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Articles 2041 - 2070 of 713656
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Implications For Digital Leadership In Higher Education In The Dominican Republic / A Bibliometric Approach, Pedro J. Tavarez-Dacosta Dr.
Implications For Digital Leadership In Higher Education In The Dominican Republic / A Bibliometric Approach, Pedro J. Tavarez-Dacosta Dr.
FDLA Journal
Abstract This work involves the use of bibliometric techniques to evaluate the metadata of the literature on digital leadership published during the last decade (2015-2025), with documents relevant to the analysis from our campus, the Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, and specifically from the School of Languages, our area of teaching and research activity. A research database on digital leadership in higher education in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) was established, both in the Dominican Republic and in other countries. Bibliometric techniques allow us to summarize descriptive trends, uncover underlying intellectual and academic structures, and identify …
Implications For Digital Leadership In Higher Education In The Dominican Republic / A Bibliometric Approach, Pedro J. Tavarez-Dacosta Dr.
Implications For Digital Leadership In Higher Education In The Dominican Republic / A Bibliometric Approach, Pedro J. Tavarez-Dacosta Dr.
FDLA Journal
Abstract This work involves the use of bibliometric techniques to evaluate the metadata of the literature on digital leadership published during the last decade (2015-2025), with documents relevant to the analysis from our campus, the Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, and specifically from the School of Languages, our area of teaching and research activity. A research database on digital leadership in higher education in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) was established, both in the Dominican Republic and in other countries. Bibliometric techniques allow us to summarize descriptive trends, uncover underlying intellectual and academic structures, and identify …
A Strategic Perspective Examining The Misconceptions Surrounding Alternative Certification Programs, Sacorya Ferguson
A Strategic Perspective Examining The Misconceptions Surrounding Alternative Certification Programs, Sacorya Ferguson
FDLA Journal
This strategic research project was designed to provide insight into the misconceptions associated with alternative certification programs. The researcher investigates specific problems within an organization or other setting. Within this organization, the researcher holds many roles, including ELAR teacher, ESL teacher, and LPAC chair. George Washington Carver 6th Grade STEM Learning Center is a transitional campus in Lancaster, Texas with two consecutive years of low performance on state exams, placing the organization at risk of state intervention. A SWOT analysis of the organization analyzed the internal and external factors affecting the organization. Upon completion of the SWOT analysis, the problem …
The Role Of Trauma-Informed Care In Supporting At-Risk Students In Alternative Education, Jar'mel D. Taylor Dr.
The Role Of Trauma-Informed Care In Supporting At-Risk Students In Alternative Education, Jar'mel D. Taylor Dr.
Transformations
Students with traumatic experiences commonly fail to meet educational goals and control their emotions while also losing their involvement in classes. Standard trauma-informed care practices remain absent from numerous alternative educational institutions, which leaves their teaching community without adequate support to help traumatized students effectively. The application of Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) strategies toward student outcomes requires investigation to develop effective educational approaches that enhance school success. The researcher used qualitative exploratory case study methodology to study TIC practices in alternative education for Black and Brown adolescent students (aged 12–18) in Washington, D.C. Semi-structured interviews and a focus group with 16 …
Sociology Of Mind Trap In Nepal, Makar Bahadur Sarki
Sociology Of Mind Trap In Nepal, Makar Bahadur Sarki
Transformations
Nepali society is multilingual, culturally and ethnically diverse. It holds great potential for development and thought. However, the existing mental traps in society are creating obstacles to fulfilling those potentials. Mental entrapment is a problem in which people follow someone's words with complete faith, just like someone who runs after a crow without touching their own ears after hearing that it has ears. This forces people to live in illusion. This leads to individuals mistrusting their own abilities and pushing society towards inaction. This situation is not only due to individual thinking, but is the combined result of social structural …
65th Annual Rocky Mountain Conference On Magnetic Resonance
65th Annual Rocky Mountain Conference On Magnetic Resonance
Rocky Mountain Conference on Magnetic Resonance
Conference program, abstracts, and information about the 65th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Conference on Magnetic Resonance. Held in the Snowbird Resort and Conference Center, Snowbird, Utah, August 2-6, 2026.
A Coupled Reaction-Diffusion Model Of Promoting And Suppressing Interactions Among Cancer Hallmarks In Endometrial Cancer, Jeddy Bennett
A Coupled Reaction-Diffusion Model Of Promoting And Suppressing Interactions Among Cancer Hallmarks In Endometrial Cancer, Jeddy Bennett
Theses and Dissertations
Spatial transcriptomics enables the scoring of Cancer Hallmarks at a high resolution across a tissue biopsy, yet current analyses of these data remain largely descriptive, treating each spot as a static, independent observation. This thesis develops a coupled system of advection-diffusion-reaction partial differential equations to model the hallmark landscape as the steady-state solution of an underlying spatial process, and casts the recovery of its physical parameters as a PDE-constrained inverse problem. The framework is implemented in FEniCSx on tissue-specific finite element meshes derived from two endometrial cancer biopsies provided by the Huntsman Cancer Institute, with subdomains, boundary interfaces, and an …
Sand Distribution On Titan And Implications For Sand Transport And Interconnectedness Of Sand Seas, Delaney Rose
Sand Distribution On Titan And Implications For Sand Transport And Interconnectedness Of Sand Seas, Delaney Rose
Theses and Dissertations
The vast equatorial sand seas of Saturn's moon Titan are of particular interest for understanding surface processes and the budget of organic materials on Titan's surface. Previous studies have described sand dune morphology, transport, collection, and distribution patterns utilizing Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS), and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Studies have also shown evidence both for and against a global interconnected system of sand transport between Titan's major sand seas. This study worked both to create a higher resolution dataset of sand distribution using trimodal thresholding techniques applied to SAR images, as well …
Process From Noise: Erosion Threshold Variability And The Morphology Of Gravel-Bed Rivers, Robert Paul Kostynick
Process From Noise: Erosion Threshold Variability And The Morphology Of Gravel-Bed Rivers, Robert Paul Kostynick
Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations
Rivers are remarkably consistent as their geometry, width, depth, and slope change systematically downstream in response to differences in fluid discharge and sediment transport throughout a channel. Rivers move both water and sediment through terrains that depend on these downstream geometric adjustments influencing water quality, ecology, infrastructure, channel morphology, and landscape evolution at increasing timescales respectively. Rivers thus influence all aspects of life and define our spatial landscapes that shape boundaries, whether physical, politically, or socially. Nevertheless, a river is dynamic and does not adhere to human-defined boundaries, making it vital that we understand how these features change over time …
Placement Scores As A Predictor Of Math Success For Students With Learning Disabilities, Latosha Knighton Williams
Placement Scores As A Predictor Of Math Success For Students With Learning Disabilities, Latosha Knighton Williams
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study was that students with learning disabilities (SWLDs) are not appropriately placed in college math courses at Southern State Community College (SSCC, a pseudonym). Guided by Piaget’s constructivist learning theory, the purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the predictive relationships between American College Testing (ACT), Postsecondary Education Readiness Test (PERT), and Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) standardized placement exams math scores and Intermediate and College Algebra course success. The sample in this study consisted of 946 SWLDs who completed at least one standardized placement math exam and enrolled in either an Intermediate …
Rockin’ Rover On The Rainbow Road, Michael Kolta, Lawrence Burgee, Ying Yuan
Rockin’ Rover On The Rainbow Road, Michael Kolta, Lawrence Burgee, Ying Yuan
Transformations
This paper presents a progressive series of age-appropriate lesson plans for grades K-12 that all use the same interdisciplinary activity to educate students about Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics (STEAM) simultaneously. Technology from Texas Instruments (TI) was employed including a TI Nspire graphing calculator that can run Python programs, a TI Innovator Hub, and a TI Rover. The TI Rover is a small, robotic car that has sensors and is controlled by the calculator via the Hub hardware interface. A Python program was developed that uses the color sensor in the Rover to detect the color on colored paper …
Effective Leadership Strategies For Sustaining Radiology Departments During And After The Covid-19 Pandemic, Tameron Shanay Reed
Effective Leadership Strategies For Sustaining Radiology Departments During And After The Covid-19 Pandemic, Tameron Shanay Reed
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Pandemic-driven workforce challenges highlighted the urgent need for radiology leaders to retain skilled staff and sustain service delivery. The COVID-19 pandemic raised considerable concerns for radiology leaders regarding future preparedness for patient safety, care outcomes, hospital expenses, and hospital profitability. Grounded in the Vroom expectancy theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore successful strategies radiology department leaders used to retain employees, improve supply inventory management, and develop ambulatory and virtual services during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were gathered through semistructured interviews with six successful radiology leaders and publicly accessible documents in northern Louisiana. The …
Higher Education Instructors’ Perspectives On The Challenges Of Implementing Competency-Based Learning In Coursework, Sammie Leo Davis Jr
Higher Education Instructors’ Perspectives On The Challenges Of Implementing Competency-Based Learning In Coursework, Sammie Leo Davis Jr
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Higher education instructors face challenges in implementing competency-based learning (CBL) in their coursework. Grounded in Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the perspectives of higher education instructors on the challenges and their needs to implement CBL in coursework. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 higher education instructors who had at least 2 years of experience teaching CBL courses. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and inductive coding to identify codes and categories, with the following five themes emerging: CBL implementation depends on (a) aligned assessment, curriculum …
2026 August 6 - Tennessee Weekly Drought Summary, Tennessee Climate Office, East Tennessee State University
2026 August 6 - Tennessee Weekly Drought Summary, Tennessee Climate Office, East Tennessee State University
Tennessee Climate Office Weekly Drought Summaries
No abstract provided.
Building A Culture Of Trust: Engaging Teams With Targeted Tactics For Meaningful Improvement In Patient Experience, Anna Buckner, Kimberly Lewis
Building A Culture Of Trust: Engaging Teams With Targeted Tactics For Meaningful Improvement In Patient Experience, Anna Buckner, Kimberly Lewis
Patient Experience Journal
Rising financial pressures and the need to revitalize culture prompted a renewed emphasis on patient experience at Billings Clinic. This case study describes the impact of redefining patient experience as a measure of trust and a set of care processes. It presents an alternative to the more traditional view of patient experience as an outcome metric based on meeting patient expectations. Billings Clinic chose the patient survey question likelihood of recommending as an organizational goal or key performance indicator (KPI). Under the direction of executive leadership, the patient experience team developed a new strategic framework aimed at driving improvement for …
Non-Linear Semantic Navigation In Large Language Models Via Matrix Operators, John Chang
Non-Linear Semantic Navigation In Large Language Models Via Matrix Operators, John Chang
Defensive Publications Series
Current conversational interfaces for large language models rely on linear interactions. This linear approach restricts information retrieval and causes navigational context to be lost. Lengthy text inputs are required to refine search spaces, leading to semantic pollution. To address these limitations, a non-linear semantic navigation method is disclosed. User intent is captured through a visual query tree and mapped directly to projection matrices. Specific matrix transformations are applied to local vector regions within a high-dimensional embedding space. These operations rotate, scale, and project the semantic space to amplify specific latent dimensions without requiring lengthy text inputs. Irrelevant branches are mathematically …
An Adaptive Geometric Vector Encoding Language And Spatial-Harmonic Compiler For Topological Computing Engines, Christopher L. Eckes
An Adaptive Geometric Vector Encoding Language And Spatial-Harmonic Compiler For Topological Computing Engines, Christopher L. Eckes
Defensive Publications Series
This disclosure establishes a non-textual, multi-dimensional machine language and compiling framework optimized for two-dimensional quantum fluid and topological computing substrates. By replacing linear, binary assembly instruction sets (e.g., QASM) with spatial-harmonic vector topologies, programming commands are encoded directly as geometric phase deformations and wave-packet configurations. A bi-directional, reversible semantic compiler architecture is defined to eliminate information erasure latency and satisfy thermodynamic zero-emission constraints during algorithmic runtime execution.
Pipeline-Based Data Processing Method, System, And Hardware Apparatus, Jinhui Wu
Pipeline-Based Data Processing Method, System, And Hardware Apparatus, Jinhui Wu
Defensive Publications Series
Existing data processing systems universally adopt a centralized computing paradigm that relies on
complex operations, resulting in high computational resource consumption and significant bandwidth
redundancy. This paper proposes a data processing method, system, and hardware apparatus based on a
Pipeline Array, wherein input data is distributed across multiple independent Pipelines. Each Pipeline
independently maintains a state value, compares the input against its state, outputs upon change, Blocks
when unchanged, and independently updates its state value. Founded on the Zero-Computation Property
(core operations are comparison and assignment only), the system comprises Pipeline, State Storage,
Compare, Output Control, and State Update modules. …
A Fluid-Dynamic Architecture For Topological Qubit Protection Against Phononic Decoherence, Christopher L. Eckes
A Fluid-Dynamic Architecture For Topological Qubit Protection Against Phononic Decoherence, Christopher L. Eckes
Defensive Publications Series
This disclosure formalizes a non-particle engineering framework for stabilizing quantum states against environment-induced decoherence using topological surface harmonics. By reinterpreting qubits as localized vertical tension fields on a discrete two-dimensional information fluid substrate (\(z=0\)), phase stability is established via passive geometric vortex compaction and time-periodic (Floquet) symmetry protection fields rather than active physical isolation. Real-world laboratory verification testing protocols using fractional quantum Hall two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs), topological acoustic metamaterials, and cascaded superconducting waveguides are explicitly defined to provide prior art for scalable quantum computing architectures.
Feasibility And Performance Of Aerogravity Assists For Ceres Missions, Divinaa E. Burder
Feasibility And Performance Of Aerogravity Assists For Ceres Missions, Divinaa E. Burder
International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace
This work investigates the feasibility and performance of aerogravity assist (AGA) maneuvers for missions to Ceres, with emphasis on both interplanetary trajectory design and atmospheric flight dynamics. AGAs provide substantially greater turning capability than pure gravity assists by exploiting aerodynamic lift during atmospheric passes, thereby enabling greater heliocentric energy changes than pure gravity assists. To quantify these benefits, this study integrates a broad interplanetary trajectory search with high-fidelity atmospheric performance modeling. Candidate trajectories for launch years 2030–2050 are generated for multiple inner-planet encounter sequences using vehicles with lift-to-drag ratios (L/D) between 1 and 7. Atmospheric flight segments are simulated using …
Assessing And Addressing Financial Risk In Capitated Primary Care Contracts, Michael R. Wieck Dba, Laurence Smith, Steven R. Stout Dba
Assessing And Addressing Financial Risk In Capitated Primary Care Contracts, Michael R. Wieck Dba, Laurence Smith, Steven R. Stout Dba
Engaged Management ReView
We employ multivariate statistical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation to study systematic and unsystematic financial risk faced by physician groups under capitated contracts with Medicare Advantage Organizations (MAOs). We use mixed methods and a standard reimbursement formula for risk-sharing contracts with primary care physicians (PCPs). We find that diversifying risk simply by increasing the size of a practice is insufficient to mitigate risks of large negative cash flows from capitation contracts and can result in financial failure. However, if use of costly medical services by patients is reduced from levels typically experienced under traditional Medicare to the levels of patients …
Characterizing Candidate Blazar Counterparts Of The Ultra-High-Energy Event Km3-230213a, O. Adriani, S. Aiello, A. Albert, A. R. Alhebsi, M. Alshamsi, S. Alves Garre, S. Rani, Et Al.
Characterizing Candidate Blazar Counterparts Of The Ultra-High-Energy Event Km3-230213a, O. Adriani, S. Aiello, A. Albert, A. R. Alhebsi, M. Alshamsi, S. Alves Garre, S. Rani, Et Al.
Michigan Tech Publications
High-energy astrophysical neutrinos serve as crucial messengers for understanding hadronic acceleration processes and identifying the origins of cosmic rays, with blazars among the most promising neutrino sources. The KM3NeT experiment reported the detection of an ultrahigh-energy neutrino with an energy estimate of ∼220 PeV, the most energetic yet observed. The neutrino arrival direction has a 99% confidence region of 3° radius centered at R.A. 94 (Formula presented) .° 3, decl. −7 (Formula presented) .° 8 (J2000). In this work, 17 candidate blazars located within this region are identified. Comprehensive new observations and archival data analysis for these sources are presented. …
The Computed Microwave Spectrum Of The Protonated Fullerene C60H+, Laszlo Nemes, Jos Oomens, Vincent J. Esposito, Vincent Boudon, Alexander G. G. M. Tielens
The Computed Microwave Spectrum Of The Protonated Fullerene C60H+, Laszlo Nemes, Jos Oomens, Vincent J. Esposito, Vincent Boudon, Alexander G. G. M. Tielens
Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research
The largest known molecule in the interstellar medium of galaxies, C60, has been detected in its neutral and cationic form through its vibrational, UV-driven fluorescence emission spectrum and its electronic absorption spectrum, respectively. The detection of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules through their pure rotation spectrum in cold, dense, molecular cloud cores suggests that C60 might be present in these environments as well. The low flux of UV pumping photons in molecular cloud cores and the absence of suitably bright background stars, make detection of C60 and its cation through the commonly used methods impractical. As …
Fraction-Seq: An Integrated Experimental And Computational Workflow For Determining The Localization And Abundance Of Small Non-Coding Rnas In Subcellular Compartments, Siddhartha Shah, Tess Cherlin, Yi Jing, Stepan Nersisyan, Benjamin E. Leiby, Isidore Rigoutsos
Fraction-Seq: An Integrated Experimental And Computational Workflow For Determining The Localization And Abundance Of Small Non-Coding Rnas In Subcellular Compartments, Siddhartha Shah, Tess Cherlin, Yi Jing, Stepan Nersisyan, Benjamin E. Leiby, Isidore Rigoutsos
Computational Medicine Center Faculty Papers
Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have garnered considerable attention in recent years, following accumulating evidence of their critical roles in many cellular processes. Among sncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and their isoforms (isomiRs), tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), rRNA-derived fragments (rRFs), and Y RNA-derived fragments (yRFs) account for more than 95% of all sncRNAs found in cells. Despite their critical regulatory roles, most sncRNAs remain uncharacterized because their functionalization is a lengthy and challenging undertaking. Knowing an sncRNA's abundance helps prioritize among the various choices, while knowing where it localizes in the cell greatly limits the number and identity of its potential targets and helps …
Real Bullets, Plastic Guns: Evaluating The Strength Of 3-D Printed Gun Parts, Maria Latenia Mayol
Real Bullets, Plastic Guns: Evaluating The Strength Of 3-D Printed Gun Parts, Maria Latenia Mayol
Student Theses
Privately made firearms (PMFs), often referred to as “ghost guns,” are firearms manufactured or assembled by individuals rather than federally licensed manufacturers. Although the terms are frequently used interchangeably, “ghost gun” more specifically describes an unserialized firearm, whereas PMFs include a broader range of firearms produced through nontraditional manufacturing methods. PMFs may be entirely 3-D printed, assembled from partially completed firearm kits, or constructed by integrating additively manufactured components with commercially manufactured firearm parts. The increasing accessibility of additive manufacturing and widespread dissemination of computer-aided design files have raised concerns about concealment, regulation, and forensic evasion, particularly when factory-manufactured components …
A Granularity-Centered Taxonomy Of Personalized Federated Learning, Ei Ei Nyein Chan, Sergei Chuprov, Pretom Roy Ovi, Kamrul Hasan
A Granularity-Centered Taxonomy Of Personalized Federated Learning, Ei Ei Nyein Chan, Sergei Chuprov, Pretom Roy Ovi, Kamrul Hasan
Computer Science Faculty Publications
Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) has emerged as a key approach to address performance degradation in FL systems under heterogeneous client data. While existing surveys typically categorize PFL methods based on optimization strategies or system-level mechanisms, they often overlook a fundamental question: where is personalization embedded within the model architecture? In this survey, we bridge this knowledge gap and introduce a granularity-centered taxonomy that organizes PFL approaches according to the structural depth of personalization, ranging from head-layer and layer-wise adaptation to model-wise and parameter-wise customization. This novel perspective helps practitioners select appropriate personalization strategies based on model architecture, data heterogeneity, and …
Who Owns Land, Who Owns Language? Challenging The Commercialization Of Indigenous Language Data, Matthew Riemland
Who Owns Land, Who Owns Language? Challenging The Commercialization Of Indigenous Language Data, Matthew Riemland
Maya America: Journal of Essays, Commentary, and Analysis
As Indigenous scholars and activists have pointed out, the commercialization of Indigenous language data resembles the historical and ongoing dispossession of Indigenous land. Using Mayan languages as a case study, this article illustrates the process by which digital advertising platforms – Google and Meta – appropriate and benefit commercially from Indigenous language data, drawing parallels with the dispossession of Indigenous land. It identifies the significant costs of this commercialization to Indigenous communities, including the lack of compensation for the Indigenous language data’s commercial value, the distortion of Indigenous communities’ linguistic and cultural representation online, and the reinforcement of extractive relationships …
Rethinking Teacher Education Programs: (Mis)Understanding Of Culturally Responsive Teaching Among Teacher Candidates, Shirley M. Sommers
Rethinking Teacher Education Programs: (Mis)Understanding Of Culturally Responsive Teaching Among Teacher Candidates, Shirley M. Sommers
Northwest Journal of Teacher Education
This article draws from a study conducted on pre-service teachers enrolled in a teacher education program. The study examines students’ understanding and misunderstanding of what constitutes culturally responsive teaching. This is a mixed methods study. A Likert-type survey and qualitative questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey data, and a thematic coding method was used for analysis of qualitative data. The results of the study show that pre-service teachers are aware and knowledgeable of the term culturally responsive teaching as the term is widely used in the teacher education program in which they were …
Assessing The Impact Dynamics Of Less Lethal Ammunition, Steven Bermejo
Assessing The Impact Dynamics Of Less Lethal Ammunition, Steven Bermejo
Student Theses
Less-lethal ammunition is widely used by law enforcement as an alternative to lethal force during crowd control, on-street confrontations, and other situations requiring force. Although these projectiles are intended to reduce risk of fatal injury, serious injuries and fatalities have been reported, highlighting the need to better understand the factors that influence their impact behavior. This study evaluated the impact dynamics of four types of 12-gauge less-lethal ammunition, including rubber buckshot, single rubber ball, double rubber ball, and Byrna kinetic projectile, using kinetic energy calculations derived from projectile mass and velocity measurements. In addition, Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared …
Modeling Formation Of Turbulent Sporadic-E Clouds Using Realistic Wind Data, Aaron M. Schinder, Kenneth S. Obenberger, Jorge L. Chau, Juan M. Urco, Matthias Clahsen, Benjamin F. Akers, Daniel J. Emmons
Modeling Formation Of Turbulent Sporadic-E Clouds Using Realistic Wind Data, Aaron M. Schinder, Kenneth S. Obenberger, Jorge L. Chau, Juan M. Urco, Matthias Clahsen, Benjamin F. Akers, Daniel J. Emmons
Faculty Publications
A high resolution two-dimensional multi-fluid model of sporadic-E layers was developed and driven with physically realistic mesosphere, lower thermosphere (MLT) winds measured over Albuquerque, New Mexico. The realistic E-region winds are produced by the HYdrodynamic Point-wise Environment Reconstructor (HYPER) model that ingests meteor derived wind observations from a Spread-spectrum Interferometric Multistatic meteor radar Observing Network (SIMONe) system combined with the Navier-Stokes equations to provide high resolution three-dimensional wind fields over time. Sporadic-E dynamics are simulated using both realistic winds from HYPER as well as idealized hyperbolic tangent windshears to compare and contrast. Overall, the model shows greater inhomogeneity and irregularity …