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A Review Of Gallium And Germanium Recovery From Industrial Solid Residues, Ernest V. Oteng, Marthias Silwamba, Lana Alagha, Alex Luyima

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The global demand for critical elements such as gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge), and the shift toward circular mining has accelerated the development of new extraction and recovery processing these metals from industrial solid residues. This transition is driven by a substantial surge in demand for advanced technologies and the depletion of primary ore. Consequently, industrial solid residues, particularly zinc processing residues, smelter slags, flue dusts, and coal fly ash, are emerging as viable alternative sources. These residues incorporate Ga and Ge through isomorphic substitution in phases such as ferrites, silicates, and glassy aluminosilicates, and are enriched by industrial processes, …

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Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre_11_2, Mgrre

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Tiny Large Language Models For Iot Networks: Potentials And Challenges, Muhammed Golec, Suhib Bani Melhem, Yaser Khamayseh, Abdulmalik Alwarafy, Naofal Al-Dhahir

All Works

Large Language Models (LLM), which have gained great momentum in recent years, have revolutionized the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI); while their applicability for hardware-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) environments has begun to be questioned. This has led to the emergence of compact architecture and resource-efficient Tiny LLM models. This survey paper systematically examines Tiny LLMs for IoT networks and classifies existing approaches in five basic dimensions: model architectures, optimization strategies, transfer learning methods, deployment paradigms, and explainability-security integration. By applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, 139 related studies published between 2020 and 2025 …

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Defense-To-Attack: Bypassing Weak Defenses Enables Stronger Jailbreaks In Vision-Language Models, Yunhan Zhao, Xiang Zheng, Yige Li, Xingjun Ma

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Despite their superb capabilities, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been shown to be vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. While recent jailbreaks have achieved notable progress, their effectiveness and efficiency can still be improved. In this work, we reveal an interesting phenomenon: incorporating weak defense cues into the attack pipeline can significantly enhance both the effectiveness and efficiency of jailbreaks on VLMs. Building on this insight, we propose Defense2Attack, a novel jailbreak method that bypasses the safety guardrails of VLMs by leveraging defensive patterns to guide jailbreak prompt construction. Specifically, Defense2Attack consists of three key components: (1) a visual optimizer that embeds universal …

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Analyzing Developer Discussions On Eu And Us Privacy Legislation Compliance In Github Repositories, Georgia M. Kapitsaki, Maria Papoutsoglou, Christoph Treude, Ioanna Theophilou

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Context: Privacy legislation has impacted the way software systems are developed, prompting practitioners to update their implementations. Specifically, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) have forced the community to focus on users’ data privacy. Objectives: Relying on the vast amount of data on developer issues available in GitHub repositories, our aim is to gather empirical evidence on the issues developers of Open Source Software discuss to comply with privacy legislation. Method: We examined such discussions by mining and analyzing 32,820 issues from GitHub repositories. We partially analyzed the dataset automatically to identify …

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Effects Of Demineralization Protocols On Hydrogen And Oxygen Isotope Ratios In Fossil Bone Collagen, Linda M. Reynard

Boise State University Publications and Presentations

The effect of three commonly used preparation protocols on bone collagen δ2H and δ18O values was investigated, using six generally well-preserved faunal bones (cattle, bison, horse) ranging in age from the Holocene to Late Pleistocene. The treatments tested were ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid demineralization without gelatinization and hydrochloric acid demineralization with and without gelatinization. There are significant shifts in δ18O values among preparation methods. No systematic shifts in bone collagen δ2H values were noted among the three treatments, and most offsets were low (< 2–3 ‰) and smaller than typical measurement uncertainties. A few sample/treatment combinations yielded slightly higher inter-treatment δ2H differences (∼ 5–7 ‰). Lower mass fraction of hydrogen in …

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Lrq-Solver: A Transformer-Based Neural Operator For Fast And Accurate Solving Of Large-Scale 3d Pdes, Peijian Zeng, Guan Wang, Haohao Gu, Xiaoguang Hu, Tiezhu Gao, Zhuowei Wang, Aimin Yang, Xiaoyu Song

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Solving large-scale PDEs on complex three-dimensional geometries remains a central challenge in scientific and engineering computing, often due to expensive pre-processing stages and high computational overhead. We present Low-Rank Query-based PDE Solver (LRQ-Solver), a physics-integrated deep learning framework for efficient CAE simulations of complex three-dimensional geometries in CAD-driven design analysis. Built upon the Parameter-Conditioned Lagrangian Modeling (PCLM) that embeds physical consistency into the learning process and the Low-Rank Query Attention (LR-QA) module that reduces attention complexity from O(N2) to O(NC2+C3) via covariance decomposition, LRQ-Solver supports multi-configuration analysis within iterative design workflows. On two benchmark datasets, it achieves a 28.6% error …

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Glomalin-Related Soil Protein In Colluvial Soils As A Proxy For Reconstructing Millenary Changes In Landscape And Soil Health, Axel Werner, Lourdes López-Merino, Joeri Kaal, Cruz Ferro-Vázquez, Oscar Serrano

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is an operationally defined soil organic matter pool that includes a heat shock protein linked to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) living in symbiosis with most vascular plants and plays a key role in soil health. However, the potential of GRSP as a palaeoecological proxy remains unexplored. We analysed the GRSP content in a North-western Iberian colluvial soil profile encompassing the last 14,000 years. We aimed to 1) identify whether GRSP is preserved, and 2) investigate whether GRSP could be used as a palaeoecological proxy after comparing its record with palynological and pedoanthracological records that account for …

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Managing Collaboration Under Conservation Crisis: Trust, Risk, And Control In The Gulf Of Maine Fishery Management Network, Evelyn Roozee, Owen Temby, Dongkyu Kim, Antonia Sohns, Anthony Rocha Lima, Jasper R. De Vries, Gordon M. Hickey

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Transboundary fishery management and the intertwined conservation of critically endangered species represent significant governance challenges that require ongoing inter-organizational communication, collaboration, and collective action to achieve shared objectives. Previous research suggests that inter-organizational collaborative performance depends heavily on different dimensions of trust and complementary control mechanisms to mitigate the perceived risks of collaborating and enable the reciprocal sharing of resources and the coordination of activities. However, it is unclear how proposed relationships between trust, risk, and control are shaped by disruptions to established transboundary management networks. This study presents the results of survey research conducted in the Gulf of Maine …

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Keyframe Selection From Motion Capture Data With Dual-Agent Reinforcement Learning, Kun Hu, Wang, Clinton Mo, Mingyang Ma, Shaohui Mei, Zebin Chen, Zhiyong Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Animation production workflows centered around motion capture techniques require animators to edit motions based on a set of keyframes. However, most existing keyframe selection methods are optimization-based, which suffer from the issues of flexibility and efficiency. In this paper, a novel deep reinforcement learning method with dual agents are proposed for unsupervised keyframe selection. First, an S-Agent and an R-Agent evaluate the actions of selection and refinement, respectively. A deep spatio-temporal network, namely graph keyframe evaluation network (GKEN), is proposed for the agents. Then, an animation specified reward is devised based on reconstruction, which fulfills three important properties of the …

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Optimizing Multi-Layer/Multi-Physics Passive Adaptive Thermal Enclosures For Climate-Responsive Energy Regulation: A Numerical Study, Rajae Bousselham, Mingjiang Tao, Sergio Granados-Focil, Adriana Hera, Steven Van Dessel

Chemistry

Adaptive facades regulate heat transfer by adjusting their thermal behavior in response to environmental conditions. Passive adaptive systems, including stimuli-responsive thermal storage materials, tunable radiative coatings, and variable-conductivity layers, offer significant potential for material-based thermal regulation. However, their combined potential remains unexplored, as most studies examine individual mechanisms in isolation. As a result, trade-offs among energy savings, material usage, design complexity, and climate responsiveness are often underrepresented, overlooking coupled interactions in multilayer assemblies limiting their effectiveness. This study develops a transient three-dimensional numerical framework coupling heat transfer with multi-objective optimization to evaluate trade-offs between minimizing annual energy consumption and enclosure …

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Semantic-Structural Decoupling: Disentangling Semantic Attention From Structural Bias In The Attention Manifold, Pengkun Jiao, Bin Zhu, Jingjing Chen, Yu-Gang Jiang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The empirical success of attention mechanism in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often obscures its inherent, subtle flaws. Specifically, MLLMs consistently exhibit disproportionate attention toward certain semantically uninformative visual tokens, a phenomenon termed "register" or "Visual Attention Sinks." While existing inference intervention methods attempt to identify these sink tokens and redistribute their attention weights, such approaches typically treat these tokens in isolation and suffer from computational inefficiency. Instead, we reframe this phenomenon as a generalized textual bias exerted over visual features that extends beyond isolated sink tokens. From this perspective, a pervasive structural bias leads to the dilution of the …

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A Finite Element Model For Thermomechanical Stress-Strain Fields In Transversely Isotropic Strain-Limiting Materials, Saugata Ghosh, Dambaru Bhatta, S. M. Mallikarjunaiah

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

This paper presents a comprehensive computational framework for investigating thermo-elastic fracture in transversely isotropic materials, where classical linear elasticity fails to predict physically realistic behavior near stress concentrations. We address the challenge of unphysical strain singularities at crack tips by employing a strain-limiting theory of elasticity. This theory is characterized by an algebraically nonlinear constitutive relationship between stress and strain, which intrinsically enforces a limit on the norm of the strain tensor. This approach allows the development of very large stresses, as expected near a crack tip, while ensuring that the corresponding strains remain physically bounded. A loosely coupled system …

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Pattern Formation In Quantum Hierarchical Cellular Neural Networks, Wilson A. Zuniga-Galindo, B. A. Zambrano-Luna, Chayapuntika Indoung

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

We present a new class of quantum neural networks (QNNs) whose states are solutions of p -adic Schrödinger equations with a non-local potential that controls the interaction between the neurons. These equations are obtained as Wick rotations of the state equations of p -adic cellular neural networks (CNNs). The p -adic CNNs arise as continuous limits of large discrete hierarchical neural networks (NNs). The CNNs are bio-inspired by the Wilson–Cowan model, which describes the macroscopic dynamics of large populations of neurons. We provide a detailed study of the discretization of the new p -adic Schrödinger equations, which allows the construction …

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Spatialimaginer: Towards Adaptive Visual Imagination For Spatial Reasoning, Yian Li, Yang Jiao, Bin Zhu, Tianwen Qian, Shaoxiang Chen, Jingjing Chen, Yu-Gang Jiang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Spatial intelligence, which refers to the ability to reason about geometric and physical structure from visual observations, remains a core challenge for multimodal large language models. Despite promising performance, recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) often exhibit fragile reasoning traces in spatial intelligence tasks that involve consistent spatial state recognition. We argue that these failures stem from a mismatch between the spatial recognition mechanism and the text-only reasoning behavior of these MLLMs. Effective spatial reasoning requires low-level geometric structure to be faithfully preserved and updated throughout the reasoning process, whereas textual representations tend to abstract away precisely these critical details. …

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Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre_11_1, Mgrre

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Pentagonal Pdte2 Monolayer For Sustainable Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production, Narender Kumar, Shambhu Bhandari, Dario Alfè, Ravindra Pandey, Nacir Tit

Michigan Tech Publications

This investigation demonstrates that the pentagonal PdTe2 (penta-PdTe2) monolayer is a highly tunable two-dimensional (2D) photocatalyst, characterized by the bandgap of 1.87 eV and high hole mobility. Using density functional theory calculations with the HSE06 functional, we show that tensile strain engineering (particularly at +2% and +3%) is essential for enabling spontaneous water splitting. At these strain values, the valence-band maximum and conduction-band maximum straddle the water redox potentials (H+/H2 and O2/H2O) under both acidic (pH = 0) and neutral (pH = 7) conditions. The monolayer's low hole effective mass facilitates rapid charge extraction, mitigating recombination and driving the oxygen …

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Assessor Experiences In Cmmc Level 2 Certification Assessments: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Of Role Expectations, Samuel Heuchert, John Hastings

Research & Publications

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program requires that third-party assessments be conducted under a non-consultative model. The model is intended to ensure impartiality for organizations seeking certification. While this structure defines expectations for assessor behavior, assessor experiences and interpretations of these constraints remain underexamined. The study examines the lived experiences of CMMC-Certified Assessors and how they navigate role expectations within the non-consultative model. Using Role Conflict Theory as a guiding framework, the study applied Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to semi-structured interviews to explore how assessors make sense of their roles. The analysis identified experiential themes that describe how assessors construct …

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Piloting Translation Earbuds With Newcomer Multilinguals: An Exploratory Case Study With Teachers In Michigan Public Schools, Robyn Edwards, Joe Terantino

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

This exploratory case study examines how in-service teachers (n = 6) piloted translation earbuds to support WIDA Level 1-2 newcomer multilinguals in Michigan K–12 public schools. Grounded in Sociocultural Theory, the study highlights teachers’ perceptions of how the earbuds mediated classroom participation and access to instruction. Teachers identified the earbuds as most effective during content-heavy teacher talk, where real-time interpreting supported newcomers’ comprehension of grade-level content and reduced communication barriers. Teachers also reported that the earbuds increased student participation, encouraged socioemotional engagement, and helped strengthen teacher-student relationships by enabling more immediate and meaningful interaction. At the same time, teachers emphasized …

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I Think, Therefore I Am I Am, Therefore I Think, Zrinka Tomašić

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This work is bringing forward questions about animal, plant, inanimate objects (including AI and molecules, atoms and subatomic particles) and even post-mortem consciousness. It gives examples and researches that are made and still being made. It connects the real examples with the philosophic thought past and present, Western and Chinese. It even mentions the research assignment about plant consciousness that is suitable for school children to do. And, although it has so many examples in biology, philosophy, physics and other fields, in the end it asks a question „Are they really conscious“ to every reader to reflect on. To come …

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Geometric Puzzles On A Circular Track: A Recreational Introduction To Quantization, Sayandip Pandit, Amit Priyadarshi, Mrinal Kanti Roychowdhury

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

Imagine a circular running track with several water stations placed around it. If only a few stations may remain open, or if a few new stations may be built, where should they be located so that runners travel the shortest possible distance to reach one? This simple question leads to a collection of recreational geometry puzzles involving distance, symmetry, optimization, Voronoi regions, and quantization. Quantization is the mathematical problem of replacing a large collection of points by a smaller set of representative points while minimizing the approximation error. Using only elementary mathematics, we investigate several configurations of points on a …

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Web-Mapping Viewers To Enhance Environmental Education And Watershed Planning, Austin L Holland, John Strauser, Eric Olson

Journal of Extension

Extension professionals have been using web-based geographic information system (GIS) viewers to aid in education, outreach, and planning. This article highlights the Center for Land Use Education's new Watershed & Conservation Planning Web-Viewer, which was created in collaboration with Extension Lakes using publicly available GIS data. The tool has two objectives: to enhance public education on the relationship between land and water resources and to support the use of geospatial data in conservation planning. This article outlines the justification for the tool, its usefulness, and a path forward for those who can create their own version for their region or …

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Cyber Threats And Network Intrusion Detection: A Comparative Analysis Of Soft And Hard Voting Ensemble Methods, Muath Alshaikh, Farid Binbeshr, Jumana Alamoudi, Sheikh Bawazer, Ala Hag

Mesopotamian Journal of CyberSecurity

More reliable techniques for detecting network intrusions are needed due to the growing supremacy of cyber attacks. Despite using signature-based techniques, traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) are still not very successful against new threats. A thorough comparison of soft and hard voting ensemble techniques for binary network traffic classification is provided in this article. To create a powerful classifier system, the suggested approach combines five distinct supervised machine learning (ML) techniques. This study uses the UNSW-NB15 dataset, and correlation analysis is used extensively in feature selection to determine the optimal intrusion detection settings. According to experimental results, group approaches reach …

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A Review Of Gallium And Germanium Recovery From Industrial Solid Residues, Ernest V. Oteng, Marthias Silwamba, Lana Alagha, Alex Luyima

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre_11_2, Mgrre

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Tiny Large Language Models For Iot Networks: Potentials And Challenges, Muhammed Golec, Suhib Bani Melhem, Yaser Khamayseh, Abdulmalik Alwarafy, Naofal Al-Dhahir

All Works

Defense-To-Attack: Bypassing Weak Defenses Enables Stronger Jailbreaks In Vision-Language Models, Yunhan Zhao, Xiang Zheng, Yige Li, Xingjun Ma

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Analyzing Developer Discussions On Eu And Us Privacy Legislation Compliance In Github Repositories, Georgia M. Kapitsaki, Maria Papoutsoglou, Christoph Treude, Ioanna Theophilou

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Effects Of Demineralization Protocols On Hydrogen And Oxygen Isotope Ratios In Fossil Bone Collagen, Linda M. Reynard

Boise State University Publications and Presentations

Lrq-Solver: A Transformer-Based Neural Operator For Fast And Accurate Solving Of Large-Scale 3d Pdes, Peijian Zeng, Guan Wang, Haohao Gu, Xiaoguang Hu, Tiezhu Gao, Zhuowei Wang, Aimin Yang, Xiaoyu Song

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Glomalin-Related Soil Protein In Colluvial Soils As A Proxy For Reconstructing Millenary Changes In Landscape And Soil Health, Axel Werner, Lourdes López-Merino, Joeri Kaal, Cruz Ferro-Vázquez, Oscar Serrano

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Managing Collaboration Under Conservation Crisis: Trust, Risk, And Control In The Gulf Of Maine Fishery Management Network, Evelyn Roozee, Owen Temby, Dongkyu Kim, Antonia Sohns, Anthony Rocha Lima, Jasper R. De Vries, Gordon M. Hickey

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Keyframe Selection From Motion Capture Data With Dual-Agent Reinforcement Learning, Kun Hu, Wang, Clinton Mo, Mingyang Ma, Shaohui Mei, Zebin Chen, Zhiyong Wang

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Optimizing Multi-Layer/Multi-Physics Passive Adaptive Thermal Enclosures For Climate-Responsive Energy Regulation: A Numerical Study, Rajae Bousselham, Mingjiang Tao, Sergio Granados-Focil, Adriana Hera, Steven Van Dessel

Chemistry

Semantic-Structural Decoupling: Disentangling Semantic Attention From Structural Bias In The Attention Manifold, Pengkun Jiao, Bin Zhu, Jingjing Chen, Yu-Gang Jiang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

A Finite Element Model For Thermomechanical Stress-Strain Fields In Transversely Isotropic Strain-Limiting Materials, Saugata Ghosh, Dambaru Bhatta, S. M. Mallikarjunaiah

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

Pattern Formation In Quantum Hierarchical Cellular Neural Networks, Wilson A. Zuniga-Galindo, B. A. Zambrano-Luna, Chayapuntika Indoung

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

Spatialimaginer: Towards Adaptive Visual Imagination For Spatial Reasoning, Yian Li, Yang Jiao, Bin Zhu, Tianwen Qian, Shaoxiang Chen, Jingjing Chen, Yu-Gang Jiang

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Mgrre_Thinsections_Mgrre_11_1, Mgrre

Thin Sections

Pentagonal Pdte2 Monolayer For Sustainable Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production, Narender Kumar, Shambhu Bhandari, Dario Alfè, Ravindra Pandey, Nacir Tit

Michigan Tech Publications

Assessor Experiences In Cmmc Level 2 Certification Assessments: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Of Role Expectations, Samuel Heuchert, John Hastings

Research & Publications

Piloting Translation Earbuds With Newcomer Multilinguals: An Exploratory Case Study With Teachers In Michigan Public Schools, Robyn Edwards, Joe Terantino

MITESOL Journal: An Online Publication of MITESOL

I Think, Therefore I Am I Am, Therefore I Think, Zrinka Tomašić

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Geometric Puzzles On A Circular Track: A Recreational Introduction To Quantization, Sayandip Pandit, Amit Priyadarshi, Mrinal Kanti Roychowdhury

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

Web-Mapping Viewers To Enhance Environmental Education And Watershed Planning, Austin L Holland, John Strauser, Eric Olson

Journal of Extension

Cyber Threats And Network Intrusion Detection: A Comparative Analysis Of Soft And Hard Voting Ensemble Methods, Muath Alshaikh, Farid Binbeshr, Jumana Alamoudi, Sheikh Bawazer, Ala Hag

Mesopotamian Journal of CyberSecurity