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Articles 1621 - 1650 of 713656
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
A Phenomenological Study Exploring Administrators’ Experiences Supporting Career And Technical Education Teacher Self-Efficacy, Korbin T. Shoemaker
A Phenomenological Study Exploring Administrators’ Experiences Supporting Career And Technical Education Teacher Self-Efficacy, Korbin T. Shoemaker
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the support of career and technical education teacher self-efficacy development for secondary public-school administrative leaders at West Central Maryland school districts. The theory guiding this study was behavioral leadership theory, as it provided a lens for understanding how leaders’ observable actions and interactions intentionally influence teachers’ confidence and professional growth. The central research question guiding this study was: What are the lived experiences of secondary public school administrative leaders as they support the development of self-efficacy in CTE teachers? This qualitative study utilized a hermeneutic phenomenological design informed by van …
A Qualitative Phenomenological Study Exploring Middle School Special Education Teachers’ Experiences In Their Undergraduate Preparation Programs, Alfredia D. Simmons
A Qualitative Phenomenological Study Exploring Middle School Special Education Teachers’ Experiences In Their Undergraduate Preparation Programs, Alfredia D. Simmons
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perceived effectiveness of undergraduate educator preparation programs for special education teachers in middle schools in central Georgia. The theory guiding this study was transformative learning, as proposed by, which explored adult learning and the ways individuals reflected on experiences to shift their perspectives and develop new understandings. The central research question asked: How did middle school special education teachers perceive the effectiveness of their undergraduate preparation programs in relation to their current teaching responsibilities? This transcendental phenomenological study included 10 middle school special education teachers in central Georgia. Data were …
Church Revitalization In A Southwest United States Retirement Community Church: A Case Study, Donald L. Fraser
Church Revitalization In A Southwest United States Retirement Community Church: A Case Study, Donald L. Fraser
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Eighty percent of churches in the United States are either plateaued or declining. Across all denominations, as many as 7700 churches permanently close their doors each year. Pastors of once-vibrant churches transition to survival mode rather than continuing to build their churches. However, there are bright spots where a declining church reverses the downward trend and begins a renewed cycle of growth. This case study examined church growth and revitalization of Southwest Community Church (the name has been changed to protect the identity of the participants), a revitalized church in a dedicated retirement community. For this research, revitalization has been …
Investigating K-12 Principals Assigning Non-Licensed, Uncertified Personnel As Teachers: A Case Study, Hugues Pericles
Investigating K-12 Principals Assigning Non-Licensed, Uncertified Personnel As Teachers: A Case Study, Hugues Pericles
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this single case study was to describe how principals assign non-licensed, uncertified personnel as teachers for students at K-12 public schools. The theory guiding this study was Weick’s sensemaking theory on organization, as it explains the relationship between the theory and leaders’ management in times of organizational crisis. The Central Research Question was: How do principals assign non-licensed, uncertified personnel as teachers at their K-12 public schools in one large urban school district? This study was a holistic single case study. The study sample included the lived experiences of K-12 public school principals in one of the …
Developing Field And Spaceflight Microscopy, Nikki Johnston
Developing Field And Spaceflight Microscopy, Nikki Johnston
Dissertations and Theses
Designing for spaceflight favors the reduction of unnecessary features and cost-cutting, whether thisbe computation, hardware, or procedure. Resources are spent toward fortification and mission success over convenience. Such design goals paired with the relatively smaller budgets of academia lead us to do as much as we can in-house and use open-source as much as we can without compromising mission success. We also believe that thoroughly testing technology in extreme environments on earth is necessary for the success of a flight instrument. We focus on microscopy for life detection. I have spent my time here learning methods of hand-building microscopes to …
Exploring Social Cognitive Learning In Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education: A Case Study, William Nicholas Vasios Iii
Exploring Social Cognitive Learning In Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education: A Case Study, William Nicholas Vasios Iii
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this single-case design study is to explore the impact of observational and vicarious learning during simulation-enhanced interprofessional education (Sim-IPE) on the confidence and perceived self-efficacy of nursing students and IM residents at a southeastern university. Guided by Bandura’s social cognitive learning theory, which addresses the personnel, behavioral, and environmental factors of Sim-IPE, while answering the central research question: How does observational and vicarious learning during Sim-IPE impact participant confidence and perceived self-efficacy? This qualitative single-case study was conducted at a university in the southeastern United States, using data collected through visual confidence analog scale surveys, interviews, and …
The Posture Of Recovery; A Quantitative Analysis Of Post-Exercise Heart Rate Restorateion In College Athletes, Matthew Scott Ferriter
The Posture Of Recovery; A Quantitative Analysis Of Post-Exercise Heart Rate Restorateion In College Athletes, Matthew Scott Ferriter
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Heart rate recovery (HRR) has been frequently used as a noninvasive indicator of autonomic reactivity following high-intensity exercise. However, limited research has explored the effects of post-exercise body posture (PEBP) on HRR following acute bouts of high-intensity exercise in collegiate athletes. The purpose of this quantitative repeated-measures experimental study was to investigate if recovery posture (supine [SUP]; tripod [TRI]; standing upright [SU]) affected HRR during the first five minutes following a standardized high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session. Thirty-seven collegiate athletes completed three total testing sessions. Participants completed all three recovery posture conditions in a randomized order. Heart rate (HR) was …
Relationships Between Lower Body Anthropometrics And Vertical Force-Velocity Profiles In Collegiate American Football Players, Nicholus Adam Despot
Relationships Between Lower Body Anthropometrics And Vertical Force-Velocity Profiles In Collegiate American Football Players, Nicholus Adam Despot
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The study examined the relationships between lower-body anthropometric characteristics and vertical force-velocity profiles in collegiate American football players. Although the use of force-velocity profiling has increased significantly in recent years, there has been limited research on the association between structural features and key mechanical outputs. A sample of 16 NAIA football players was used to examine how skeletal breadths, girths, and derived ratios relate to key force-velocity metrics. Anthropometric variables were collected using ISAK standards, while force-velocity profiles were obtained through a series of loaded squat jumps on a force platform. Mean propulsive force, velocity and power were used to …
The Empathy Equation: Nontraditional Students Recruited With A Transformational Approach - A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Ashley E. Sempowski
The Empathy Equation: Nontraditional Students Recruited With A Transformational Approach - A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Ashley E. Sempowski
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to examine the influence that individualized, student-centric, transformative recruitment and communication efforts had on university student choice for nontraditional students at a private four-year university. The theory guiding this study is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, as it explains how an individual’s environmental system and contexts influence their human development and decision making, and how these developments can be seen as predictors of student choice, retention, academic preparedness, and performance. This hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted through interviews, focus groups, and reflective writing prompts with 10 nontraditional students at a private, four-year university. …
Exploring Experiences Of Home Education Parents In Homeschool Curriculum Modification: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Anne Elizabeth Smoak
Exploring Experiences Of Home Education Parents In Homeschool Curriculum Modification: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Anne Elizabeth Smoak
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to explore the experiences of home education parents modifying the curriculum at their homeschool. The theory guiding this study is the expectancy-value theory, as it shows the connection between attainment value, intrinsic value, and utility value in the context of parents who choose to modify home education. The central research question is as follows: What are the lived experiences of parents modifying curriculum at their homeschool? The examination of these experiences was explored using a qualitative methodology for the research, and the chosen research design for this study is a transcendental phenomenological …
A Causal-Comparative Study Of The Differences Existing Between Elementary, Middle, And High School Faculty And Staff Members Perceptions Of Their Mtss/Rti Skills, Vanessa F. Harriman
A Causal-Comparative Study Of The Differences Existing Between Elementary, Middle, And High School Faculty And Staff Members Perceptions Of Their Mtss/Rti Skills, Vanessa F. Harriman
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study was to explore the relationships between the independent variable, school level (elementary, middle, high), and the dependent variables of faculty and staff perceptions of his/her own ability to implement MTSS/RTI when applied to academic content (Null Hypothesis One), behavioral content (Null Hypothesis Two), and the construction and use of data displays (Null Hypothesis Three). This study was critical because it added to the literature concerning MTSS/RTI implementation in middle and high schools while comparing their data to elementary schools. This study used a convenience sample of faculty and staff of public-school districts in …
Flexible Power Point Tracking For Active Frequency Regulation In Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants, Castor K. Haule, Sophia D. Kigodi, Emmanuel S. Matee, Francis Mwasilu
Flexible Power Point Tracking For Active Frequency Regulation In Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants, Castor K. Haule, Sophia D. Kigodi, Emmanuel S. Matee, Francis Mwasilu
Tanzania Journal of Science
The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into modern power grids necessitates advanced control strategies capable of supporting grid stability. Traditional PV systems rely on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to maximize energy extraction, limiting their ability to participate in grid-support functions such as frequency regulation or power curtailment. This paper presents a flexible power point tracking (FPPT) control strategy that enables PV systems to operate at arbitrary points along the power–voltage (P–V) curve. A multi-mode power management scheme is proposed, integrating conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT with FPPT, allowing the system to switch dynamically between energy maximization and …
Simulated Versus Non-Simulated Imputed Data: A Comparison Of Handling Missing Data Techniques For Numerical Covariates, Rahibu A. Abassi, Rocky R.J. Akarro
Simulated Versus Non-Simulated Imputed Data: A Comparison Of Handling Missing Data Techniques For Numerical Covariates, Rahibu A. Abassi, Rocky R.J. Akarro
Tanzania Journal of Science
Missing data poses a great challenge in much research, and if not appropriately handled, can negatively impact the analysis and bias the results and study conclusions. This article assesses the performance of numerous methods used to impute missing data by using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) under various missing data proportions and two common missingness mechanisms, namely Missing at Random (MAR) and Missing Completely at Random (MCAR). RMSE values were used to judge the accuracy of imputation techniques using real data and across different simulation settings. The results showed magnitude of RMSE increased with increased proportions of missing data, regardless …
Mitigation Of Power Quality Problems In Songwe Power Distribution Line Using A Static Distribution Compensator, James Mhame, Emmanuel Matee, Francis Mwasilu, Sophia D. Kigodi
Mitigation Of Power Quality Problems In Songwe Power Distribution Line Using A Static Distribution Compensator, James Mhame, Emmanuel Matee, Francis Mwasilu, Sophia D. Kigodi
Tanzania Journal of Science
The Songwe electrical distribution system is prone to severe voltage drops that lead to frequent power outages in long feeders, light flickering, and the multi-operation of equipment and other appliances. The voltage at the switching station averaged 27.6 kV, 28.21 kV, and 25.79 kV in the years 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Additionally, the maximum was 32.2 kV, below the nominal voltage, and the feeder has a very low power factor, which drops to 0.6 during peak hours. Currently, TANESCO uses automatic voltage regulators connected to a distant location from the switching station to two feeders with critical voltage drop …
Multi-Agent Autonomous Laboratories, Xavier Pillet
Multi-Agent Autonomous Laboratories, Xavier Pillet
Defensive Publications Series
This document, produced with the assistance of ChatGPT o3, Claude Opus 5 and Gemini 3.6 Reasoning, is released under the Apache License 2.0. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes : EPC Art. 54(2) (European Patent Convention), French IPC Art. L 611-11 (French Intellectual Property Code), 35 U.S.C. §102(a) (United States Patent Act), Chinese Patent Law Art. 22(5) (両匡丢氡儡吡嘡丣刡氢), and Japanese Patent Act Art. 29(1) (闘旧避). It releases into the public domain 113 inventions covering autonomous laboratories and their multi-agent artificial intelligence systems: hardware safety and …
A Comparative Study Of Advanced Pid And Advanced Smc Controllers For Robust Speed Control Of Bldc Motor, Zuhair A. Alqarni
A Comparative Study Of Advanced Pid And Advanced Smc Controllers For Robust Speed Control Of Bldc Motor, Zuhair A. Alqarni
Yanbu Journal of Engineering and Science
There are several industrial applications for BLDC motors where precise speed control is required. There has been a lot of research on and practical use of classical controllers, but when dealing with nonlinearity, changing plant parameters, moving time delays, and excessive plant noise, advanced controllers often perform better. This research compares two different methods for controlling the BLDC motor drive system speed. An advanced Sliding Mode Controller based on the super-twisting method with integral sliding surface and an advanced Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with derivative filtering and anti-windup compensation are both examined in this work. The author of this …
A Return On Investment (Roi) Evaluation Tool For Quantifying The Value Of Cybersecurity Certifications, Nicolas Meysmans, Kelly Hughes
A Return On Investment (Roi) Evaluation Tool For Quantifying The Value Of Cybersecurity Certifications, Nicolas Meysmans, Kelly Hughes
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
The growing reliance on cybersecurity certifications has increased the financial and professional stakes associated with certification decision-making for cybersecurity professionals. Despite their widespread use in hiring and career advancement, there is limited objective guidance available to help individuals evaluate the return on investment (ROI) of specific certifications. This gap has created uncertainty regarding which credentials provide the greatest value relative to their cost and market impact. This study presents a data-driven, design science–based tool that supports cybersecurity professionals in evaluating certification ROI using practitioner survey data combined with certification cost and labor-market demand indicators. The paper also demonstrates how such …
From Disruption To Replacement: The 2026 Cae Cybersecurity Community Symposium And The Emerging Federal-Academic Compact For An Ai Workforce, Sunday Oludare Ogunlana
From Disruption To Replacement: The 2026 Cae Cybersecurity Community Symposium And The Emerging Federal-Academic Compact For An Ai Workforce, Sunday Oludare Ogunlana
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
The cybersecurity workforce gap in the United States is estimated at several hundred thousand unfilled positions, and the rapid integration of artificial intelligence into adversary tradecraft and federal cyber operations is widening that gap qualitatively as well as quantitatively, threatening national security and the operational readiness of graduates entering the field. This perspective article synthesizes the principal arguments advanced by five federal and academic speakers at the 2026 CAE Cybersecurity Community Symposium, using verbatim session transcripts, a structured thematic extraction process, and triangulation against published workforce policy and peer-reviewed literature. Findings document a unified speaker thesis that artificial intelligence now …
Creating An Updated Risc-V Platform With Hypervisor Support, Carter A. Glatt
Creating An Updated Risc-V Platform With Hypervisor Support, Carter A. Glatt
Masters Theses
Virtualization has become an important methodology for implementing security and efficiency in embedded systems design. Virtualized environments provide flexibility and scalability of user-space environments, as hardware capabilities allow for multiple environments to run concurrently using the same hardware without impacting system performance or cost metrics. The ability to implement virtualized environments is fundamentally based on the instruction set architecture (ISA), which implements the necessary commands to facilitate the interface between physical hardware and virtual components.
RISC-V is an open-source ISA that can be used to generate platforms that support virtualization through the use of the H-Extension ISA. Previous research into …
Trust, Delegation, And Alignment In Human-Ai Decision Making, Erik O. Kimbrough, Brennan Mcdavid, Diba Vazirian
Trust, Delegation, And Alignment In Human-Ai Decision Making, Erik O. Kimbrough, Brennan Mcdavid, Diba Vazirian
ESI Working Papers
This paper studies delegation to artificial intelligence in a setting where human principals retain the consequences of delegated choices. Participants wrote prompts instructing ChatGPT-4o mini how to choose on their behalf in three canonical economic domains: risky choice, intertemporal choice, and social allocation. We then elicited the compensation participants required to let the AI’s choices count for payment and compared participants’ own choices to choices generated from their prompts. The design produces two central empirical objects: a revealed measure of reluctance to delegate, captured by willingness to accept compensation for AI delegation, and a behavioral measure of alignment, captured by …
The Effect Of Divergent Thinking Strategy On Cognitive Intuition And Learning To Perform Some Volleyball Skills For Fifth-Grade Middle School Students, Fatima Naeem Abdullah Al-Aboudi
The Effect Of Divergent Thinking Strategy On Cognitive Intuition And Learning To Perform Some Volleyball Skills For Fifth-Grade Middle School Students, Fatima Naeem Abdullah Al-Aboudi
Modern Sport
The importance of this research stems from employing divergent thinking strategies to develop cognitive intuition and improve the learning of basic volleyball skills among middle school students, thus contributing to the improvement of learning quality. The research problem lies in the weak level of cognitive intuition and skill performance among fifth-grade middle school students, necessitating the search for a modern educational strategy to address this issue. The research aimed to build a scale for cognitive intuition, and to identify the effect of divergent thinking strategy on developing cognitive intuition and learning some volleyball skills. The researcher used the experimental method …
Computer Organization And Assembly Language Programming, Chenxi Wang Phd, Muhammad Rashed Phd
Computer Organization And Assembly Language Programming, Chenxi Wang Phd, Muhammad Rashed Phd
Mavs Open Press Open Educational Resources
Computer Organization and Assembly Language Programming is an open textbook written for CSE 2312 students at The University of Texas at Arlington and for anyone who wants to see clearly how high-level code becomes machine operations. The book takes the position that assembly is not a historical curiosity but a working tool: it is where system programming, embedded development, performance tuning, and real debugging skill begin.
Across sixteen chapters, this textbook builds from number systems and base conversion through ALU operations, status flags, and shift operations, then into ARMv7 assembly syntax, the load and store architecture, endianness, addressing modes, branch …
A Historical Analysis Of Competitive Dominance In The Men's Individual Events At The World Fencing Championships (1921–2022), Zainab Ali Abdul Ameer
A Historical Analysis Of Competitive Dominance In The Men's Individual Events At The World Fencing Championships (1921–2022), Zainab Ali Abdul Ameer
Modern Sport
The study aimed to analyze the trajectory of competitive dominance in the Men's Individual Events at the World Fencing Championships during the period 1921–2022. It also examined medal distribution patterns and analyzed competitive specialization according to weapon category. The study used comparative historical analytical approach, through tracking the results of the World Fencing Championships across four historical stages, based on official data, medal distribution and percentage indicators. The most significant outcome was the shift of competitive dominance from Hungary, which won 10 and 13 gold medals in the first and second historical stages, respectively, to the Soviet Union, which achieved …
Evaluating A Dual-Beacon Hartmann Turbulence Profiling Technique Using Wave Optics Simulations, Benjamin C. Wilson, Matthew Kalensky, Santasri Bose-Pillai, Jack E. Mccrae
Evaluating A Dual-Beacon Hartmann Turbulence Profiling Technique Using Wave Optics Simulations, Benjamin C. Wilson, Matthew Kalensky, Santasri Bose-Pillai, Jack E. Mccrae
Faculty Publications
Resolving how optical turbulence varies along a propagation path remains a key challenge for designers of free-space optical propagation systems. Instruments such as scintillometers and differential image motion monitors are commonly used, but only provide path-integrated turbulence estimates. Point sensors provide localized estimates of turbulence strength and can be used to generate path-resolved profiles when an array of point sensors are distributed along the optical path. However, this approach can be costly and complex to deploy in certain environments. Alternatively, a single point sensor can be mounted on a mobile platform that collects data while traversing the optical path, although …
Workers Authoring Assessment: Play And Power In Early Childhood Education, Phoebe M. Gilpin
Workers Authoring Assessment: Play And Power In Early Childhood Education, Phoebe M. Gilpin
Theses and Dissertations
Researchers assert that play-based pedagogy is an effective approach to teaching young children, but there is less consensus on the specific methods of play-based teaching. This mixed-methodology exploratory case study investigated early childhood (EC) educators’ conceptualizations of play-based pedagogy in three phases: Phase 1’s quantitative measure testing found a mismatch between researchers’ conceptualization of play-based pedagogy and EC educators’ (n=183) understandings. In Phase 2, EC educators (n=3) articulated their perspectives about teaching through play and co-authored a new tool, the Teacher-Authored Play and Teaching Scale (TAPTS). Within Phase 3, EC educators (n=60) completed the TAPTS, which I interpreted through a …
Texas Teachers’ Perspectives On Work Experiences That Influenced Their Decision To Leave Their District Or Profession Following The Onset Of The Pandemic, Rose Pham Tran
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The problem that was addressed through this study is the over 10% departure of K-12 teachers following the onset of the pandemic, contributing to widespread teacher shortages in the classrooms in Texas. Guided by Bakker and Demerouti’s job demands and resources framework, the purpose of this study was to explore K-12 teachers’ perspectives on the demands and responsibilities as well as their reasons to leave the district or profession following the onset of the pandemic. For this case study, semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 teachers from the same district who voluntarily left between 2020 and 2025. Additional data on …
Structured And Interpretable Representations For Ensemble And Dynamical Systems, Yuan-Hung Kuan
Structured And Interpretable Representations For Ensemble And Dynamical Systems, Yuan-Hung Kuan
McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations
Precise and robust manipulation of large populations of structurally identical dynamical systems with heterogeneous dynamics, known as ensemble systems, is a central challenge in many emerging applications. These systems are often difficult to analyze and control because of the inherent nonlinearities, high dimensionality, heterogeneity, and incomplete knowledge of the underlying dynamics. To address these challenges, this thesis develops structured and interpretable representations for the analysis, control, and learning of nonlinear ensemble systems. Its central objective is to transform complex heterogeneous dynamics into representations that preserve essential structural and dynamical properties while enabling tractable computation and effective control design. First, the …
Assessment Of The Radionuclide Concentration Levels Of Water And Sediments Along The Mara River, Gasper Kachenge, Abubakary Salama, Abdalah Kileo, Furaha Chuma
Assessment Of The Radionuclide Concentration Levels Of Water And Sediments Along The Mara River, Gasper Kachenge, Abubakary Salama, Abdalah Kileo, Furaha Chuma
Tanzania Journal of Science
For many years, several factors have impacted the water quality of the Mara River, including population growth, agricultural expansion, livestock keeping, mining, and industrial activities. These factors have intensified water pollution and climate change effects around the river. While previous studies have mainly focused on assessing heavy metal pollution risks on the Mara River, this study evaluates the concentration levels of radionuclides in boreholes, water, and sediments along the river and its tributaries. Naturally occurring radioactive materials, including 226Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, were evaluated. A high-purity germanium radiation detector (HPGe) with a coaxial detector system coupled with Gamma Vision software …
Oregon State Rank Assessment For Stemmed Polypore (Xeroceps Skamania), Nora Dunkirk
Oregon State Rank Assessment For Stemmed Polypore (Xeroceps Skamania), Nora Dunkirk
Institute for Natural Resources Publications
Oregon state conservation status assessment for Stemmed Polypore (Xeroceps skamania) using NatureServe methodology, 2026.
Aeroradio-Spectrometric Geothermal Analysis Of Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, Fidelis O. Ogunsanwo
Aeroradio-Spectrometric Geothermal Analysis Of Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, Fidelis O. Ogunsanwo
Tanzania Journal of Science
Weathered basement terrains of Precambrian origin are increasingly recognized as important targets for geothermal assessment and renewable energy exploration; yet systematic assessments integrating airborne radiometric data remain limited in south-western Nigeria. This study applies an aeroradio-spectrometric approach to evaluate and quantify the radiogenic heat production, geothermal gradient, and lithospheric heat flow associated with the diverse lithological assemblages of the Abeokuta area, southwestern Nigeria. The study area comprises of six lithological units, namely; biotite–garnet gneiss and schist, porphyroblastic gneiss, migmatite, pegmatite intrusions, and sedimentary successions of sand-clay-shale and sandstone–limestone. The concentrations of uranium (238U), thorium (232Th), and potassium (40K) were extracted …