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Sunurang Pagtamo Ng Mga Batayang Pangungusap Ng Filipino Bilang Ikalawang Wika Ng Mga Mag-Aaral Na Tsino, Hapones, At Koreano: Isang Panimulang Pag-Aaral, Ronel O. Laranjo Dec 2021

Sunurang Pagtamo Ng Mga Batayang Pangungusap Ng Filipino Bilang Ikalawang Wika Ng Mga Mag-Aaral Na Tsino, Hapones, At Koreano: Isang Panimulang Pag-Aaral, Ronel O. Laranjo

Malay Journal

Matagal nang pinag-aaralan ng mga banyagang mag-aaral ang Filipino bilang ikalawang wika sa loob at labas ng Pilipinas. Karamihan sa mga pananaliksik kaugnay rito ay nakatutok sa pagdebelop ng pedagohiya upang mas epektibong maituro at matutuhan ang estruktura ng wikang pambansa. Nagbibigay ng bagong perspektiba ang pananaliksik na ito sa pamamagitan ng pagtutok sa mismong proseso ng pagkatuto at pagtamo ng Filipino bilang ikalawang wika. Gamit ang Teorya ng Panggitnang Wika, layunin ng pananaliksik na ito na matukoy ang sunurang pagtamo ng mga batayang pangungusap at mga morpema sa loob nito sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri sa mga estrukturang napoprodyus ng …


Mga Kontribyutor Sa Isyu At Panawagan Sa Kontribusyon, Malay Journal Dec 2021

Mga Kontribyutor Sa Isyu At Panawagan Sa Kontribusyon, Malay Journal

Malay Journal

Ipinakikilala rito ang mga awtor ng mga artikulong nakapaloob sa isyu. Inilalahad din ang mga mahahalagang detalye para sa mga interesadong magsumite ng pananaliksik sa journal.


Rabb–Venable Excellence In Ophthalmology Research Program: Contributions To Ophthalmology Workforce Diversity, O'Rese J. Knight, Dolly Ann Padovani-Claudio, Clarisse C. Croteau-Chonka, Mildred M.G. Olivier, Eydie G. Miller-Ellis Dec 2021

Rabb–Venable Excellence In Ophthalmology Research Program: Contributions To Ophthalmology Workforce Diversity, O'Rese J. Knight, Dolly Ann Padovani-Claudio, Clarisse C. Croteau-Chonka, Mildred M.G. Olivier, Eydie G. Miller-Ellis

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

The 2016 Health Resources and Services Administration, Health Workforce Analysis estimated that ophthalmology is the surgical specialty with the greatest physician shortage. Based on their estimates, the ophthalmology workforce needs to expand by 33% to 22,690 full time equivalents to meet its 2025 patient care demand.[1] Despite the need to expand the ophthalmology workforce, the number of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) ophthalmology trainees decreased from 8.7 to 7.7% between 2005 and 2015.[2] Patients from underrepresented groups, including Black/African Americans, Latinx, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, comprised 30.7% of the U.S. population in the same period. [Table …


Text Contention Behind Sharia Supervisory Board Reports: A Critical Discourse Analysis, Ari Ermawati, M Nur A Birton, Irfan Tarmizi, Muhammad Muttaqin Dec 2021

Text Contention Behind Sharia Supervisory Board Reports: A Critical Discourse Analysis, Ari Ermawati, M Nur A Birton, Irfan Tarmizi, Muhammad Muttaqin

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

Sharia Supervisory Board Reports (SSBRs) have an interest in convincing the public that entities supervised by a Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) are sharia-compliant and reflective of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) practices. Failure in public convincing will be detrimental to Islamic banks’ reputation as well as the SSB’s image and credibility. This study aimed to critically assess how the SSB produces reports as texts to persuade the public using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). We analyzed four SSBRs from two Islamic Commercial Banks (ICBs) and two Islamic Business Units (IBUs) owned by other ICBs as well as interviews for data triangulation. We …


Remembering Tom Heck And His Legacy, Robert Ferguson Dec 2021

Remembering Tom Heck And His Legacy, Robert Ferguson

Soundboard Scholar

An obituary of Thomas Heck (1943–2021), outlining his contributions to guitar scholarship, especially with reference to his seminal biography of Giuliani and his research into musical iconography. This article also describes his contribution to the classical guitar community in the United States, as the founding visionary of the Guitar Foundation of America.


Neural Correlates Of Syntactic Comprehension: A Longitudinal Study, Shannon M. Sheppard, Erin L. Meier, Kevin T. Kim, Bonnie L. Breining, Lynsey M. Keator, Bohao Tang, Brian Caffo, Argye E. Hillis Dec 2021

Neural Correlates Of Syntactic Comprehension: A Longitudinal Study, Shannon M. Sheppard, Erin L. Meier, Kevin T. Kim, Bonnie L. Breining, Lynsey M. Keator, Bohao Tang, Brian Caffo, Argye E. Hillis

Communication Sciences and Disorders Faculty Articles and Research

Broca’s area is frequently implicated in sentence comprehension but its specific role is debated. Most lesion studies have investigated deficits at the chronic stage. We aimed (1) to use acute imaging to predict which left hemisphere stroke patients will recover sentence comprehension; and (2) to better understand the role of Broca’s area in sentence comprehension by investigating acute deficits prior to functional reorganization. We assessed comprehension of canonical and noncanonical sentences in 15 patients with left hemisphere stroke at acute and chronic stages. LASSO regression was used to conduct lesion symptom mapping analyses. Patients with more severe word-level comprehension deficits …


Formative Assessment In An Online Class Of Language Learning: Literature Review, Hernik Farisia Dec 2021

Formative Assessment In An Online Class Of Language Learning: Literature Review, Hernik Farisia

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Such published research provided the concept of formative assessment but the current practices of assessment for language learning digital based were weak. Therefore, this study intended to analyse and synthesize the results of relevant literature from any previous research to build a conceptual framework of using formative assessment and feedback in the digital age to promote a greater impact on reading achievement at elementary school. The literature selection was carried out using Publish or Perish (PoP) and screened by Convence.org program to records the eligible’ literature. A total of 8 articles were included in the analyses. The analyses of the …


Introduction: The Alabama Conference On Medieval & Renaissance Scottish Literature: Reframing And Mediation, Tricia A. Mcelroy, David Parkinson Dec 2021

Introduction: The Alabama Conference On Medieval & Renaissance Scottish Literature: Reframing And Mediation, Tricia A. Mcelroy, David Parkinson

Studies in Scottish Literature

Introduces the broader theme of the 16th International Conference on Medieval & Renaissance Scottish Language and Literature, held at the University of Alabama in 2021, and comments briefly on the four papers that follow.


Development Of Virlenda-Based Blended Learning With Problem Based Learning Strategy For Problem-Solving Ability For Students, Achmad Noor Fatirul, Subandowo Subandowo Dec 2021

Development Of Virlenda-Based Blended Learning With Problem Based Learning Strategy For Problem-Solving Ability For Students, Achmad Noor Fatirul, Subandowo Subandowo

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study aims to develop a Virlenda-based blended learning model. The products that will be produced develop learning tools with problem-based learning strategies, problem-based evaluation tools, supplements for lecturers and students and the Virlenda learning management system as a forum for carrying out the learning process. The results of the research are design experts with 85.8% validation percentage, material experts with 86.5 validation percentages, media experts with 87.7% validation percentages, 86.5% validation percentages for colleagues. In the small group trial the percentage of responses was 82.7%, for the medium group trial the percentage of responses was 89.6%, while in the …


Video Conference Application In Emergency Remote Learning: Experience, Preference, And Satisfaction, Dhimas Onny Permadi, Francisca Maria Ivone, Mirjam Anugerahwati Dec 2021

Video Conference Application In Emergency Remote Learning: Experience, Preference, And Satisfaction, Dhimas Onny Permadi, Francisca Maria Ivone, Mirjam Anugerahwati

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

The purpose of this study is to look at foreign language faculty members' and students' experiences, preferences, and satisfaction with video conference apps for emergency remote learning. This quantitative study collected data using a multiple-choice and Likert scale questionnaire. Data from the questionnaire were analysed using a single table analysis. The findings indicated that both Zoom, and Google Meet have a generally favourable opinion of video conference apps' instructional substance, efficacy, engagement, and idea-sharing. Nonetheless, Zoom was strongly favoured by most respondents due to its support for collaboration, teaching strategy, motivation, and material sharing. Despite that Google Meet had a …


The Degree Of The Contribution Of The Islamic Education Textbooks In Promoting The Values Of Moderation Among Students Of The First Three Grades From Teachers’ Perspectives, Khaled Al-Omari Dec 2021

The Degree Of The Contribution Of The Islamic Education Textbooks In Promoting The Values Of Moderation Among Students Of The First Three Grades From Teachers’ Perspectives, Khaled Al-Omari

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies

Abstract:The study aimed to investigate the degree of the contribution of the Islamic education textbooks in promoting the values of moderation among the students of the first three grades from teachers’ perspectives and uncover any differences in the degree of the contribution due to the teachers’ gender and students’ grades. The study used the descriptive analytical design to achieve the objectives of the study. A questionnaire consisting of (71) items divided into (3) fields: faith, worship, and transactions was distributed to a random sample of (150) male and female teachers of the first three grades at Irbid’s directorate of education. …


The Degree Of Intercultural Sensitivity And Effectiveness Among Students Of The College Of Education In Kuwait, Ghazi Alrasheedi Dec 2021

The Degree Of Intercultural Sensitivity And Effectiveness Among Students Of The College Of Education In Kuwait, Ghazi Alrasheedi

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies

The study aimed to identify the degree of intercultural sensitivity (IS) and intercultural effectiveness (IE) among students of the College of Education in Kuwait. The study sample consisted of 370 randomly selected students. A questionnaire consisting mainly of (IS) scale and (IE) scale was used to collect the data. Each of the scales comprises of five components. The results showed high scores of students’ responses in both the (IS) and (IE) components, which shows high levels of (IS) and (IE) towards those who are culturally different from them. The results also showed female superiority in some areas of the (IS) …


A Multimodal Analysis Of Malaysian Contraceptive Promotional Materials, Van Leeuwen Theo, Pei Soo Ang, Taib Fauziah Dec 2021

A Multimodal Analysis Of Malaysian Contraceptive Promotional Materials, Van Leeuwen Theo, Pei Soo Ang, Taib Fauziah

Research Publications (2021 to 2025)

Communicating about contraception is still a taboo subject for many Malaysians. This study focuses on the use of multimodal communication in providing information and promoting contraception to the Malaysian public. Employing Kress and Van Leeuwen’s visual grammar framework and linguistic genre analysis, the study unpacks the social-cultural practices represented in printed and digital promotional materials disseminated by Malaysia’s three main responsible agencies. These resources were published by the National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB), the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Federation of Reproductive Health Association of Malaysia (FRHAM). The visuals suggest that contraceptive information is only relevant for …


Narasi Perempuan Melalui Tato, Nikita Devi Purnama, Lg Saraswati Putri Dec 2021

Narasi Perempuan Melalui Tato, Nikita Devi Purnama, Lg Saraswati Putri

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

This research examines how women voice their narratives through tattoos by studying the experiences of seven tattooed women. Using the in-depth interview method, this research presents the narratives of these tattooed women in relation to their tattoos. Such narratives seem to be strongly intertwined with their life stories. The body is a medium in which a person can place certain markers to achieve certain purposes. As Butler theorizes, what the body displays is not the real self, but only an appearance according to the assumed or chosen role. In addition, according to Cixous, tattooing can be considered as a form …


Peran Branding Dan Tagline Lead Dalam Membangun Budaya Organisasi Perpustakaan Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana, Steven Yehezkiel Sinaga, Laksmi Laksmi Dec 2021

Peran Branding Dan Tagline Lead Dalam Membangun Budaya Organisasi Perpustakaan Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana, Steven Yehezkiel Sinaga, Laksmi Laksmi

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The aim of this research was to examine how the UKRIDA’s motto “Loving, Enlightening, Advanced, Determined” (abbreviated to “LEAD”) builds an organizational culture in the university’s library unit. This research used the qualitative method of ethnography and was conducted by means of observation, interviews and document analysis. The purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents, namely employees who worked in the library unit, were active in research, and had participated in the dissemination of UKRIDA’s “LEAD” values. Data collection was carried out from February to April 2020. The study concludes that the dissemination of LEAD values did not …


Elementary Teacher Experiences With English Language Learners With Special Education Needs In New York, Colleen Ann Cahill Dec 2021

Elementary Teacher Experiences With English Language Learners With Special Education Needs In New York, Colleen Ann Cahill

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative study aimed to understand teacher experiences working with English language learners (ELL) with or suspected of having a learning disability. This study also addressed the current problem of ELL students concurrently being under and over classified as needing special education services. This study explored the experiences of elementary school teachers in the state of New York. The participants were from different school districts within New York State. The participants all had experience teaching students who were designated ELL who were currently in the process of response to intervention (RTI) or had already been referred and classified as having …


Implementation Of Trainer Kits In Project-Based Learning To Improve Critical Thinking, Motivation, And Competency Of Electrical Engineering Students, Subuh Isnur Haryudo, Ekohariadi Ekohariadi, Munoto Munoto, Tri Rijanto, Farid Baskoro Dec 2021

Implementation Of Trainer Kits In Project-Based Learning To Improve Critical Thinking, Motivation, And Competency Of Electrical Engineering Students, Subuh Isnur Haryudo, Ekohariadi Ekohariadi, Munoto Munoto, Tri Rijanto, Farid Baskoro

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

Innovation of Project-based learning (PjBL) in the 21st century continues to be developed to improve learning outcomes. The use of Trainer kits presents several challenges in achieving learning objectives, both in terms of design, planning, and implementation. The purpose of this study is to implement the Automation of Electrical Installation trainer kit in project-based learning to increase student motivation, critical thinking, and competence. The research method uses research and development (R and D) with 4 models (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). Data collection techniques used theory tests and performance tests (measure of maximum performance type, MMP) and questionnaires (measure of typical …


Application Of F-Waspas In The Ranking Of Crops For Agro-Processing: The Case Of Ikondo Ward In Njombe, Tanzania, Benito G Mng'ong'o, David Koloseni Dec 2021

Application Of F-Waspas In The Ranking Of Crops For Agro-Processing: The Case Of Ikondo Ward In Njombe, Tanzania, Benito G Mng'ong'o, David Koloseni

Tanzania Journal of Science

The purpose of this work was to develop and apply a Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (F-WASPAS) method in ranking selected crops for agro-processing at Ikondo Ward in Njombe Region, Tanzania. The fuzzy technique for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was applied in determining the fuzzy importance weights of criteria, while the fuzzy WASPAS successfully ranked the crops, and maize was ranked the highest. Keywords:    F-WASPAS, Linguistic variables, Fuzzy aggregation, Agro-processing, Decision making, Multi-Criteria Decision Making.


It Cannot Happen, Never: A Qualitative Study Exploring Youth Views On Disclosure Of Hiv Diagnosis To Their Sexual Partners In Southern Malawi, Maggie Zgambo, Diana Arabiat, Deborah M. Ireson Dr Dec 2021

It Cannot Happen, Never: A Qualitative Study Exploring Youth Views On Disclosure Of Hiv Diagnosis To Their Sexual Partners In Southern Malawi, Maggie Zgambo, Diana Arabiat, Deborah M. Ireson Dr

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

With the availability of antiretroviral therapy, more children living with HIV live longer than before and grow into young adulthood. This study examined the concerns of youth about disclosure of an HIV diagnosis to their sexual partners and attempted to gain an understanding of their HIV status disclosure experiences, views, and plans. A focused ethnography was undertaken. Using semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 20 youth between the ages of 15 and 24 years who were attending an HIV clinic. The findings highlight that youth generally struggled to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners. The most frequent reasons …


Comparing Omani Student-Teachers’ Expressions Of Identities In Traditional Efl Classrooms And Digital Contexts, Suad Al-Wahaibi Dec 2021

Comparing Omani Student-Teachers’ Expressions Of Identities In Traditional Efl Classrooms And Digital Contexts, Suad Al-Wahaibi

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies

Abstract:This paper aims to investigate how virtual social spaces facilitate the expression of female and male Omani student-teachers’ identities, as compared to classroom contexts. The study follows a qualitative research design that is grounded in an interpretivist/constructivist paradigm. Focus group discussions and Language Learning Histories were used for data collection. Fourteen Omani EFL student-teachers participated in this study. The findings are discussed in relation to Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System (2009), the Self-Determination Theory (2002), and Yashima’s International Posture (2009). The research data support the tripartite motivational model, with the expression of Omani-Islamic identity as a powerful motivation for Omani …


Meaning-Making Dynamics Of Job Interview Performances, Jacquelyn K. Bertman Dec 2021

Meaning-Making Dynamics Of Job Interview Performances, Jacquelyn K. Bertman

Graduate Masters Theses

Behavioral interviewing has become a popular technique used across fields to assess the fitness of job seekers (Roulin & Bangerter, 2012; Powers, 2000). This particular style of interviewing calls on the interviewee to narrate their prior experiences in the workforce, with the idea that past behavior on the job is prelude to future job performance. The answers (stories) follow a specific format in order to be considered successful, one that adheres to the style and organization of the dominant Discourse (Gee, 1989). However, storytelling is a culturally situated practice and candidates from diverse backgrounds may construct their narratives outside of …


Critical Transformations Through Community Service-Learning Programs For Students Of Color At Predominantly White Institutions, Varsha Ghosh Dec 2021

Critical Transformations Through Community Service-Learning Programs For Students Of Color At Predominantly White Institutions, Varsha Ghosh

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Service-learning has become deeply embedded in higher education, as both a co-curricular and curricular tool to achieve learning outcomes, promote civic engagement and promote diversity. Yet it has also struggled with the critique that service-learning, unintentionally, reinforces deficit thinking by promoting a dominant narrative centered on the White middle-class perspective. This narrative excludes the experience of students and faculty who reflect the demographics of the community served or who are simultaneously from the community and the institution. This qualitative study seeks to challenge the traditional narrative to understand the service experience of students of color from low-income backgrounds at predominantly …


Creolizing Modern Buddhism: A Reply To Yarran Hominh & A. Minh Nguyen, Evan Thompson Dec 2021

Creolizing Modern Buddhism: A Reply To Yarran Hominh & A. Minh Nguyen, Evan Thompson

Comparative Philosophy

In reply to Hominh and Nguyen, I argue that “creolizing” methods in the study and practice of Buddhism should not be opposed to historicist and contextualist modes of investigation and understanding. Rather, historicism and contextualism can and should inform creolizing approaches.


A Sonogram Of The Dark Side Of The Dao: The Possibility Of Antinatalism In Daoism, Robbert Zandbergen Dec 2021

A Sonogram Of The Dark Side Of The Dao: The Possibility Of Antinatalism In Daoism, Robbert Zandbergen

Comparative Philosophy

In the present work I study Daoist philosophy in conjunction with the radical new philosophy of antinatalism, spearheaded by South African philosopher David Benatar. Although I am not claiming equivalence between the two, a meaningful communication emerges between the classical Chinese sources used here and the modern doctrine of antinatalism. I argue that both visions partake in a radical critique of consciousness according to which this faculty of the human mind is far from what it is often held to be. In fact, it is perceived as a destructive and disruptive element of, and in, existence. Moreover, both offer a …


Appearance And Momentariness: The Nature Of Being Between Nāgārjuna, The Sarvāstivādins And Neo-Parmenidism, Federico Divino Dec 2021

Appearance And Momentariness: The Nature Of Being Between Nāgārjuna, The Sarvāstivādins And Neo-Parmenidism, Federico Divino

Comparative Philosophy

In this article I will try to demonstrate the existence of points in common between the eternalist instances of Parmenidean philosophy and the Buddhist formulations made by some parts of the Abhidhamma, Nāgārjuna, and the Sarvāstivādins. These three philosophies have numerous points in common with Emanuele Severino’s formulations from the point of view of what is defined as neo-Parmenidism. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the points in common between these systems of thought are due to a basic affinity which, despite having led them to emphasize different themes, present similar reasoning and logical consequences, which allow …


Picturing A Storm Center In The Far East: Geopolitical Image And Representation Of Korea In Early American Newspaper Visuals, Jihyung Kim Dec 2021

Picturing A Storm Center In The Far East: Geopolitical Image And Representation Of Korea In Early American Newspaper Visuals, Jihyung Kim

Master's Projects and Capstones

This Capstone Project explores the image and representation of Korea in early modern American newspaper visuals during the period when Korea and the U.S. first began to engage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The American newspaper visuals, which interact with headlines, captions, and texts, are represented with specific patterns and features in close links to the newspaper's geopolitical discourse production, specifically the “Far Eastern Question,” which was produced by western powers and Japan. The visuals were intended to show Korea as a dangerous and uncivilized place, “a storm center in the Far East.” Such geopolitical visuals in …


A Framework Of Web-Based Dark Patterns That Can Be Detected Manually Or Automatically, Ioannis Stavrakakis, Andrea Curley, Dympna O'Sullivan, Damian Gordon, Brendan Tierney Dec 2021

A Framework Of Web-Based Dark Patterns That Can Be Detected Manually Or Automatically, Ioannis Stavrakakis, Andrea Curley, Dympna O'Sullivan, Damian Gordon, Brendan Tierney

Articles

This research explores the design and development of a framework for the detection of Dark Patterns, which are a series of user interface tricks that manipulate users into actions that they do not intend to do, for example, share more data than they want to, or spend more money than they plan to. The interface does this using either deception or other psychological nudges. User Interface experts have categorized a number of these tricks that are commonly used and have called them Dark Patterns. They are typically varied in their form and what they do, and the goal of this …


Phonological Rules In English And Arabic: A Comparative Study, Fadhil Athab Atshan Al-Juborry Dec 2021

Phonological Rules In English And Arabic: A Comparative Study, Fadhil Athab Atshan Al-Juborry

Uruk Journal of Human Sciences

This study sheds light on the relationship between phonological representation of words, phrases and forms, and their phonetic output by means of phonetic rules as proposed by Noam Chomsky and Halle (1968) with regard to phonological rules which are approached mathematically via notations. This practice, which is embodied visually in this paper, is more effective than rule statements so that the reader can get acquainted with the mechanisms these rules follow in order to activate the phonological images stored in the mind in conjunction with their phonetic perception.


Source Structures According To Al-Mu'ini (537 Ah) In His Book, Lawami' Al-Burhan, Adnan Abdul Kadhim Muzahir, Haider Habib Hamza Dec 2021

Source Structures According To Al-Mu'ini (537 Ah) In His Book, Lawami' Al-Burhan, Adnan Abdul Kadhim Muzahir, Haider Habib Hamza

Uruk Journal of Human Sciences

The structure of the sources in the Holy Qur’an has been widely spread. Linguists considered the difference in the meaning of each of the sources of the same verb as a reason for the multiplicity of the structures of the sources. The researcher relied on the ancient and modern approved sources related to the topic of research, including: Sibawayh,s book and the custom the refinement of the language the crown of the bride and the meanings of the Qur,an for the fur and Al-Akhfash, Al-Nahhas, Tafsir Al-Tabari, Al-Tibayan in the Interpretation of the Qur,an and others. The researcher dealte with …


Phonetic Patterns Of Vowel Transformations Between Characterization And Employment Taxonomic Phonological Approaches In The Light Of Modern Linguistics, Jwad Kathem Abd Dec 2021

Phonetic Patterns Of Vowel Transformations Between Characterization And Employment Taxonomic Phonological Approaches In The Light Of Modern Linguistics, Jwad Kathem Abd

Uruk Journal of Human Sciences

The vowel sounds in Arabic are distinguished by the many transformations and changes that occur to them. In all of this, they are subject to phonetic and phonological laws that change their sound patterns and syllabic presence in the word; However, those patterns have not received an independent study that combines short and long ones, despite the large literature that has been written about them.