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Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan Customer Service Pada Rumah Sakit Di Provinsi Dki Jakarta, Badra Al Aufa

Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis Terapan

Improving the quality of hospital services could be increase profit, market share and cost savings. Staff in front desk plays an important role in affect satisfaction patients, possibility for someone to recommend service and grades create a for patients. This study attempts to analyze the quality of customer service unit at hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. This research used observation method. Data collection technique was using ghost shopping method. Research has been conducted on 19 hospitals in Jakarta. The selection of hospital was using purposive sampling method. Check list has been used for data collection. Observation has been conducted to see …

Beyond The Pitch: Teaching Emotional Labor In Advertising Education Through An Action Research Program, Michael Joseph Mallory

Theses and Dissertations

As the advertising industry continues to expand, new graduates must navigate the profession in the face of increasing challenges. With competition in the job market growing and Generation Z valuing work-life balance, the advantage of quality advertising education becomes paramount. Current advertising education does not address the challenge of emotional labor that professionals will face in the field. With limited scholarship that explores emotional regulation, communication dynamics, and client relations in an academic advertising setting, emotional labor in advertising education is explored through a thoroughly documented experiential learning study. This study employs Participatory Action Research (PAR) to investigate, develop, and …

#Bergeraklebihbaik As A Cultural Campaign: Brand Activation, Digital Lifestyle, And Urban Health Consciousness In Contemporary Indonesia, Putri Ayu Ningtyas, Hardika Widi Satria, Besty Priyandhini, Naldo Tantuah, Muhammad Heychael, Nazira Shafera Kirana

International Review of Humanities Studies

In today's hyper-competitive branding environment, marketing strategies are no longer solely focused on product promotion but have evolved into cultural practices that shape societal norms, values, and identities. This study explores how Pristine, a premium bottled mineral water brand, utilized brand activation through the #BergerakLebihBaik campaign to not only increase brand awareness but also construct a cultural narrative around health, wellness, and lifestyle among urban Indonesian consumers. Through a mixed-method qualitative approach including social media observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, this research demonstrates how the campaign functioned as a cultural artifact that mediated discourses of modern health, digital engagement, …

Symbols And Power Discourses In Three Shadow Puppet Performances Of The Murwakala Play, Ayuk Latifah, Darmoko Darmoko

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study analyzes the symbols and discourses of power in three Purwa shadow puppet performances of the Murwakala play, styles of Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and Banyumas. The Murwakala play, centered on themes of purification and the transformation of power, contains a rich narrative for analyzing power dynamics through the interactions between characters such as Batara Kala (a form of destructive power), Batara Wisnu (a form of constructive power), and Batara Guru (a form of cosmic order). Using a qualitative approach, this research integrates Geertz's theory of cultural symbolism and Foucault's discourse of power to analyze how power is represented and negotiated …

Soft Power: Brics Cultural Diplomacy And The Rebalancing Of Global Narratives, Brice Tseen Fu Lee, Kotchaphop Kornphetcharat, Juan Pablo Sims

International Review of Humanities Studies

BRICS has broadened its agenda beyond finance to cultivate soft power through coordinated cultural diplomacy. Examining official statements, press releases, and scholarly commentary on the bloc’s flagship film, sports, and ministerial initiatives, this article shows that cooperation is advancing from one-off spectacles toward structured, recurring institutions. Findings indicate two simultaneous dynamics: outwardly, BRICS venues amplify Global-South perspectives that diversify international cultural flows; inwardly, member states use the same platforms to signal national prestige, revealing persistent status competition. The result is an early but uneven cultural architecture—one that counters Euro-Atlantic narrative dominance yet has not crystallized into a fully coherent BRICS …

Teaching Philosophy, Growing Child’S Empathy : Derrida’S Trace Theory For Critical Thinking And Character Education, Fatimah Fraya, Fristian Hadinata

International Review of Humanities Studies

Child bullying cases increased significantly following the pandemic and took its toll on the need for emergency tackling and preventive action. This research focused on philosophy as a an approach to character building, using the synthesis method of literature views which also inspired from previous teachings known as Philosophy for Children (P4C), combined with hands-on experiment simulation. The aim is to discover a practical learning concept to enable philosophy to be introduced in children's classrooms at a certain age. Researchers found the intersection between philosophy and child character building beneficial in refining their empathy cognitively and creating better generations in …

Experiences Of Women In K–12 Educational Technology Leadership Positions, Natalie M. Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem addressed in this study was the lack of women in K–12 educational technology leadership positions in the United States. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the experiences of women in K–12 educational technology leadership regarding the challenges and successes they encountered in achieving and maintaining their positions. Feminist standpoint theory formed the framework for this study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 women who were active or former K–12 educational technology leaders in public schools across the country. Open and pattern coding were used to support thematic analysis. An overarching theme of gender bias …

From Backstage To Front Stage : Understanding Dramaturgical Work Behavior In The Workplace, Yufei Cheng

Lingnan Theses (MPhil & PhD)

Modern organizations often reward “looking busy” rather than genuinely contributing, prompting employees to engage in superficial displays of productivity. This type of behavior can be considered as a previously unexplored yet important form of impression management. While impression management research has predominantly examined outcome-oriented tactics, it has not fully captured the subtler, non-contributory forms of performative behavior that permeate everyday work life. To address this gap, this dissertation introduces Dramaturgical Work Behavior (DWB), a concept grounded in Goffman’ s dramaturgical theory, which outlines how employees enact symbolic “front-stage” performances—such as feigned urgency or exaggerated busyness—to signal conformity without adding real …

Treatment With Allogenic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells For Moderate To Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center, Phase 2b Clinical Trial (Stat), Michael A Matthay, Hanjing Zhou, Aartik Sarma, Narges Alipanah-Lechner, Carolyn Hendrickson, Lucy Z Kornblith, Martin Schreiber, David Zonies, Akram Khan, Bryce Robinson, Nicholas J Johnson, Lorraine B Ware, Oscar Guillamondegui, Jonathan Casey, Laura Moore, Bela Patel, Lillian Kao, Charles E Wade, Erin Fox, Charles Cox, Farrakh Khawanja, Robier Aguillon Prada, Sami Hossri, Rachael Callcut, Timothy Albertson, Kevin L Delucchi, Melanie Mcmillan, Charles R Langelier, Shibani Pati, David H Mckenna, Carolyn Leroux, Carolyn S Calfee, Kathleen D Liu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Prior clinical trials established the safety, but not the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Methods: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, multi-center randomized phase 2b clinical trial of one dose of intravenous MSCs (10 x 106/kg predicted body weight) versus placebo in 120 ventilated patients with ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 < 250 mmHg). The primary endpoint was change in oxygenation index (OI) over 36 hours from baseline.

Findings: Enrollment began in January 2020. Due to the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the majority of subjects (101/120, 84%) developed ARDS from COVID-19. There were no significant baseline differences in severity of illness between patients treated with MSCs and those who received …

2023-03-07 Executive Council Minutes, Susie Salazar

Executive Council Minutes

No abstract provided.

2023-01-24 Executive Council Minutes, Susie Salazar

Executive Council Minutes

No abstract provided.

But Who Is It For? Introducing A Framework For Critical Reflection On Design And Delivery Of Ethical Participatory Research, Hannah Gardiner, Clare Pettinger, Louise Hunt, Mary Hickson

School of Health Professions

Delivering ethical collaborative research is challenging, requiring disruption of assumptions, academic norms, and ways of working–including long-standing power dynamics. This article proposes a framework to support critical reflection on participatory practice; an adaptation of the wheel of consent. The adapted ‘ILBR’ framework explores the balance of who Initiates (makes requests/offers), does Labour (the action), gets Benefits, and takes on Risks (ILBR) in the conduct of research. This aims to support reflexive design and delivery of ethical participation, including a shift towards consent becoming an ongoing multi-way negotiation of agreements. Particularly it aims to support ‘interpersonal reflexivity’, and navigation of the …

Reviving The Lost Art: Historical Foundations And Future Pathways For Bespoke Service In Luxury Retail, Andrew Burnstine

Faculty and Staff Publications & Presentations

The mid-20th century witnessed a zenith of deeply personalized, bespoke service within iconic luxury specialty retailers. This paper critically analyzes the foundational principles of this historical bespoke service model, extending Service-Dominant (S-D) Logic and retail evolution theory, to propose a robust framework for its modern revival. Employing a rigorous qualitative, multiple-case study approach, grounded in extensive historical and media analysis of four archetypal American and British luxury boutiques, and uniquely informed by an insider-ethnographic perspective on the central case exemplar ("Martha's"), the study distills six core principles: Profound Client Knowledge, Visionary Curation & Styling, Anticipatory & Proactive Service, The Exclusive …

Targeted Delivery Of Rapamycin Via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors In Pancreatic Cancer Cells Inhibits Cell Proliferation And Induces Apoptosis, Adeolu S. Oluremi, Christofer Baldwin, Nickolas L. Gustavision, Mujeebat Bashiru, Adeniyi Nsiah Oyebade, Noureen Siraj, Raj Raghavendra Rao, N. Ali

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is aggressive and deadly; most PC cells overexpress an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR-targeting peptide (GE11) was conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for delivering rapamycin (Rap), an mTOR inhibitor that reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis. Biophysical techniques confirmed the conjugation. Rap loading efficiency was 41.5%, with sustained release at a lower pH. Conjugates showed higher uptake in PANC-1 cells than unmodified AuNPs. It also inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis via pathways involving reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage, and caspase activation. This approach represents a promising nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategy targeting PC cells, utilizing GE11-EGFR interactions to minimize …

Cd206+Il-4rα+ Macrophages Are Drivers Of Adverse Cardiac Remodeling In Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Qiongxin Wang, Mohamed Ameen Ismahil, Yujie Zhu, Gregg Rokosh, Tariq Hamid, Guihua Zhou, Steven M. Pogwizd, Sumanth D. Prabhu

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: The role of cardiac CD (cluster of differentiation) 206

METHODS: Adult C57BL/6 mice underwent nonreperfused myocardial infarction to induce HF. Macrophages in murine and human hearts were profiled using flow cytometry and immunostaining. In vivo myeloid-specific IL-4Rα deletion and intramyocardial macrophage adoptive transfer defined the functional effects of macrophages polarized by IL-4 (M[IL-4]). Antisense oligonucleotides were used for in vivo IL-4Rα gene silencing in mice.

RESULTS: CD206

CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac CD206

A Phase I Trial Of Evorpacept, Lenalidomide And Rituximab For Patients With B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Paolo Strati, Lei Feng, Andrey Tyshevich, Darya Shavronskaya, Julia Alesse, Noel English, Elizabeth Sheehan, Nikita Syzrantsev, Alexander Nesmelov, Tony Z Zhuang, Dai Chihara, Jason R Westin, Sairah Ahmed, Luis E Fayad, Jared Henderson, Kylie Dent, Elizabeth Mcchesney, Sattva S Neelapu, Christopher R Flowers

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: SIRPα+ macrophages can mediate resistance to lenalidomide and rituximab (R2) in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Evorpacept (ALX148) is a novel CD47 blocker that abrogates interactions between lymphoma cells and SIRPα+ macrophages.

Methods: Adult patients with B-NHL who had received at least 2 prior lines of systemic therapy were included in this single arm phase I study (NCT05025800). Evorpacept was administered intravenously (IV), in a 28-day cycle, until progression, at two dose levels (DL): 30 mg/Kg on day (D) 1 and D15 (DL1), or 60 mg/Kg on day 1 (DL2); rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV was given …

Transforming Cancer Care: A Narrative Review On Leveraging Artificial Intelligence To Advance Immunotherapy In Underserved Communities, Victor M. Vasquez Jr., Molly Mccabe, Jack C. Mckee, Sharon Siby, Usman Hussain, Farah Faizuddin, Aadil Sheikh, Subramanian Dhandayuthapani, Shrikanth Gadad, Jessica Chacon

School of Medicine Publications

Purpose: Cancer immunotherapy has transformed oncology, but underserved populations face persistent disparities in access and outcomes. This review explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can help mitigate these barriers. Methods: We conducted a narrative review based on peer-reviewed literature selected for relevance to artificial intelligence, cancer immunotherapy, and healthcare challenges, without restrictions on publication date. We searched three major electronic databases: PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and arXiv, covering both biomedical and computational literature. The search included publications from January 2015 through April 2024 to capture contemporary developments in AI and cancer immunotherapy. Results: AI tools such as machine learning, …

An Arc Of Time Through Crime: Representations Of Gypsies And Travellers In Police Killings, Coretta Phillips, Becky Taylor, Zoë James

School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper examines newspaper stories reporting on the killings by Gypsy and Traveller offenders of PC Leslie Meehan in 1960 and PC Andrew Harper in 2019. These media representations are used as heuristic devices to explore differing media discourses about this white minority ethnic group. Sixty years apart, these stories demonstrate supportive media commentary in the earlier period and more corrosive coverage in the recent period. Making a contribution to historical criminology and its consideration of race, this paper draws from extensive archival analysis and the extant literature. It highlights the political-economic significance of home ownership, the partial inclusion of …

Potential Of Legume Seeds From The Leguminosae Family As Material Source Of Food And Medicine : A Literature Review, Ni Made Ayu Gangga Dewi, Nina Dewi Oktaviyanti, Aurapa Sakulpanich, Kartini Kartini

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Leguminosae, also known as Fabaceae, is the third largest plant family after Orchidaceae and Asteraceae. This review aimed to explore the potential of several legume species indigenous to Indonesia, from the Leguminosae family, as sources of food and medicine. The data used for the analysis were collected from various online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The results showed that there were 13 species of Leguminosae family plants found easily in Indonesia including Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna pruriens, Arachis hypogaea, Vigna subterranea, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, Vigna angularis, Vigna …

Seeing Bias Through Eye Movements: Investigating Empathy And Engagement With Authentic And Altered Refugee Imagery, Reem Albaghli, Akshay Sunil Gurnaney, Nada Attar

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

This study investigates perceptual biases in responses to Syrian and Ukrainian refugee images using human-computer interaction (HCI) techniques. We hypothesized that media portrayals might shape empathy and influence both biases and donation behavior. Participants viewed both authentic and face-swapped images, with eye-tracking data capturing pupil size and decision-making patterns. In Experiment 1, participants' eye-tracking data and donation behavior indicated higher engagement and donations for authentic images, suggesting a preference for unaltered images without ethnicity-based bias. Experiment 2 explored this further by presenting cropped refugee faces alongside neutral or intellectual art, asking participants to choose the art that best matched each …

Sleep Drive, Not Total Sleep Amount, Increases Seizure Risk, Vishnu Anand Cuddapah, Cynthia T Hsu, Fernanda Valle Sirias, Yongjun Li, Hrishit M Shah, Christopher Saul, Samantha Killiany, Camilo Guevara, Joy Shon, Zhifeng Yue, Gabrielle L Gionet, Mary E Putt, Amita Sehgal

Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications

Sleep loss has been associated with increased seizure risk since antiquity. Using automated video detection of spontaneous seizures in Drosophila epilepsy models, we show that seizures worsen only when sleep restriction raises homeostatic "sleep drive," not simply when total sleep amount falls. This is supported by the paradoxical finding that acute activation of sleep-promoting circuits worsens seizures, because it increases sleep drive without changing sleep amount. Sleep-promoting circuits become hyperactive after sleep loss and are associated with increased whole-brain activity. During sleep restriction, optogenetic inhibition of sleep-promoting circuits to reduce sleep drive protects against seizures. Downregulation of the 5HT1A serotonin …

Xpert Mtb/Rif Ultra Assay For Pulmonary Tuberculosis And Rifampicin Resistance In Adults And Adolescents, David J Horne, Jerry S Zifodya, Adrienne E Shapiro, Elizabeth Chandler Church, Jonah S Kreniske, Alexander W Kay, Katie Scandrett, Karen R Steingart, Yemisi Takwoingi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) is a molecular World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended rapid diagnostic test that simultaneously detects tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. This review updates a comparative accuracy Cochrane review of Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra as Xpert Ultra has replaced Xpert MTB/RIF.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults and adolescents with presumptive tuberculosis based on signs or symptoms or with an abnormal chest x-ray suggestive of tuberculosis.

Search methods: We searched seven databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase, plus two trial registers (ClinicalTrials.gov …

Cell Type-Specific Purifying Selection Of Synonymous Mitochondrial Dna Variation, Caleb A Lareau, Patrick Maschmeyer, Yajie Yin, Jacob C Gutierrez, Ryan S Dhindsa, Anne-Sophie Gribling-Burrer, Sebastian Zielinski, Yu-Hsin Hsieh, Lena Nitsch, Veronika Dimitrova, Benan Nalbant, Frank A Buquicchio, Tsion Abay, Robert R Stickels, Jacob C Ulirsch, Patrick Yan, Fangyi Wang, Zhuang Miao, Katalin Sandor, Bence Daniel, Vincent Liu, Paul L Mendez, Petra Knaus, Manpreet Meyer, William J Greenleaf, Anshul Kundaje, Redmond P Smyth, Mathias Munschauer, Leif S Ludwig, Ansuman T Satpathy

Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications

While somatic variants are well-characterized drivers of tumor evolution, their influence on cellular fitness in nonmalignant contexts remains understudied. We identified a mosaic synonymous variant (m.7076A > G) in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 1 (MT-CO1, p.Gly391=), present at homoplasmy in 47% of immune cells from a healthy donor. Single-cell multiomics revealed strong, lineage-specific selection against the m.7076G allele in CD8+ effector memory T cells, but not other T cell subsets, mirroring patterns of purifying selection of pathogenic mtDNA alleles. The limited anticodon diversity of mitochondrial tRNAs forces m.7076G translation to rely on wobble pairing, unlike the Watson-Crick-Franklin pairing …

Fictitious Data-Based Watermarking System

Defensive Publications Series

Systems and methods are provided for watermarking via unique synthetic datasets. A candidate model may be trained with a poison dataset including synthetic information. The synthetic information may relate to a fictitious place, person, or scenario, for example. A set of one or more inference questions associated with the poison dataset may be determined. The candidate model may be tested based on the set of one or more inference questions. A confidence may also be generated. The confidence may be associated with one or more identification metrics associated with the candidate model.

Method, System, And Computer Program Product For Large Language Model (Llm)-Enabled Searching, Jia Yi Kuo, Jianyang Huang, Karthik Gopalakrishna, Bhuvanjeet Singh Gandhi, Paromita Guha, Ashutosh Kumar Chandel, Arpita Agrawal, Ritu Saxena

Defensive Publications Series

A method includes: chunking each resource into chunks; inputting the chunks into a model; for each chunk, generating an embedding vector; receiving a query message from a user device; inputting the query message into the model; generating a query embedding vector for the query message; executing a semantic search on the query embedding vector by: inputting the query embedding vector and the embedding vector for each chunk to the model; for each chunk, generating a chunk similarity score; determining a subset of chunks based on the chunk similarity score for each chunk of the resource; inputting the subset of chunks …

Fairness Of Etds – A Conference Report Of Etd 2022, Joachim Schöpfel

The Journal of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), together with the University of Novi Sad and the non-for-profit organization Science 2.0 Alliance organized the 25th International Symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations, ETD 2022, at Novi Sad, Serbia, from 07 to 09 September, 2022, at the congress center of the University of Novi Sad. The conference theme was “FAIRness of ETDs and its implications”. The following paper provides a short report of the event, of the keynotes, communications and discussions, along with some perspectives for the research and development on ETDs.

Prevalence Of Stress Urinary Incontinence In Female Strength Athletes, Meghan Rohde, Jason Brumitt, Jodi Sandvik, Kari Bo

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a symptom during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, but a high prevalence of SUI is experienced in sports involving running and jumping. Objectives: Identify the scope of the problem of SUI in women participating in strength sports, movement patterns that elicit SUI, and the impact on quality of life in female athletes with SUI. Study Design: Survey mixed methods with qualitative focus groups. Methods: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and a sport-specific and obstetric/gynecological history questionnaire were sent to women who are United States citizens, age 18-65, and …

Increasing Clinical Placements For Occupational Therapy In A Social Services Setting: Innovations For Practice, Martin Fitzgerald, Becky Antich, Ele Grimwood

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: The provision of undergraduate clinical placements to support Allied Health education has always been a challenge. However, in the last few years, the mismatch between undergraduate students and available placements has become acute. This paper describes how an undergraduate occupational therapy programme and a Metropolitan Council provider of social services worked together to overcome these challenges. The aim was to enhance inter-institutional cooperation and placement educator support and to increase placement opportunities. Method: A series of meetings between the university and the host institution identified barriers and opportunities to placement expansion. For the host institution, these included the absence …

Impact Of Self-Selected Self-Care Activities On Perceived Stress And Resilience Of Doctor Of Physical Therapy Students, Leslie F. Taylor, Niamh M. Tunney, Lisa Fraher

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: To assess the impact of self-selected self-care activities, supported by four interspersed reflection prompts, on the perceived stress and resilience of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students over 12 weeks. Methods: This exploratory study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Participants included third-semester DPT students (n=37; Class of 2024) enrolled in an eight-semester program.100% provided consent, with an 89% response rate (n=32). Quantitative pre- and post-measures included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD RISC-25), and a researcher-developed survey which asked students to identify their current self-care activities from a list of physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, …

Defining And Addressing Student Unprofessional Behaviors From The Physical Therapy Clinical Instructors’ Perspective, Michele "Shelly" Lewis, Nicole Biltz, Moyo B. Tillery, Jamie Dunlap Coates, Tracy Ellison, Elsa M. Drevyn

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Developing professional behaviors is an integral part of health professional education. Despite physical therapy education programs’ efforts to assist student physical therapists in developing professional behaviors before entering the clinic, some students still struggle with professional behaviors during clinical education experiences. Literature describing unprofessional behaviors in the clinic and providing guidance for clinical instructors to assess and address professional behavior issues is scarce. This study was conducted to investigate the type of unprofessional behaviors student physical therapists display during clinical education experiences and to describe successful and unsuccessful strategies used by clinical instructors to address challenging behaviors. Method: A …