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The Impact Of Capital Structure On Performance In Smes: The Saudi Parallel Financial Market, Qusai Mohammad Al-Shehab, Abdul Aziz Ahmed Al-Omran May 2026

The Impact Of Capital Structure On Performance In Smes: The Saudi Parallel Financial Market, Qusai Mohammad Al-Shehab, Abdul Aziz Ahmed Al-Omran

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to analyse the effect of corporate capital structure on the financial performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Despite the importance of SMEs for economic growth and technology advancements and the vital role of capital structure on financial performance, there is a scarcity of studies that investigate SMEs. This study focuses on SMEs that were listed in the Saudi Parallel Market (Nomu) for the period of 2017-2022. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examines this relationship for Saudi SMEs. Our research utilises secondary data and employs descriptive statistics and Pooled OLS …


The Impact Of Audit Committee Characteristics On Esg, Mariyam Matar Almutair, Thamir Saad Al Barrak May 2026

The Impact Of Audit Committee Characteristics On Esg, Mariyam Matar Almutair, Thamir Saad Al Barrak

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

In light of the growing significance of sustainability objectives and their connection with future economic landscapes, and considering the fundamental role of audit committees in the financial reporting environment, this study aims to measure the impact of audit committees characteristics on the level of disclosure of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices in the annual reports of companies listed on the Saudi financial market. This study utilizes the ESG index compiled by Bloomberg, which measures companies' disclosure levels for this purpose. Due to data availability, the sample includes 44 companies listed on the main market during the period from 2017 …


The Impact Of Blockchain Technology Activation By Audit Clients On Internal Control Structure Effectiveness: An Experimental Study, Samir Ibrahim Abdelazim, Fahad Saad Alrobia May 2026

The Impact Of Blockchain Technology Activation By Audit Clients On Internal Control Structure Effectiveness: An Experimental Study, Samir Ibrahim Abdelazim, Fahad Saad Alrobia

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The research aimed to study and test the impact of blockchain activation by audit clients on the effectiveness of the internal control structure. To achieve the research objective, an experimental approach was used to test the research hypotheses on a sample of auditors belonging to accounting and auditing firms in Egypt. According to auditing standards, specifically the second fieldwork standard, the auditor is responsible for performing tests of compliance and adherence related to internal controls for the purpose of assessing the level of control risk, and thus the risk of material misstatement, leading to the planning of detection risk. The …


The Degree To Which Digital Literacy Is Included In National Curriculum Standards, Ahmed Y. Fagehi, Meznah R. Almutairy May 2026

The Degree To Which Digital Literacy Is Included In National Curriculum Standards, Ahmed Y. Fagehi, Meznah R. Almutairy

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Standards are the backbone of developing curricula and educational systems, as they precisely define what should be learned. Additionally, the integration of skills in curricula ensures that they are targeted in teaching and learning processes and thus acquired by learners. This study aims to analyze the national curriculum standards to reveal their level of inclusion of digital literacy. The descriptive approach was applied using the content analysis method, with a content analysis card used as the data collection tool. The results show that digital literacy is an essential component of the national standards (with a total percentage of 16%), is …


Morphology And Derivation In Perspective Of The Development Of The Concept's Conjugation In Linguistics: A New Linguistic Reading, Ibrahim Suleiman Al-Lahim May 2026

Morphology And Derivation In Perspective Of The Development Of The Concept's Conjugation In Linguistics: A New Linguistic Reading, Ibrahim Suleiman Al-Lahim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study addresses the ambiguity between the terms "morphology" and "derivation" in linguistic discourse. It aims to establish a methodological distinction to delineate their boundaries by examining their meanings, tracing the morphological concept's evolution, and redefining these terms. Employing logical and mathematical distinctions, the research investigates linguistic categories and their elements. Through a descriptive analytical approach, it delves into three axes: the development of morphological concepts, the interpretation of morphology and derivation in grammatical heritage, and the application of logical concepts to distinguish the terms. Among the most prominent results are the adoption of a new distinction between the terms …


Green Leadership: A Promising Strategy For Promoting Sustainable Entrepreneurship At Saudi Universities, Azala Mohammad Alghamdi May 2026

Green Leadership: A Promising Strategy For Promoting Sustainable Entrepreneurship At Saudi Universities, Azala Mohammad Alghamdi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to reveal the role of the green leadership (GL) strategy in promoting sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) at Saudi universities from the perspectives of educational leadership experts. The study also examined the challenges Saudi universities face in implementing the GL strategy and provided suggestions to develop the application of GL at Saudi universities. According to this study, GL is a strategy that focuses on pro-environmental policies, provides sustainable initiatives, motivates followers toward a green environment, and improves their sustainable green creativity. A qualitative approach was utilized, interviewing 13 educational leadership experts at established and emerging Saudi universities. NVivo software …


Inference Of The Modes Of Recitation In Tafsir Ibn Uthaymeen (From Surat Al-Fatihah To Surat Al-Imran), Mona Fahd Rashid Al-Daosari May 2026

Inference Of The Modes Of Recitation In Tafsir Ibn Uthaymeen (From Surat Al-Fatihah To Surat Al-Imran), Mona Fahd Rashid Al-Daosari

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The aim of the research is to collect, study, analyze and present Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen's views on the modes of recitation inferred from his interpretation of the Qur'an from Surat Al-Fatihah to Surat Al-Imran. The research comprises an introduction and two main sections. The introduction delineates the significance of the topic, the rationale behind its selection, the objectives, previous studies, the research plan, and the methodology. The first section delves into Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen's perspective, while the second section explores his opinions on the recitations inferred from the beginning of the Qur'an to Surat Al-Imran. The findings of this research …


Green Behavior As A Mediator Variable In The Relationship Between Strategic Involvement And Green Hrm, Hanan Elsayed Ahmed Eldamaty May 2026

Green Behavior As A Mediator Variable In The Relationship Between Strategic Involvement And Green Hrm, Hanan Elsayed Ahmed Eldamaty

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to determine the mediating impact of green behavior on the relationship between strategic involvement and green human resource management (green HRM) at Vodafone Egypt. Strategic involvement with its four dimensions is the independent variable, green HRM with its five dimensions is the dependent variable, and unidimensional green behavior is the mediator variable. To achieve this aim, four main hypotheses were formulated for the study. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 400 individuals representing different managerial levels. A total of 360 valid responses from individuals were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. …


Exploring Adventure Tourism In Saudi Arabia: A Strategic Analysis Of Emerging Opportunities, Enas Fares Yehia May 2026

Exploring Adventure Tourism In Saudi Arabia: A Strategic Analysis Of Emerging Opportunities, Enas Fares Yehia

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study explores Saudi Arabia's emerging adventure tourism sector, highlighting its potential as a dynamic destination for enthusiastic explorers. Anchored within the strategic framework of Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia is rapidly transforming its tourism landscape to diversify its economy and attract visitors. Leveraging its diverse geographical features, including the Rub' al Khali and Red Sea, the Kingdom offers a wide array of adventure tourism experiences. The aim of this study is to investigate various facets of adventure tourism in Saudi Arabia, including desert expeditions, marine activities and cultural exploration. Additionally, insights from a comprehensive stakeholder survey are integrated to unveil …


Employing Artificial Intelligence Applications And Their Implications For Developing The Saudi Sports System, Wael Abdel Raouf Khalifa May 2026

Employing Artificial Intelligence Applications And Their Implications For Developing The Saudi Sports System, Wael Abdel Raouf Khalifa

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to explore the reality of employing artificial intelligence (AI) applications and their impact on the development of the Saudi sports system. This is achieved through identifying the strategic objectives of employing AI applications in the sports field, the methods of utilizing them in this area, the Kingdom's efforts to provide the appropriate technological environment for AI applications, and the gains achieved from employing these applications to develop the sports system. The researcher used the descriptive method (survey studies approach), in which the research community consisted of the employees of the Ministry of Sports in the Kingdom of …


Attachment Styles And Their Relationship To Future Anxiety Among Mothers Of Children With Chronic Diseases, Rawan Abdul Mahdi Nayef Al-Saliti May 2026

Attachment Styles And Their Relationship To Future Anxiety Among Mothers Of Children With Chronic Diseases, Rawan Abdul Mahdi Nayef Al-Saliti

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to assess the level of future anxiety and the most common attachment patterns among mothers of children with chronic diseases, as well as to assess the relationship between them. It also aimed to determine any statistically significant differences in the level of future anxiety and attachment patterns depending on the variables of the mother's educational level, the mother's age, the type of disease, and the duration of diagnosis. The study sample consisted of (145) mothers who were under the care of the Islamic Center Society in Irbid Governorate, Jordan, during 2023. They were selected using the available …


Using Generative Ai Tools To Improve Children's Story Production Skills In Early Childhood: Suggested Standards, Ghada Nasr Huisen Elmorsy May 2026

Using Generative Ai Tools To Improve Children's Story Production Skills In Early Childhood: Suggested Standards, Ghada Nasr Huisen Elmorsy

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Story-based learning holds significance in early childhood education, as stories enrich social and linguistic interaction, imagination, and the development of values in children. The current research aims to determine the standards for producing children's stories using some of the generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools necessary for female kindergarten teachers to improve their children's story production skills. Using the experimental method, the study sample was purposively selected from ten kindergartens in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, for a total of 25 female teachers. A list of standards has been prepared for producing children's stories using AI tools. The main standards …


Transforming Education: A Systematic Literature Review On The Practices And Policies Of Entrepreneurial Universities, Mohammed A. Alshker, Naeem Albihany May 2026

Transforming Education: A Systematic Literature Review On The Practices And Policies Of Entrepreneurial Universities, Mohammed A. Alshker, Naeem Albihany

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to explore the best practices and policies of entrepreneurial universities operating outside Saudi Arabia, including those in the UK, Turkey, Spain, Latvia, China, the US, Germany, and Austria. To achieve this aim, the study utilized the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and SLR methodologies. A total of 5,000 literature studies or sources were screened, with 25 being included in the final analysis. The rationale behind conducting this study was to gain key insights into the entrepreneurial environment of universities to positively influence the education industry. The study found that in most …


The Green Economy As A Solution For Sustainable Development, Haouari Souad May 2026

The Green Economy As A Solution For Sustainable Development, Haouari Souad

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The green economy is a modern economic model that aims to achieve sustainable development by transforming the current traditional economy into a system that consumes natural resources sustainably and works to reduce pollution and climate change. A green economy is considered a solution for achieving sustainable development worldwide, where it can lead to economic, social, and environmental sustainability. A green economy can only be achieved by redirecting current investments from polluting industries to green industries, developing clean technology, and promoting sustainable agriculture. Research confirms that transforming the current economy into a green economy can lead to significant economic and social …


Studying The Impact Of Cognitive Insight On Academic Achievement In Literacy Programs, Abdelilah El Meniari, Abdelhalim Cherqui, Driss Ait Ali, Mimoun Saidi, Hicham Khabbache May 2026

Studying The Impact Of Cognitive Insight On Academic Achievement In Literacy Programs, Abdelilah El Meniari, Abdelhalim Cherqui, Driss Ait Ali, Mimoun Saidi, Hicham Khabbache

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Understanding cognizance is crucial; it highlights how individuals analyse and understand information. Meanwhile, adult learning and literacy are essential for personal and social development. This research aims to study the effect of cognizance on academic achievement among novice learners in literacy programs in Morocco. The research sample consisted of 560 male and female learners, using the cognizance scale for the novice learner. The results of the research revealed that there are statistically significant correlations between cognizance and academic achievement among novice learners in literacy programs. This result demonstrates that new learners in literacy programs have the ability to progress and …


Sex Education In Islamic Curricula: The Saudi Context, Layla Nasser Alzarah May 2026

Sex Education In Islamic Curricula: The Saudi Context, Layla Nasser Alzarah

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The current study aims to identify female Islamic studies teachers' attitudes towards including sex education concepts and to ascertain how many such concepts are included in the Islamic studies and Islamic culture textbooks for general education at elementary, intermediate, and higher levels in Saudi Arabia. The study also explores how Islamic studies teachers' perspectives regarding sex education statistically relate to their academic background, years of experience, and level of education. The study uses a descriptive methodology and administers a questionnaire to 450 female Islamic studies instructors and a content analysis card to the texts on Islamic studies and culture. The …


Self-Concept And Its Components For Developing Research In Positive Psychology: An Integrative Model, Khaled H. Elsherif May 2026

Self-Concept And Its Components For Developing Research In Positive Psychology: An Integrative Model, Khaled H. Elsherif

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to reduce researchers' suffering from the abundance and diversity of psychological and educational research that deals with self-concept and its components. The challenge with starting from different theoretical frameworks is that this reflects negatively on the results and variables associated with each component. There are also many self-components, combined with the synonymy of some names, that confuse researchers and place research in the cycle of stereotyping and repetition. Therefore, presenting a graphical form that includes a description of the self-concept components and clarifies the relationships between them and their role in the structure of the human self …


Online Trust Determinants, Consumer Perception, And Purchase Intent In Saudi E-Commerce: Exploring Determinants And Evidence, Majed A. Helmi, Sager Alharthi, Sufyan Habib May 2026

Online Trust Determinants, Consumer Perception, And Purchase Intent In Saudi E-Commerce: Exploring Determinants And Evidence, Majed A. Helmi, Sager Alharthi, Sufyan Habib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to explore the growing use of the internet as a commercial sales channel, emphasising the pivotal role of trust in online consumer relationships. This research focused on Saudi e-commerce platforms (e.g. Amazon.sa, Noon, Namshi, and Shein), due to their remarkable growth over previous years, by investigating the effect of consumer trust on online purchase intentions. The study surveyed 449 Saudi online shoppers, using a structural equation model to analyse the factors that determine online trust (perceived information quality, company competency, security, and online consumer reviews) and their influence on consumer online trust and perceived risk. The results …


Leaving The Academic Sector: Saudi Society, Abdulrahman Alshaikh Mubarak May 2026

Leaving The Academic Sector: Saudi Society, Abdulrahman Alshaikh Mubarak

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to identify the most important reasons academics prefer to leave work in the academic sector in favor of other opportunities outside the walls of universities. This study seeks to shed light on academics to understand their views on the actual motives of this phenomenon, its effects on administrative development in universities and society, and its repercussions on the competitiveness of universities in Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted through interviews with academics who have left academic work and with current academics or those who intend to leave academic work and depart from universities in favor of other …


Entrepreneurship Education In University: The Saudi Context, Maha M. A. Alahmari, Amal A. R. Alkulaib May 2026

Entrepreneurship Education In University: The Saudi Context, Maha M. A. Alahmari, Amal A. R. Alkulaib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Nurturing and training successful entrepreneurs constitutes a significant part of a country's strategies for economic growth due to the role of entrepreneurship in economic development and job creation. This research examines entrepreneurship education at a Saudi university in the Eastern Province and proposes enhancements. Researchers applied the descriptive survey method, and the questionnaire was administered to 382 female university students. They highly agreed with the reality of education in the field of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurship course covers entrepreneurial characteristics, marketing, operations, financial planning, and work values. Female students also highly agreed on ways of enhancement, such as aligning entrepreneurship models …


Journalists' Objectivity Via Social Media: Jordan, Omar Abdullah Al-Zoubi, Normahfuzah Ahmad, Khalaf Tahat May 2026

Journalists' Objectivity Via Social Media: Jordan, Omar Abdullah Al-Zoubi, Normahfuzah Ahmad, Khalaf Tahat

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Journalists play an essential role in society through their daily news practice. The news produced must be correct. Fair and balanced reporting makes an informed public. These elements are part of objectivity in the news. However, social media have challenged many aspects of journalism. With the emergence of social media platforms, journalists have become more prone to deviating from journalistic objectivity. Instantaneity has challenged many journalists to practice their journalistic work objectively via social media. This study aims to identify the challenges Jordanian journalists face in implementing objectivity on social media platforms. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 journalists working …


Effectiveness Of Incorporating Film Adaptations In Efl Literature Courses: A Case Study In Saudi Arabia, Hadeel Jamal Azhar May 2026

Effectiveness Of Incorporating Film Adaptations In Efl Literature Courses: A Case Study In Saudi Arabia, Hadeel Jamal Azhar

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

In line with the recent and ongoing technological changes in Saudi Arabia, which place greater emphasis on cinema and film adaptations, this study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating films and visual media into literature courses on students' understanding of and motivation towards literary texts. The participants were 41 fourth-level female students in the Department of English at Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. The treatment group (n=21) read Henrik Ibsen's play A Doll's House (1879) and watched the adapted film, whereas the control group (n=20) was asked to only read the play and discuss it in class. The findings …


Chomsky's Linguistic Theory: Its Reality And Its Connection To Arabic Grammar, Salah Abdullah Boujlaea May 2026

Chomsky's Linguistic Theory: Its Reality And Its Connection To Arabic Grammar, Salah Abdullah Boujlaea

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Chomsky's theory is one of the most important linguistic theories. Its founder wanted to adapt this theory to make it valid for all languages, since he believed in the universality of language. As such, this theory became famous after its translation and the spread of its author's ideas among the people of the Arabic language. The prevalence of this theory has led to two important questions. What does this theory entail? How is this theory connected to Arabic grammar? This research answered these two questions through two sections. The first talked about the theory's origin, development, terminology, importance, and defects, …


E-Marketing Of University Services In Light Of Trends In Contemporary Universities, Faez Nasser Mugahed, Mansour Saleh Al-Abdi, Sharf Ali Al-Makhdi May 2026

E-Marketing Of University Services In Light Of Trends In Contemporary Universities, Faez Nasser Mugahed, Mansour Saleh Al-Abdi, Sharf Ali Al-Makhdi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study aimed to identify the reality of e-marketing of university services in the light of e-marketing trends in contemporary universities, as perceived by the administrative and academic staff at Amran University in Yemen. The study used a descriptive approach and utilised a questionnaire as a tool of study, which included 32 items distributed over four dimensions of e-marketing of the university services. The study was conducted with a sample of 113 participants from both academic and administrative staff. The findings show a moderate level of e-marketing. There are no statistically significant differences in respondents' perceptions of e-marketing. he study …


Board Structure And Financial Technology In Banks: Gulf Countries, Abdulateif Abdulrhman Almulhim May 2026

Board Structure And Financial Technology In Banks: Gulf Countries, Abdulateif Abdulrhman Almulhim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study examines the impact of board composition on the financial technology of banks listed on the stock exchanges of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The study focuses on the size of the board, the independent members, the number of board meetings, and their impact on mobile banking, automated teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, and Mada Atheer, which are used as proxies for financial technology. In addition to the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, the study uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) system to control the endogeneity and heteroscedasticity issues. The sample consists of all banks listed in the …


Transitioning Away From An Oil-Based Economy Through Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, Hassen Hussain Altalhi May 2026

Transitioning Away From An Oil-Based Economy Through Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, Hassen Hussain Altalhi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

To modify the economy and make it less dependent on oil, several initiatives were launched by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2016 under the Saudi Vision 2030 umbrella. This study looked at the financial impact of Saudi Vision 2030 and assessed whether non-oil industries have responded as desired. Since the implementation of Saudi Vision 2030, several industries have demonstrated noteworthy accomplishments and contributed to the GDP of Saudi Arabia. Three such industries—tourism, small and medium-sized enterprises, and the “Saudi Made” logo campaign—were the subject of this study. The analytical objective of this research was to determine if these industries …


The Impact Of Computerised Accounting Information Systems On Financial Performance - The Saudi Context, Hani Khalid Alshaiti May 2026

The Impact Of Computerised Accounting Information Systems On Financial Performance - The Saudi Context, Hani Khalid Alshaiti

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have played an essential role in contributing to national income, productivity and employment. Therefore, this research aims to study the importance of computerised accounting information systems for Saudi SMEs and the impact of such systems on financial performance. A survey was developed and sent to 197 Saudi SMEs that had adopted one of the computerised accounting information systems. Around 118 valid responses were received. The data was analysed, and the results indicated the impact of using computerised accounting information systems at both individual and organisational levels. The study indicated that the users were satisfied with …


Spiritual Experience Among Religions, Samia Yassin Al-Badri May 2026

Spiritual Experience Among Religions, Samia Yassin Al-Badri

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This article endeavors to comprehensively explore the spiritual experiences within Christianity, and Islam. It aims to examine the similarities and dissimilarities between Monasticism (existing in Christianity) and Sufism (existing in Islam). The article delves into inquiries regarding whether monasticism serves as the origin of Sufism, the potential reciprocal influence between the two phenomena, and the absence of any connection between them. To accomplish this, the paper employs both inductive and analytical methodologies. Pertaining to similarities, both Monasticism and Sufism encompass disengagement from worldly affairs, seclusion from society, renunciation of materialistic existence, utilization of chants and hymns. Nonetheless, these entities diverge …


Services To Prepare Students With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities For The Transition From School To Adult Life, Mohammed S. Alshuayl May 2026

Services To Prepare Students With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities For The Transition From School To Adult Life, Mohammed S. Alshuayl

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Transitioning to adult life is considered one of the most critical phases in the lives of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). While studies have been published pertaining to the provision of transition services for students with IDD in some developed countries, such as the United States of America, little research has been carried out in this area in Saudi Arabia. This research gap is consistent with the lack of evidence-based services in Saudi Arabia to assist students with IDD in preparing for and transitioning to adult life. This study describes the provision of services supporting the transition for …


Physical Activity And Motor Performance Satisfaction Among The Elderly - Saudi Society, Anwar Abdulaziz Al-Nuaim May 2026

Physical Activity And Motor Performance Satisfaction Among The Elderly - Saudi Society, Anwar Abdulaziz Al-Nuaim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research aimed to identify the levels of participation in physical activities and their relationship to motor satisfaction among the elderly. Eighty-three participants, ranging in age from 60–75 years, engaged in this study. The measure of motor satisfaction, the levels of participation in sports and physical activities questionnaires were applied in the data collection process. The findings suggest that there is a significant positive relationship between the level of positive participation and the measure of movement satisfaction. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between the level of emotional participation and the motor satisfaction scale. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were …