4.82, indicating …