Digital Commons Network^™

Dynamic-To-Static Elastic Parameter Conversion Models For Coals Under Temperature-Pressure Coupling: A Case Study Of The No. 8 Coal Seam In The Daning-Jixian Block, Zhang Wei, Wu Peng, Liu Conghui, Zhang Sidun, Sun Xuedong, Yang Haixing, Ma Zhuang, Shi Rui, Shen Jian

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Existing dynamic-to-static elastic parameter conversion models for coals fail to fully account for the actual in situ pressure and temperature conditions of deep reservoirs. This leads to significant deviations in directly evaluating the mechanical properties of reservoirs using log-derived dynamic parameters. To address this challenge, this study investigated dynamic-to-static elastic parameter conversion under the in situ stress and geotemperature conditions of strata. Accordingly, high-precision parameter conversion models were established. Methods This study examined coal samples from the No. 8 coal seam at a burial depth of approximately 1200 m in the Daning-Jixian block along the eastern margin of the …

A Geochemical Evaluation Method For Geological Sweet Spots Of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale Gas: A Case Study Of The Shan$^3_2 $ Sub-Member, Eastern Margin Of The Ordos Basin, Zhu Xingcheng, Li Yong, Lu Jungang, He Qingbo, Li Shuxin, Xiao Zhenglu, Li Xiang, Jiang Qijun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background China boasts abundant marine-continental transitional shale gas resources. However, marine-continental transitional shales in the country exhibit complex geological conditions characterized by rapid lateral facies transition, vertical superimposition of multiple lithologies, and small single-layer thickness. These characteristics pose a challenge to shale gas sweet spot prediction. Therefore, establishing a sweet spot grading and evaluation system tailored to these shales is of great significance for guiding decision-making in hydrocarbon exploration and supporting large-scale production. Methods Based on core observations, this study systematically evaluated the geochemical characteristics of marine-continental transitional shales in the 3rd submember of the 2nd member of the Permian …

Sources And Occurrence Patterns Of Hydrocarbons In The Surrounding Rocks Of Coal Seams: A Case Study Of The Jurassic Yan'an Formation In The Xinzhuang Mine Field, Longdong Area, Zhang Peng, Chen Dongdong, Zhao Junfeng, Zheng Kaige, Wang Chunxin, Zhou Xingtian

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods This study aims to ascertain abnormal hydrocarbon outflows from the surrounding rocks of coal seams in the Jurassic Yan'an Formation within the Xinzhuang mine field in the Longdong area, southwestern Ordos Basin. Based on the fundamental principles of petroleum geology, sedimentology, and coal geology, this study systematically analyzed the sources, occurrence patterns, and primary controlling factors of hydrocarbons in the surrounding rocks of coal seams using methods including core observation, sample analysis, and statistical mapping. Results and Conclusions In the Xinzhuang mine field, hydrocarbon outflows are primarily identified in the floor of the No. 8 coal seam …

Investigating Seepage In Rough Porous Media Fractures Using Fractional Brownian Motion Simulation, Liu Weitao, Kong Debin, Mao Qingfu, Zhao Jiyuan, Gu Yulong, Zhang Xiao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Natural rock fractures are often partially filled with permeable materials such as silt and minerals under long-term geological and hydraulic actions, forming complex structures containing unfilled voids. The seepage characteristics of such fractures significantly influence petroleum extraction, mine water prevention, and the stability of underground engineering projects. Methods To reveal the underlying seepage mechanisms, this study generated rough profiles of unfilled voids with different fractal dimensions based on Fractional Brownian Motion. A theoretical expression for the overall permeability of partially filled fractures was derived, and a coupled free flow–porous medium flow numerical model was established. This framework was used …

Key Technologies And Engineering Practices For Green Drainage Of The Jurassic Burnt Rock-Hosted Water In The Shenfu Mining Area, Ji Zhongkui, Mou Lin, Wang Hai, Zhu Kaipeng, Zhao Kaixing, Chen Pan, Xue Xiaoyuan, Han Qiang, He Bo, Wang Fuming

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective In the northern part of Shaanxi Province, coal mining has led to a pronounced contradiction between coal mining and water conservation, along with a serious threat to China’s ecological redline. These challenges necessitate transforming the mine water drainage pattern in coal mines. Green mine water drainage represents a key approach to achieving coordinated coal-water production in areas containing burnt rocks. Methods Focusing on the conservation-oriented utilization of the Jurassic burnt rock-hosted water in a coal mine within the Shenfu mining area, this study explored a solution to coordinated coal-water production in areas affected by burnt rock-hosted water from the …

Mine Water Storage In Deep Strata: Temperature Responses And The Quantitative Identification Of Primary Permeable Intervals, Xue Jiankun, Wang Shuangming, Zhang Pingsong, Wang Xiaodong, Han Le, Wang Zhizhou, Wang Yutong, Wang Zhibo

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Storage in deep strata represents an effective approach to treating high-salinity mine water in mining areas of western China. For this technology, the use of directional wells can significantly enhance water injection efficiency, while selecting primary permeable intervals with high injectivity as drilling targets is key to its successful implementation. However, the accurate identification of these intervals in deep strata remains challenging. Methods By analyzing the wellbore temperature variations in the injection well during water injection, a qualitative model was developed to evaluate primary permeable intervals based on wellbore temperature curves. Following the principles of momentum and energy conservation, …

Field Tests On The Capillary Barrier Effect Of Covers For Comprehensive Utilization Of Solid Waste In Waste Dumps, Duan Xu, Chen Chuangchuang, Qiu Xun, Wang Bo, Shi Luyu, Yan Hanyang, Zou Yu, Qu Jin, Hu Zhaojiang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background In the arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern China, the open-pit waste dumps of mining areas suffer from severe water erosion and the limited water-holding capacities of shallow cover soils. This restricts the ecological restoration of abandoned mine lands. Capillary barrier covers can enhance the water-holding capacities of water storage layers due to the differential hydraulic properties at the interface between fine- and coarse-grained layers. However, both the feasibility of constructing layered covers by mixing solid waste slags from waste dumps with clay and the water regulation performance of the covers are yet to be verified in the field. …

An Experimental Study On The Compressive Shear Failure Characteristics Of Mining-Induced Fractured Rock Blocks In The Absence Of Lateral Confinement And Under Unilateral Confinement, Wang Wenxue, Zhang Shicheng, Li Linyang, Zhang Ruochen, Liang Yankun, Chang Jian, Pan Xuwei, Zhao Guizhang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Rock bridges exert a controlling influence on the deformation, fracture field evolution, and structural stability of mining-induced fractured rock masses. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their deformation and failure characteristics, as well as the underlying controlling mechanisms, under different confinement conditions. Such investigations will provide theoretical support for the safe mining of underground coal seams and the prevention and control of mining-induced disasters. Methods Mechanical models of fractured rock blocks containing rock bridges were established. Specimens with different fracture dip angles, rock bridge widths, and material strengths were prepared using rock-like materials. Furthermore, an independently developed compressive shear …

An Integrated Automated Parameter Optimization Method Based On Fdem And Isight For Rock Mass Engineering: A Case Study Of Pillar Stability Design, Zhu Defu, Gao Bolong, Xu Jiabo, Wang Deyu, Gao Peng, Li Yalin, Hu Wenshuo

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Conventional rock mass engineering design largely relies on empirical equations or numerical simulation schemes selected from a limited number of comparable cases, making it difficult to effectively balance multiple constraints such as safety, economic viability, and resource recovery. The finite-discrete element method (FDEM) based on the intrinsic cohesive zone model (ICZM) can effectively simulate the evolution of quasi-brittle materials from continuous to discontinuous behavior, rendering it particularly suitable for engineering issues involving highly discontinuous rock masses. Therefore, FDEM has become an important numerical analysis method in rock mass engineering. However, there remains an urgent need for a high-precision, integrated, …

An Image Recognition And Multi-Parameter Quantitative Characterization System For Fractures In Roadway Rocks, Xiong Yu, Jiang Lichun, Kong Dezhong, Li Jinzhu

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Conventional measurement methods for rock fractures suffer from low efficiency and high subjectivity. On the other hand, simple image recognition techniques struggle to achieve high-precision multi-parameter integrated analysis of rock fractures in complex roadway environments. To address these challenges, this study aims to develop an image recognition and multi-parameter quantitative characterization system for rock fractures. Methods At the core of the system is the formulation of a combined image preprocessing strategy. Specifically, fracture segmentation is conducted based on adaptive threshold binarization, isolated noise points are removed using morphological opening, and median filtering is introduced to perform the refined polishing …

Selection And Verification Of Optimal Key Parameters Of Ultra-Wideband Radars For Life Detection In Coal-Rock Shielding Environments In Coal Mines, Huang Yuan, Zheng Xuezhao, Wen Hu, Jin Feiyang, Xu Chengyu, Liu Yin, Ding Wen

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods Ultra-wideband (UWB) radars can transmit electromagnetic waves that penetrate coal and rock media, thereby addressing the challenge of detecting and localizing personnel trapped in shielding environments during mine collapse. However, key parameters for UWB radar detection are difficult to determine due to complex mine environments, diverse media, and unclear dispersion characteristics. To deal with this issue, this study determined the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of various coal and rock media, as well as human tissues, through experiments and fitting. In combination with actual rescue scenarios, this study established the electromagnetic equivalent model of shielding environments in coal mines. …

A Method Of Reflected In-Seam Wave Imaging Based On The Structural Similarity Index Of Adjacent Gathers, Wang Ji, Wei Zhongli, Ye Hongxing, Wu Guoqing, Liu Shuo, Niu Huan, Su Xiaoyun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Reflected in-seam wave detection represents a major method for exploring geological anomalies in underground coal mines. This method is well suited to detecting concealed structures (e.g., faults and collapse columns) within coal seams in the tunneling direction of roadways or along their side walls. In recent years, to meet the safety requirements of green mine construction, explosive sources have been substituted with mechanical hammer impacts in increasing reflected in-seam wave detection. However, compared to conventional explosive sources, hammer impacts exhibit significantly lower instantaneous energy intensity and consistency. These limitations lead to reduced quality of reflected in-seam wave imaging, thus …

A Seismic Prediction Technology For Coalbed Methane Sweet Spots And Its Engineering Application In The Ordos Basin, Zhang Mengbo, Li Fei, Zhang Dong, Peng Jiankang, Cui Xiaojie, Ni Na, Long Shengfang, Tao Yu, Zhu Jun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Deep coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs tend to exhibit significant tuning effects of thin interbeds, leading to challenging localization of actual coal seam boundaries, limited identification accuracy of micro-amplitude structures in the coal seam roof, and poor stability of the seismic responses of the reservoirs' gas-bearing properties. To address these challenges, this study investigated the No. 8 coal seam of the Benxi Formation in the Mizhi area, Ordos Basin. Accordingly, a method with the prediction of gas-bearing properties as the primary controlling factor was developed for the seismic prediction and comprehensive evaluation of CBM sweet spots. Methods First, the actual …

Factors Influencing The Build-Up Rate Of Small-Diameter Rotary Steerable Systems In Underground Coal Mines, Yang Dongdong, Li Quanxin, Zhang Youzhen, Chen Long, Chu Zhiwei, Jiang Bici, Wang Bo, Yan Wenchao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Intelligent drilling represents an important part of intelligent coal mine construction. However, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) directional drilling, the core of underground intelligent drilling operations, currently suffers from several limitations, including the high dogleg severity of wellbore trajectories, low drilling efficiency, and poor hard-rock penetration. Rotary steerable system (RSS) technology has emerged as a key approach to addressing these limitations owing to its high-precision control on drilling trajectories. Methods This study systematically analyzed the factors influencing the build-up rate of small-diameter, push-the-bit RSSs using a modified 3-point circle method and the longitudinal beam bending method. Through theoretical modeling, the coupled impacts …

Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis Of Fracture-Induced Lost Circulation And Intelligent Selection Of Lost Circulation Control Fluids, Sun Huan, Zhu Mingming, Wang Jinshu, Yao Lu, Zhou Fangfang, Tan Xuebin, Sun Yan, Qu Yanping, Chen Ning

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Method Drilling operations in the Changqing area face several challenges in lost circulation, including complex types, significantly different characteristics, and difficulty in designing plugging formulations. To address these issues, this study proposes a DSX-Hybrid coupled intelligent decision-making framework, which serves as an integrated scheme to identify lost circulation channels, perform intelligent selection of plugging formulations, and offer recommendations on construction process. In this framework, given the scarcity of labeled log data, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is employed to mine latent geological characteristics of unlabeled data. Then, the self-attention convolutional neural network (SACNN) is …

Fast-Track Ode: A Student-Centered, Game-Based Summer Differential Equations Course, Chamila D. Malagoda Gamage

CODEE Journal

This article describes a student-centered and game-based redesign of an Elementary Differential Equations course taught during a six-week summer session. In this compressed setting, students had to move through the standard course content quickly while still developing procedural fluency, conceptual understanding, and confidence with applications. To support these goals, the course used real-time feedback tools, collaborative problem solving, applications connected to students' fields, and mathematical games. The paper describes the course context, major activities, implementation details, and student feedback. Student responses suggest that the activities were well received and helped students stay engaged, participate regularly, prepare for exams, and see …

Unveiling Cuo-Doped Mwcnts Incorporated Polycaprolactone As Effective Photocatalytic Nanomembranes For Sequestrating Toxic Dyes From Industrial Wastewater And Antibacterial Applications, Hesham Moustafa, Mohamed Mousa, Mohamed Morsy, Gotdon Price, Mohamed H. Hemida, Samah A. Mohamed, Ahmed Helal

Nanotechnology Research Centre

Organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), are widely used in the textile and dyestuff industries, which can be released into the environment as major dye pollutants in wastewater, thereby causing serious environmental hazards. The present research aimed to synthesize effective CuO-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and incorporated into a renewable polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer at varied dosages (i.e., 3, 7, and 10 wt%) to fabricate photocatalytic nanomembranes for toxic dye sequestration. XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis were employed to characterize the structure, morphology and composition of prepared nanoparticles and PCL nanomembranes. The mechanical properties and antibacterial performance of prepared nanomembranes …

2026 Final Unreclaimed Sites Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

Unreclaimed sites exist within the Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) that could pose a threat to human health or surface water quality due to the presence of historical mine waste. Although many source areas have been previously reclaimed, areas still exist in which soil has not yet been evaluated; such sites may provide a pathway for human exposure or impact surface water quality via stormwater runoff. These Unreclaimed sites will be evaluated in accordance with Appendix D, Attachment C, Section 8.0 of the BPSOU Consent Decree (referred to herein as CD) (EPA, 2020a).

This Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) …

Staff Members And Students’ Perceptions On Retention In A Trio Student Support Services Program, Gregoire N. Lee

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed in this study was the low retention rates and consequent low completion rates of students who are low-income, first-generation, and/or disabled who did not participate in a TRIO Student Support Services (SSS) program at Urban University. Grounded in Tinto’s student integration theory, Dweck’s mindset theory, and Duckworth’s grit theory, the purpose of this study was to determine staff members and students’ perceptions on the helpfulness of the TRIO SSS program in improving retention from Year 1 to Year 2 at Urban University. For this basic qualitative design, semistructured interviews with nine students and four staff …

Nasa’S Ecostress Satellite Reveals Widespread Midday Depression In Ecosystem Evapotranspiration, Jingyi Bu, Jingfeng Xiao, Joshua B. Fisher, Yiqi Luo

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Plants often exhibit a midday depression in water use (i.e., transpiration), reflecting a constraint on their ability to sustain maximum water transport, which may occur at the cost of reduced photosynthesis. Eddy covariance observations and geostationary satellites cannot quantify this widespread phenomenon globally while resolving fine-scale spatial variability. Using evapotranspiration measurements from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) and machine learning, we quantify the global distribution of midday depression in evapotranspiration. Midday depression primarily occurs during peak-growing seasons in temperate zones and dry periods in the tropics, with a morning shift of the peak evapotranspiration time …

2026 Final Unreclaimed Sites Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

Unreclaimed sites exist within the Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) that could pose a threat to human health or surface water quality due to the presence of historical mine waste. Although many source areas have been previously reclaimed, areas still exist in which soil has not yet been evaluated; such sites may provide a pathway for human exposure or impact surface water quality via stormwater runoff. These Unreclaimed sites will be evaluated in accordance with Appendix D, Attachment C, Section 8.0 of the BPSOU Consent Decree (referred to herein as CD) (EPA, 2020a).

This Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) …

2026 Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

Insufficiently Reclaimed sites exist within the Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (BPSOU) that could pose a threat to human health or surface water quality due to the exposure of historical mine waste. Although many source areas have been previously reclaimed, areas exist where reclamation was completed prior to the establishment of the Butte Hill Revegetation Specifications (BHRS) or reclaimed areas that have failed consecutive Butte Reclamation Evaluation System (BRES) inspections and now fall into either the Insufficiently Reclaimed or Reclamation Improvement category. In all these cases, additional work is required to comply with the BHRS to ensure the cap remains …

Reacquiring Satellites After Unknown Maneuvers In Sensor Blind Spots: A Physics-Informed Behavioral Framework For Closed-Loop Custody Recovery, Naushad Rahman, Niha Agarwalla, Hardik Patel

Small Satellite Conference

Operational problem

After a maneuver during a sensor blind spot, a pre­-gap catalog state may no longer be operationally sufficient. A null look at GS2 must become evidence for where the object could be­ – and where to task next – before access expires.

Development Of Quantum Cryptographic Algorithm For Next Generation Secure Systems, Gururaja Ts Mr

Theses and Dissertations

The rapid advancement of digital communication and quantum technologies are developing at an accelerated pace makes cybersecurity and data protection a big challenge. The traditional cryptographic methods are increasingly under attack by phishing, brute force, cryptanalytic attack and threats of quantum computing. This research presents a quantum-secure communication based on Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG), Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Image Encryption (QIE) and secure quantum key access using a dongle-based hardware.

QRNG models were designed in the quantum simulator and hardware. The sequences produce high entropy and they passed the statistical randomness tests with p-values higher than 0.01 indicates …

Leveraging Persistent L-Band Leo-To-Geo Relays For The Orchestration Of High-Bandwidth Optical Inter-Satellite Links, Jonathan Maier, Skylar A. Cox

Small Satellite Conference

As the already tremendous demand for data transfer in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) grows, Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication has emerged as a critical capability due to high data rates and inherent resilience attributes. However, the operational complexity of FSO, specifically the Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking (PAT) process, requires significant operational planning. The narrow beamwidth of optical terminals requires precise spatial coordination, resulting in latency during link establishment, heavy reliance on scheduled ground-based commanding, and an impediment to agile, responsive, and ad hoc operations.

This paper presents a novel orchestration architecture utilizing Viasat’s L-band space relay network as a persistent, always-on …

Metadata-Conditioned Dark-Frame Modelling And Hsdr-Scanfusion Denoising: A Physics-Informed Independent Tool For Low-Cost Hyperspectral Small-Satellite Calibration, Nooh Adnan, Kyaw Thiha, Raffael Gil Dela Cruz, Li Cheng Zheng, Faijul Amin, Areeba Khan, Sameha Tasnim, Sung Jegal, Yunhan Bao, Iliya Shofman

Small Satellite Conference

Hyperspectral imaging in the shortwave-infrared spectrum is valuable for orbital Earth observation, but its use on low-cost, resource-constrained small satellites is limited by thermally dependent dark current, fixed-pattern noise, and intermittent access to matched calibration frames. Traditional mitigation through active cooling, shutters, or frequent dark-frame acquisition can be difficult to accommodate within small-satellite mass, power, volume, and operations budgets. This paper presents a physics-informed independent calibration tool that reconstructs condition-matched dark response from acquisition metadata rather than relying on hardware-heavy calibration at every operating point. The framework combines a stochastic dark-noise simulator, a metadata-conditioned neural dark operator that predicts spectral-spatial …

Event-Driven Spacecraft Operations Demonstrated On Mms, Miles Bengtson, Alexander Barrie, Joseph Patton, Liam Greenlee, Paul Wood, Marcus Piquette, Russell Bjella, Matthew Chang, Joshua Paul

Small Satellite Conference

Operations engineers face the challenging task of capturing high-value science data while maintaining spacecraft health and functionality and responding to a dynamic space environment using limited information. This task is becoming increasingly complex as missions involve increasingly large numbers of spacecraft, target more elusive science signatures, and operate under growing budget and staffing constraints. Conventional pre-programmed time-sequence commands become increasingly burdensome for multi-spacecraft missions and are fundamentally incapable of reacting to rare, transient science events in real time.

To address this challenge, we have developed MEDOS: the Module for Event-Driven Operations of Spacecraft. Unlike machine learning and neural-network approaches, MEDOS …

Design And Qualification Of A Compact, Deployable Dual-Monopole Antenna System For Remote Sensing Microsatellites, Alexander J. Murphy, Bryan Johnston-Lemke, Robert E. Zee

Small Satellite Conference

Spacecraft conducting signals intelligence (SIGINT) missions require highly capable radio-frequency (RF) payloads. While the larger 80 kg-class platforms offer increased payload capacities, strict internal volume limitations persist. These constraints sometimes require stowing instruments, such as the dual-monopole Very High Frequency (VHF) antenna presented in this work, directly beneath the solar wings. This requirement has imposed a strict height constraint on the VHF antenna, mandating a highly compact and reliable deployment mechanism that avoids snagging or jamming during deployment. 

This paper presents the mechanism design and qualification test plan of a novel, deployable dual-monopole VHF antenna system designed to increase satellite …

Recovery Of Grus-1e From Magnetic Torquer Loss Using Data-Driven Open-Loop Attitude Steering, Nader Ganaba, Takanori Iwata, Minoru Kurata

Small Satellite Conference

In typical low Earth orbit (LEO) operations, the inability to remove excess angular momentum often leads to the decommissioning of a satellite. This paper presents the on-orbit recovery of GRUS-1E, a hundred kg class Earth observation satellite in Axelspace Corporation’s GRUS-1 constellation. The recovery followed the permanent loss of magnetic torquer commanding capability, which in turn disabled the satellite’s nominal reaction wheel momentum unloading. In addition, the satellite experienced persistent disturbance torques that significantly exceeded the combined contributions predicted by standard models, including gravity gradient, solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic drag, and the estimated residual magnetic dipole moment. The magnitude of …

Unlocking Multiple Intelligence Skills Among Medical Library Professionals: An Analysis Of Nigeria And Pakistan, Mariym Muhammad Ismail, Naweed-E-Sehar, 3. Kamaluddeen Isa El-Kalash

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Multiple Intelligence (MI) plays a crucial role in comprehending extensive intellectual abilities and aptitudes among individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Multiple Intelligences in medical library professionals in Pakistan and Nigeria by incorporating Howard Gardener's Theory. Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences provided the foundation for the research method implemented in this study. The current study is explanatory in nature. The research employs a quantitative approach and survey as a research method, which involves collecting and analyzing numerical data. A questionnaire with five-point Likert scale, from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), was adopted to …