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Articles 39151 - 39180 of 721954
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As-986-25 Resolution On Template For General Education 2026, General Education Governance Board
As-986-25 Resolution On Template For General Education 2026, General Education Governance Board
Academic Senate Resolutions
Resolves that the Academic Senate of the California Polytechnic State University approve the attached Template for General Education 2026; and be it further resolves that the Template for General Education 2026 be implemented for all students beginning in the 2026-27 catalog.
Met 105-102: Applied Computer Aided Design, Ramy Shamroukh
Met 105-102: Applied Computer Aided Design, Ramy Shamroukh
School of Applied Engineering and Technology Syllabi
No abstract provided.
Impact Of Arctic And Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warmings On Thermospheric Composition, Jiarong Zhang, Jens Oberheide, Nicholas M. Pedatella, Guiping Liu
Impact Of Arctic And Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warmings On Thermospheric Composition, Jiarong Zhang, Jens Oberheide, Nicholas M. Pedatella, Guiping Liu
All Physics Faculty Publications
Using the Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) and the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI), we examine the impact of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) on the changes of thermospheric composition during the 2018–2019 and 2020–2021 Arctic SSWs and the 2019 Antarctic SSW. Contributions of planetary waves, gravity waves, and migrating tides are assessed by performing numerical experiments with the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) vertically extended version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM‐X). The variations in the column integrated O and N2 density ratio (∑ O/N2) are generally similar among WACCM‐X, GOLD, …
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.7 Subtype: A Promising Therapeutic Target For Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Piyasuda Pukkanasut
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.7 Subtype: A Promising Therapeutic Target For Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Piyasuda Pukkanasut
All ETDs from UAB
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a rare neuroendocrine tumor, presents considerable clinical challenges due to its tendency to metastasize to organs such as the liver, bones, and brain, resulting in poor patient outcomes. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) have emerged as potential therapeutic targets in various malignancies due to their crucial role in promoting cancer cell progression, migration, invasion, and metastasis. This dissertation investigates the specific contributions of the VGSC NaV1.7 subtype in MTC, evaluating its potential as a therapeutic target and elucidating its mechanistic involvement in MTC. Initially, we assessed VGSC subtypes expression in MTC cells. The screening revealed an overexpression …
Executive Committee - Agenda, 1/7/2025, Academic Senate
Executive Committee - Agenda, 1/7/2025, Academic Senate
Academic Senate Agendas
No abstract provided.
Teachers' Perspectives Of Mandated Health Education Curriculum Goals In Grades K-3, Ashley Baker
Teachers' Perspectives Of Mandated Health Education Curriculum Goals In Grades K-3, Ashley Baker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study addressed the challenges faced by many Grades K–3 teachers in north central Georgia in consistently implementing mandated health education curriculum goals (Villegas et al., 2021). The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore teachers’ perspectives on the barriers to consistent health education delivery in elementary schools. The study was guided by the concerns-based adoption model, which provided a framework for understanding how teachers navigate changes in curriculum and instruction. The key research questions focused on identifying the specific challenges teachers encounter in implementing health education and their perceived needs for support. Semi structured interviews were conducted …
State-Of-Charge Estimation Using Deep Learning For Electric Vehicles, Samer Yahya Ribhe Tahboub
State-Of-Charge Estimation Using Deep Learning For Electric Vehicles, Samer Yahya Ribhe Tahboub
LSU Master's Theses
This thesis investigates the application of deep learning models for State of Charge (SOC) estimation in Battery Management Systems (BMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on optimizing EV range, lifespan, and performance while addressing challenges like range anxiety. The study explores three deep learning architectures—Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)—each designed to capture complex temporal dependencies in battery data. The LSTM model is trained on EV battery data, including voltage, current, temperature, and SOC, providing a strong baseline for SOC estimation. The BiLSTM model enhances accuracy by processing data in both forward and backward …
The Role Of Anthropogenic Influences On A Tropical Lake Ecosystem And Its Surrounding Catchment: A Case Study Of Lake Sentani, Sulung Nomosatryo, Daniel Lipus, Alexander Bartholomäus, Cynthia Henny, Iwan Ridwansyah, Puguh Sujarta, Sizhong Yang, Dirk Wagner, Jens Kallmeyer
The Role Of Anthropogenic Influences On A Tropical Lake Ecosystem And Its Surrounding Catchment: A Case Study Of Lake Sentani, Sulung Nomosatryo, Daniel Lipus, Alexander Bartholomäus, Cynthia Henny, Iwan Ridwansyah, Puguh Sujarta, Sizhong Yang, Dirk Wagner, Jens Kallmeyer
College of Life Sciences Faculty Papers
Lake Sentani is a tropical lake in Indonesia, consisting of four interconnected sub-basins of different water depths. While previous work has highlighted the impact of catchment composition on biogeochemical processes in Lake Sentani, little is currently known about the microbiological characteristics across this unique ecosystem. With recent population growth in this historically rural area, the anthropogenic impact on Lake Sentani and hence its microbial life is also increasing. Therefore, we aimed to explore the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the microbial diversity of Lake Sentani. Here, we present a detailed microbiological evaluation of Lake Sentani, analyzing 49 different …
Voices From Rural Classrooms: African American Girls’ Middle School Experiences And Engagement With Science, Malysa Chandler
Voices From Rural Classrooms: African American Girls’ Middle School Experiences And Engagement With Science, Malysa Chandler
All ETDs from UAB
Although the number of women pursuing science careers has increased, there is still a very low representation of African American women in science-related professions. In effort to ignite the interest of African American women in science-related careers, a shift will need to take place in the pedagogical practices of middle school teachers that will increase African American girls’ engagement in science. This shift in pedagogical practices will require the conjoining efforts of informal science programs that operate under the same pedagogical practices. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the middle years science experiences of African American girls …
Development Of Momordica Saponin-Based Vaccine Adjuvants, Hyunjung Kim
Development Of Momordica Saponin-Based Vaccine Adjuvants, Hyunjung Kim
All ETDs from UAB
Vaccine adjuvants are indispensable substances that help induce a fast, potent, and durable immune response when administered with vaccine antigens. Among the FDA-approved vaccine adjuvants for human use, three of the most recently approved ones contain saponin adjuvant QS-21. To address QS-21’s inherent drawbacks, we investigated the adjuvant activity of a series of saponin-based semisynthetic vaccine adjuvants, including VSA-1 and VSA-2, prepared from natural Momordica saponins I and II in one-step. The natural saponins precursors are isolated from the widely available and inexpensive seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG. In general, VSA adjuvants can enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses …
Keep Your Head Up King, Your Crown Is Slippin': An Anti-Deficit Critical Phenomenological Analysis Of Black Male Stem Educators' Experiences, Desmond R. Parker
Keep Your Head Up King, Your Crown Is Slippin': An Anti-Deficit Critical Phenomenological Analysis Of Black Male Stem Educators' Experiences, Desmond R. Parker
All ETDs from UAB
Black males comprise approximately 3% to 5% of the overall K-12 teaching workforce. The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields are overrepresented in this shortage. This research project aimed to shed light on the experiences of Black male STEM educators to better understand what garnered their interests in STEM, and what ultimately led them to step into the STEM classroom. This study used a critical anti-deficit framework and hermeneutic phenomenological philosophy to understand the experiences of 10 Black male STEM educators in Alabama ranging from three to 30 years of teaching experience. Research data were collected through two semi-structured …
Targeting Streptococcus Mutans Diadenylate Cyclase For The Prevention Of Dental Caries, Edwin Miguel Rojas
Targeting Streptococcus Mutans Diadenylate Cyclase For The Prevention Of Dental Caries, Edwin Miguel Rojas
All ETDs from UAB
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the primary etiological agent involved in the initiation and progression of dental caries. S. mutans forms robust biofilms on the tooth surface, and current preventative treatments, such as oral rinses, eliminate both pathogenic and commensal oral species. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutics which selectively inhibit S. mutans biofilms while keeping the oral microbiome intact. The diadenylate cyclase (DAC) enzyme in S. mutans plays a key role in biofilm formation. DAC converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), a secondary messenger involved in several cellular pathways. Increased levels of c-di-AMP have shown …
New Frontiers In Synthesis Of High-Entropy Materials Enabled By Microwave-Induced Plasma, Bria Christina Storr
New Frontiers In Synthesis Of High-Entropy Materials Enabled By Microwave-Induced Plasma, Bria Christina Storr
All ETDs from UAB
This dissertation presents the novel approach for synthesizing high entropy borides (HEBs) and high entropy alloys (HEAs) using microwave-induced plasma as a rapid and efficient processing tool. High entropy materials (HEMs) have peaked interested in recent years due to their unique properties and practical applications such as thermal stability, and corrosion and wear resistance. HEMs are designed by combining multiple principal elements in near-equimolar ratios, enhancing stability, and offering a broad spectrum of tailored mechanical properties. The inclusion of multiple transition metals within these structures increases hardness and oxidation resistance, and the flexibility in element selection enables precise tuning for …
Teachers' Perspectives Of Mandated Health Education Curriculum Goals In Grades K-3, Ashley Baker
Teachers' Perspectives Of Mandated Health Education Curriculum Goals In Grades K-3, Ashley Baker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study addressed the challenges faced by many Grades K–3 teachers in north central Georgia in consistently implementing mandated health education curriculum goals (Villegas et al., 2021). The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore teachers’ perspectives on the barriers to consistent health education delivery in elementary schools. The study was guided by the concerns-based adoption model, which provided a framework for understanding how teachers navigate changes in curriculum and instruction. The key research questions focused on identifying the specific challenges teachers encounter in implementing health education and their perceived needs for support. Semi structured interviews were conducted …
A Survey On Food Ingredient Substitutions, Hyunwook Kim, Revathy Venkataramanan, Amit P. Sheth
A Survey On Food Ingredient Substitutions, Hyunwook Kim, Revathy Venkataramanan, Amit P. Sheth
Publications
Diet plays a crucial role in managing chronic conditions and overall well-being. As people become more selective about their food choices, finding recipes that meet dietary needs is important. Ingredient substitution is key to adapting recipes for dietary restrictions, allergies, and availability constraints. However, identifying suitable substitutions is challenging as it requires analyzing the flavor, functionality, and health suitability of ingredients. With the advancement of AI, researchers have explored computational approaches to address ingredient substitution. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research in this area, focusing on five key aspects: (i) datasets and data sources used to …
Synthesis And Characterization Of Bimetallic Plasmonic Nanoparticles Using Linear And Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Daniel Babayode
Synthesis And Characterization Of Bimetallic Plasmonic Nanoparticles Using Linear And Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Daniel Babayode
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
Recent exploration in the field of nanomaterials has led to the investigation of noble metal nanoparticles for various nanomedical applications. The spectroscopy of these nanoparticles is studied using both linear and nonlinear optical processes such as second harmonic generation (SHG), two-photon fluorescence (TPF), and extinction spectroscopy. Details pertaining to the growth dynamics of silver-gold core-shell (Ag@Au CS) nanoparticles (NPs) and gold-silver-gold core-shell-shell (Au@Ag@Au CSS) nanoparticles (NPs) are currently being investigated in order to obtain better control and optimization of the nanoparticle size and surface morphology. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the nanoparticles have tunable core and shell sizes …
Johann Georg Hamann And The Liberal Project, Jesse D. Ansley
Johann Georg Hamann And The Liberal Project, Jesse D. Ansley
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation examines the political thought of Johann Georg Hamann, his relationship to liberalism, and the importance to modern concerns for consensus formation and intercultural dialogue. This contributes to the line of literature sparked by Isaiah Berlin debating the political legacy of Hamann and its relation to the development of modern politics. Berlin labels Hamann an anti-rationalist whose current developed into the ideology of the Nazi party. My work supports the countervailing arguments that Hamann’s work is importantly different from the Romantics he inspired and even more so from the Nazis. By examining two complete works and a number of …
Key Degradation Mechanisms Of Perovskite Solar Cells And Strategies For Enhanced Stability: Issues And Prospects, Md Helal Miah, Md Bulu Rahman, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, Mohammad Aminul Islam, M. Shahinuzzaman, Md Rezaur Rahman, Md Habib Ullah, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
Key Degradation Mechanisms Of Perovskite Solar Cells And Strategies For Enhanced Stability: Issues And Prospects, Md Helal Miah, Md Bulu Rahman, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, Mohammad Aminul Islam, M. Shahinuzzaman, Md Rezaur Rahman, Md Habib Ullah, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Perovskite materials have garnered significant attention within a very short period of time by achieving competitive efficiency. In addition, this material demonstrated intriguing optoelectronic properties and versatile applications. Although they have confirmed amazing efficiency in solar cells at the laboratory scale, mass commercial manufacturing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still a problem due to their poor longevity. Researchers have identified several intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to the instability of perovskite compounds and PSCs, and various approaches are being used to increase material quality and stability in order to extend the lifespan of PSCs. Despite these challenges, the potential …
Riding The Wave: Tech Tsunami'S Rhetoric Enables Plain Anabaptist Adopters, Cory Anderson
Riding The Wave: Tech Tsunami'S Rhetoric Enables Plain Anabaptist Adopters, Cory Anderson
Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies
Arguably, no book has shaped plain Anabaptist discourse about technology more than Gary Miller’s Tech Tsunami. Since its 2016 publication, the book has achieved near-canonical status within certain Conservative and Old Order Anabaptist circles, particularly among business owners wrestling with technology adoption. The book’s influence extends beyond the original text—an audiobook and a youth edition (Tech Talk, 2021) circulate widely, discussion groups form around its ideas, and its vocabulary infiltrates conversations about church rules. The book’s success builds on Miller’s existing platform; his works Kingdom Focused Finances, Church Matters, and Life in a Global Village helped establish him as a …
Evaluation Of Green Tea Yoghurt Enriched With Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei E1 Microcapsules On Macrophage M1 Profile In High Fat-Fructose Diet Mice, Esha Ardiansyah, Nur Alfi Maghfirotus Sa’Adah, Rahmi Izati, Belinda Nabiila Al Faizah, Dawama Nur Fadlilah, Septhyanti Aprilia Kavitarna, Mochammad Fitri Atho’Illah, Siti Nur Arifah, Yoga Dwi Jatmiko, Muhaimin Rifa’I
Evaluation Of Green Tea Yoghurt Enriched With Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei E1 Microcapsules On Macrophage M1 Profile In High Fat-Fructose Diet Mice, Esha Ardiansyah, Nur Alfi Maghfirotus Sa’Adah, Rahmi Izati, Belinda Nabiila Al Faizah, Dawama Nur Fadlilah, Septhyanti Aprilia Kavitarna, Mochammad Fitri Atho’Illah, Siti Nur Arifah, Yoga Dwi Jatmiko, Muhaimin Rifa’I
Karbala International Journal of Modern Science
Obesity is caused by an energy imbalance that increases chronic low-grade inflammation, including macrophage cell infiltration. Adipose tissue macrophages are polarized into pro-inflammatory macrophage type 1 (M1), secrete large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and activate transcription factors. Yoghurt with probiotics is popular at all ages for its health benefits and must be protected by microencapsulation. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fortification provides yoghurt nutrients while improving its functional qualities and bioactivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of microencapsulation of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei E1 in green tea yoghurt (GTY) on the profile of M1 macrophages in mice fed a …
Enhancing Accuracy In Predicting Continuous Values Through Regression, Ahmed Aljuboori, M. M. A. Abdulrazzq
Enhancing Accuracy In Predicting Continuous Values Through Regression, Ahmed Aljuboori, M. M. A. Abdulrazzq
Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics
Enhancing the accuracy in predicting continuous values remains a significant challenge, especially when dealing with imbalanced data and choosing appropriate models. Regression techniques are widely used in data mining, and machine learning fields for this purpose. However, the traditional algorithms struggle to achieve high accuracy because of the limitations in dealing with complex data and imbalanced distribution. This study addresses these gaps by proposing a new framework that evaluates multiple regression models using the Boston House Pricing Dataset (BHD). The examined models involve simple linear, multiple linear, Polynomial, Lasso, Ridge, Random Forest, Keras and Gradient Boosting regression. The models are …
Faculty Senate Monthly Packet January 2025, Portland State University Faculty Senate
Faculty Senate Monthly Packet January 2025, Portland State University Faculty Senate
Faculty Senate Monthly Packets
The January 6, 2025 monthly packet includes the agenda, appendices, and the Faculty Senate minutes and attachments from the meeting held January 6, 2025.
Lanthorn, Vol. 59, No. 09, January 6, 2025, Grand Valley State University
Lanthorn, Vol. 59, No. 09, January 6, 2025, Grand Valley State University
Volume 59, August 5, 2024 – April 14, 2025
Lanthorn is Grand Valley State's student newspaper, published from 1968 to the present.
Met 103-106: Engineering Graphics And Intro. To Cad, Daniel Orlos
Met 103-106: Engineering Graphics And Intro. To Cad, Daniel Orlos
School of Applied Engineering and Technology Syllabi
No abstract provided.
The Wright Brothers And Their Genetic Susceptibility To Typhoid Fever, John D. Bullock, H Bradford Hawley
The Wright Brothers And Their Genetic Susceptibility To Typhoid Fever, John D. Bullock, H Bradford Hawley
Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications
Importance: Typhoid fever gravely sickened Orville Wright in 1896 and the disease killed his older brother, Wilbur, in 1912. The occurrence of typhoid fever among other Wright family members has never been explored.
Objective: To investigate the number of cases of typhoid fever in the Wright brothers’ family and determine if they had a predisposition to typhoid fever that might have had a genetic basis.
Methods: Biographical information concerning the Wright brothers was examined and a family tree was constructed. Using an estimated untreated case fatality rate of 20%, typhoid fever mortality data from decennial U.S. censuses (1850-1920) was converted …
Monitoring And Assessment Of Population, Reproductive, And Health Effects In Colonial Waterbirds Breeding At Contaminated Great Lakes Sites In Michigan, Keith A. Grasman, Mandy Annis, Carly Eakin, Jeremy Moore, Lisa L. Williams
Monitoring And Assessment Of Population, Reproductive, And Health Effects In Colonial Waterbirds Breeding At Contaminated Great Lakes Sites In Michigan, Keith A. Grasman, Mandy Annis, Carly Eakin, Jeremy Moore, Lisa L. Williams
University Faculty Publications and Creative Works
Immunological, reproductive, and population endpoints were assessed in fish-eating birds during 2010–2019 in the Saginaw River and Bay and River Raisin Areas of Concern (AOCs) and Grand Traverse Bay, which are ecosystems historically contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans. Reference sites were in the lower St. Marys River (herring gulls and Caspian terns), eastern Lake Superior (terns), and eastern Lake Huron (black-crowned night herons). Relative risk ratios for embryonic nonviability (from both infertility and mortality) in gull embryos were 2–3-fold higher than the reference site in both AOCs and Grand Traverse Bay. Twelve of 13 deformed embryos and chicks …
The Nanograv 15 Yr Data Set: Running Of The Spectral Index, Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Jeremy G. Baier, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. Decesar
The Nanograv 15 Yr Data Set: Running Of The Spectral Index, Gabriella Agazie, Akash Anumarlapudi, Anne M. Archibald, Zaven Arzoumanian, Jeremy G. Baier, Paul T. Baker, Bence Bécsy, Laura Blecha, Adam Brazier, Paul R. Brook, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, J. Andrew Casey-Clyde, Maria Charisi, Shami Chatterjee, Tyler Cohen, James M. Cordes, Neil J. Cornish, Fronefield Crawford, H. Thankful Cromartie, Kathryn Crowter, Megan E. Decesar
Pacific Faculty Work
The NANOGrav 15 yr data provide compelling evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background at nanohertz frequencies. The simplest model-independent approach to characterizing the frequency spectrum of this signal consists of a simple power-law fit involving two parameters: an amplitude A and a spectral index γ. In this Letter, we consider the next logical step beyond this minimal spectral model, allowing for a running (i.e., logarithmic frequency dependence) of the spectral index, grun (f ) = g + b ln (f /fref ). We fit this running-power-law (RPL) model to the NANOGrav 15 yr data and perform a Bayesian model …
A Randomized Trial Of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Leah D. Talbert
A Randomized Trial Of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Leah D. Talbert
Theses and Dissertations
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 1.7 million people annually in the U.S., often leading to autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation and reduced heart rate variability (HRV), which may impact cognitive performance. This study investigated whether HRV biofeedback (HRV-B) improves HRV at rest and recovery after stress in individuals with TBI. Secondary aims examined links between HRV improvements and reductions in physical symptoms, enhanced emotional functioning, and better cognitive performance, as well as the role of practice adherence in moderating HRV-B effects. This randomized controlled trial compared HRV-B treatment to a sham control using a pre- and post-assessment design. Of …
Restoring The AhupuaʻA: Community-Based Resource Management And Resilience In KauaʻI, Jeffrey W. Walbridge Jr.
Restoring The AhupuaʻA: Community-Based Resource Management And Resilience In KauaʻI, Jeffrey W. Walbridge Jr.
Environmental Studies Senior Theses
This thesis analyzes Kauaʻi’s evolving resource management practices, examining the intersections of historical governance frameworks, modern legal systems, and indigenous knowledge. Utilizing the traditional ahupuaʻa system, Kauaʻi’s approach once promoted holistic stewardship across water, land, and energy resources. However, colonial policies, corporate influence, and economic pressures have gradually shifted this framework toward a market-driven model, often prioritizing tourism and development over ecological resilience. Key policy shifts as they fight to return to an ahupua'a based model – from the Great Mahele’s introduction of private land ownership to water diversions for plantation agriculture – help examine how these changes continue to …
Stability Of Lif Mirror Coatings On Space Telescopes At L2 Orbit, Devin M. Lewis
Stability Of Lif Mirror Coatings On Space Telescopes At L2 Orbit, Devin M. Lewis
Theses and Dissertations
A team at Goddard Space Flight center has developed a coating of aluminum mirrors they term XeLiF. This coating has high ultraviolet reflection and improved environmental stability over similar LiF coatings. For these reasons, it is a potential candidate for the future Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) flagship space telescope mission. However, the stability of XeLiF at the planned L2 orbit of HWO has not been investigated. This study highlights the potential damage to XeLiF when irradiated by electrons that will be present at L2. This radiation will begin removing LiF after 6 years of exposure as well as start roughening …