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Understanding And Targeting The Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment, Li Cai, Li Cai

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4, have shown impressive antitumor efficacy by improving the activity of T cells. While these inhibitors work in many patients with various cancer types, they have minimal or no effect in many more patients. Mounting evidence indicates that, besides current known immune checkpoints, other immunosuppressive components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) need to be targeted to elicit the full immune responses.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immunosuppressive myeloid cells that are involved in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. In this work, we demonstrated the essential role of MDSCs …

Shelf-Life Extension And Campylobacter Jejuni Inhibition By Application Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles In Chicken Fillets, Amina Elrais, Reyad Rabea, Wlaa Abdel Megid, Mona Abdallah, Walid Sobhy Arab

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Because of its unique physical and chemical features, zinc oxide can be considered a versatile material. Campylobacter jejuni was intentionally inoculated into broiler breast fillets, and the practical application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) suspension with varying concentrations (5 mM and 10 mM) with 3 different sizes (25 nm, 50 nm, and 75 nm) for each concentration was examined. The results showed that ZnO suspensions had a strong inhibitory effect on Campylobacter jejuni growth after 8 days in the refrigerator at 4°C. When compared to other concentrations of 5 mM, ZnO NPs, 10 mM demonstrated the largest reduction percentage …

Molecular Characterization Of Some Pathogenic Bacterial Strains And Hematobiochemical Profile In Barki Sheep With Diarrhea In Siwa Oasis, Amani A. Hafez, Mohamed T. Ragab, Marwa A. Fawzy, Adel M. El-Kattan, Ahmed A. Elsayed

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective: To explore the incidence of several bacterial enteropathogens in Barki sheep with diarrhea and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends and their hematobiochemical alteration in Siwa Oasis.Design: Descriptive study.Animals: A total of 500 adult Barki sheep were allocated into two equal-sized groups: 250 Barki ewes with diarrhea and 250 normal sheep taken as the control group. 250 faecal samples were taken from sheep with diarrhea. The bacterial enteropathogens were extracted, identified biochemically and determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Kirby-Bauer Disk-Diffusion Method was used to determine the sensitivity of positive samples from each organism to ten antimicrobials. Blood samples …

Machine Learning Solutions For Biomedical Applications, Madeleine St. Ville

All Dissertations

This dissertation proposes three novel Bayesian modeling techniques to addresses the challenges arising from the complex, underlying features of biomedical data. These models are motivated by three different biomedical studies. The first is an analysis of data collected from six efficacy and safety clinical trials of buprenorphine maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder. The focus of this study is to overcome the problem of non-adherence by trial participants that, if left unaccounted for, obscures the true effect of buprenorphine on illicit opioid use. The second study is the assessment of hemodialysis cannulation skill through the use of a sensor-based simulator …

Heat Waves And A Public-Private Partnership In Alaska, Sarah A. Matsumoto, Karen Sandrik

Publications

No abstract provided.

A New Feudalism: Selfish Genes, Great Wealth, And The Rise Of The Dynastic Family Trust (Dft), Eric Kades

Faculty Publications

Today’s record levels of economic inequality are infecting our future as the top 0.01% bequeath vast wealth to their descendants. With the death of the Rule Against Perpetuities (RAP), this inequality has the potential to harden social class lines—not just for a generation or two, but forever. Although it may sound implausible, interviews with estate lawyers serving very high-net-worth clients reveal that some members of the wealthiest tier of testators are already exploiting the RAP’s elimination, along with a tax loophole, to establish dynasty trusts that will financially empower their bloodline as long as it continues. Recent work in evolutionary …

A Comparison Of The Mental Health Of Police Officers And Correctional Officers In Rural Appalachia, Sierra Thomas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of mental health among police officers and correctional officers within rural Appalachia. The main goal of this research was to better understand how the occupational demands of working in the criminal justice field can impact one’s mental health over time. Several research questions were explored, including the prevalence of various mental health problems, associated stressors, the structure of support among officers, and the perceptions of mental health treatment services. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 21 police and correctional officers located in rural Appalachia. Results provided a better understanding of …

A Thematic Analysis Of Resilient Experiences Of People Who Use Drugs And Are Living With Hiv Adhering To Hiv Medicine, Valeria Duenas

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease acquired through sex, from mother to child, sharing needles, and open wound exposure to the blood-borne virus. The disease leads to the rapid weakening of the immune system which renders the individual vulnerable to various opportunistic infections, cancer, disease progression into acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS), and possibly death. Unfortunately, US Latinos are disproportionately affected by HIV as they account for nearly 30% of all new HIV infections. A subpopulation disproportionately affected also are people who inject drugs (PWID) which account for 1 in 10 HIV diagnosis in the U.S. Modern medicine has allowed …

Modulation Of Non-Diffracting Hermite Gaussian Beams And Nonlinear Optical Microscopy For Nanoscale Sulfur Imaging, Gilberto Navarro

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Hermite Gaussian beams are the solutions of the scalar paraxial wave equation in Cartesian coordinates. A method was developed to modulate the intensity profile of non-diffracting Hermite Gaussian (HG) beams. The original HG beamâ??s intensity profile consists of high intense corner lobes and low intense central lobes which is not ideal for structured illumination in light-field microscopy. The modulated HG beams were generated by multiplying the original HGâ??s beam envelope by a super-Gaussian envelope to modify the intensity profile to attain equal intensity lobes. The propagation of the original HG beam and modulated HG beam were compared to determine that …

Survey Of Fleas And Ticks For Rickettsia Rickettsii And Rickettsia Typhi And Surveys Of Humans And Wild Animals For Serological Evidence Of Infection By These Rickettsiae In Rural And Urban Areas Of El Paso, Texas And Other Areas Of Texas, Karen Rocio Valdez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The ecology and epidemiology of Rocky Mountain Spotted fever and typhus fever pathogens are poorly understood along the United Statesâ??Mexico border, especially in the far Southwestern region of Texas. The objective of this dissertation was to understand the prevalence and distribution of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia typhi and associated tick and flea species and the prevalence of these Rickettsiae in domestic and feral mammals in urban and rural areas of the El Paso community and other areas of Texas. Also, the goal was to determine if humans are being infected by R. rickettsii and R. typhi in the El Paso …

Optimization Of Clostridium Septicum Antigen Production And Evaluation Of Vaccine Administration Parameters For A Candidate Bacterin-Toxoid To Prevent Dermatitis In Commercial Turkeys, Aaron Forga

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this thesis was to optimize the hemolytic activity of two isolates of Clostridium septicum to evaluate if hemolytic titer of C. septicum antigen at time of formalin inactivation corresponded to increased serum antibody titer to the C. septicum alpha-toxin of turkeys immunized with an experimental formalin inactivated bacterin-toxoid vaccine. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the thesis. Chapter 2 consists of a literature review focused on clostridial dermatitis, specifically C. septicum-associated dermatitis (cellulitis) that affects commercial turkeys. Chapter 3 outlines our attempts to optimize an experimental autogenous bacterin-toxoid vaccine as a potential strategy to mitigate clostridial …

Differential Impacts Of Hhv-6a Versus Hhv-6b Infection In Differentiated Human Neural Stem Cells, Elham Bahramian

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Within the family Herpesviridae, sub-family β-herpesvirinae, and genus Roseolovirus, there areonly three human herpesviruses that have been described: HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. Initially, HHV-6A and HHV-6B were considered as two variants of the same virus (i.e., HHV6). Despite high overall genetic sequence identity (~90%), HHV-6A and HHV-6B are now recognized as two distinct viruses. Sequence divergence (e.g., >30%) in key coding regions and significant differences in physiological and biochemical profiles (e.g., use of different receptors for viral entry) underscores the conclusion that HHV-6A and HHV-6B are distinct viruses of the β-herpesvirinae. Despite these viruses being implicated as causative agents in …

The Medical Study Of Denture Base Resin Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Reinforced By Zno And Tcp Nanoparticles, Fatin Asim, Entessar Al-Mosawe, Wafaa Hussain

Journal of Applied Sciences and Nanotechnology

Denture base poly (methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin is one of the most frequently used materials in denture base synthesis, but due to its poor mechanical properties, PMMA can be considered a medium for the attachment and growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly due to PMMA's pores and rough surface. The porosity percentage and surface roughness of the PMMA resin sample was lowered in this study, which resulted in a reduction in microorganisms' surface adhesion by varying the ratios of additives such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) nanoparticles with (1, 2, 3, and 10% …

The Use Of Virtual Reality As A Standard Of Care In Verified Burn Centers, Emily Werner

Nursing Masters

This study explored whether the use of virtual reality (VR) was a standard of care during burn care at burn verified facilities in the United States. Surveys were sent to American Burn Association verified burn centers to investigate if VR was being used as a standard of care, if protocols for using VR are in place and how they were developed, and what barriers these facilities are facing and several other topics investigated. Out of the 64 facilities surveyed, 21 responses were collected. Burn facilities reported 63.2% do not use and 36.8% do use VR while performing burn dressing changes …

Extensive Accumulation Of Misfolded Protein Aggregates During Natural Aging And Senescence, Karina Cuanalo-Contreras, Jonathan Schulz, Abhisek Mukherjee, Kyung-Won Park, Enrique Armijo, Claudio Soto

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates is a hallmark event in many age-related protein misfolding disorders, including some of the most prevalent and insidious neurodegenerative diseases. Misfolded protein aggregates produce progressive cell damage, organ dysfunction, and clinical changes, which are common also in natural aging. Thus, we hypothesized that aging is associated to the widespread and progressive misfolding and aggregation of many proteins in various tissues. In this study, we analyzed whether proteins misfold, aggregate, and accumulate during normal aging in three different biological systems, namely senescent cells,

Using Single Molecule Molecular Inversion Probes As A Cost-Effective, High-Throughput Sequencing Approach To Target All Genes And Loci Associated With Macular Diseases, Rebekkah J Hitti-Malin, Claire-Marie Dhaenens, Daan M Panneman, Zelia Corradi, Mubeen Khan, Anneke I Den Hollander, G Jane Farrar, Christian Gilissen, Alexander Hoischen, Maartje Van De Vorst, Femke Bults, Erica G M Boonen, Patrick Saunders, Susanne Roosing, Frans P M Cremers

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Macular degenerations (MDs) are a subgroup of retinal disorders characterized by central vision loss. Knowledge is still lacking on the extent of genetic and nongenetic factors influencing inherited MD (iMD) and age-related MD (AMD) expression. Single molecule Molecular Inversion Probes (smMIPs) have proven effective in sequencing the ABCA4 gene in patients with Stargardt disease to identify associated coding and noncoding variation, however many MD patients still remain genetically unexplained. We hypothesized that the missing heritability of MDs may be revealed by smMIPs-based sequencing of all MD-associated genes and risk factors. Using 17,394 smMIPs, we sequenced the coding regions of 105 …

Association Of Initial Sars-Cov-2 Test Positivity With Patient-Reported Well-Being 3 Months After A Symptomatic Illness, Lauren E Wisk, Michael A Gottlieb, Erica S Spatz, Huihui Yu, Ralph C Wang, Benjamin H Slovis, Sharon Saydah, Ian D Plumb, Kelli N O'Laughlin, Juan Carlos C Montoy, Samuel A Mcdonald, Zhenqiu Lin, Jin-Mann S Lin, Katherine Koo, Ahamed H Idris, Ryan M Huebinger, Mandy J Hill, Nicole L Gentile, Anna Marie Chang, Jill Anderson, Bala Hota, Arjun K Venkatesh, Robert A Weinstein, Joann G Elmore, Graham Nichol, Inspire Group

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

IMPORTANCE: Long-term sequelae after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection may impact well-being, yet existing data primarily focus on discrete symptoms and/or health care use.

OBJECTIVE: To compare patient-reported outcomes of physical, mental, and social well-being among adults with symptomatic illness who received a positive vs negative test result for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study was a planned interim analysis of an ongoing multicenter prospective longitudinal registry study (the Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry [INSPIRE]). Participants were enrolled from December 11, 2020, to September 10, 2021, and comprised adults (aged ≥18 years) with acute symptoms suggestive …

Seroprevalence And Titer Concentration Testing For Leptospirosis In Equine, Ashley Himmelsbaugh

Honors College Theses

The most common best management practice used to combat diseases in horses is vaccination, which can decrease the incidence or severity of illness. However, the duration of immunity will vary for each vaccination and must be considered for revaccination purposes. Titer concentration, which evaluates antibodies in the blood, may be a helpful way of determining how long an animal has immunity to a disease. Leptospirosis, a zoonotic, bacterial disease, can result in uveitis, potentially leading to blindness, and abortion in mares. One serovar, Leptospirosis pomona (L. pomona), is associated with most cases of clinical disease in horses in North America. …

Mechanisms Underlying Childhood Exposure To Blue Spaces And Adult Subjective Well-Being: An 18-Country Analysis, Valeria Vitale, Leanne Martin, Mathew P. White, Lewis R. Elliott, Kayleigh J. Wyles, Matthew H.E.M. Browning, Sabine Pahl, Patricia Stehl, Simon Bell, Gregory N. Bratman, Mireia Gascon, James Grellier, Maria L. Lima, Mare Lõhmus, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Ann Ojala, Jane Taylor, Matilda Van Den Bosch, Netta Weinstein, Lora E. Fleming

School of Psychology

Contact with natural environments is associated with good health and well-being. Although childhood nature experiences may be important in the development of an individual's relationship with nature and subsequent well-being, previous studies have tended to focus on ‘nature’ in general, and the mechanisms by which childhood experiences influence well-being in adulthood remain insufficiently studied. Drawing on cross-sectional survey data from an 18-country sample (N = 15,743) the current work extended previous research by examining: a) blue spaces (coasts, rivers, lakes, etc.) in particular; b) associations between adults' recalled childhood exposure to blue spaces, frequency of recent visits to green and …

When Intelligence Hurts And Ignorance Is Bliss: Global Pandemic As An Evolutionarily Novel Threat To Happiness, Satoshi Kanazawa, Norman P. Li, Jose C. Yong

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Introduction: The savanna theory of happiness posits that it is not only the current consequences of a given situation that affect happiness but also its ancestral consequences, and that the effect of ancestral consequences on happiness is stronger among less intelligent individuals. But what about situations that did not exist in the ancestral environment and thus have no ancestral consequences? Global pandemic is one such situation that has no ancestral analog, and the theory predicts such evolutionarily novel threats to have a negative effect disproportionately on the life satisfaction of more intelligent individuals.Methods: We analyzed prospectively longitudinal data from population …

Understanding The Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Teleworkers' Experiences Of Perceived Threat And Professional Isolation: The Moderating Role Of Friendship, Xinyu (Judy) Hu, Mahesh Subramony

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

Drawing from conservation of resource theory and the social support resource theory, this study examines how the severity of an exogenous disruptive event – the COVID-19 pandemic – in one's community influences teleworkers' well-being outcomes indirectly through their perceptions of pandemic-related threat and experience of professional isolation, as well as the buffering effect of friendship on these relationships. Utilizing time-lagged data from participants of a two-wave survey panel (N = 351) and objective data of COVID-19 severity from counties around the United States, we found that perceived threat, but not professional isolation, mediated the negative effect of proportion of confirmed …

Liver Injury After Sars‐Cov‐2 Vaccination: Features Of Immune-Mediated Hepatitis, Role Of Corticosteroid Therapy And Outcome, Cumali Efe, Anand V Kulkarni, Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, Bianca Magro, Albert Stättermayer, Mustafa Cengiz, Daniel Clayton-Chubb, Craig Lammert, Christine Bernsmeier, Özlem Gül, Fatima Higuera-De La Tijera, Margarita Anders, Ellina Lytvyak, Mete Akın, Tugrul Purnak, Rodrigo Liberal, Mirta Peralta, Berat Ebik, Serkan Duman, Nurhan Demir, Yasemin Balaban, Álvaro Urzua, Fernando Contreras, Maria Grazia Venturelli, Yılmaz Bilgiç, Adriana Medina, Marcos Girala, Fulya Günşar, Maria-Carlota Londoño, Theodoros Androutsakos, Ayelen Kisch, Alper Yurci, Fatih Güzelbulut, Yasir Furkan Çağın, Enver Avcı, Murat Akyıldız, Emine Kübra Dindar-Demiray, Murat Harputluoğlu, Rahul Kumar, Sanjaya K Satapathy, Manuel Mendizabal, Marcelo Silva, Stefano Fagiuoli, Stuart K Roberts, Neşe Karadağ Soylu, Ramazan Idilman, Eric M Yoshida, Aldo J Montano-Loza, George N Dalekos, Ezequiel Ridruejo, Thomas D Schiano, Staffan Wahlin

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A few case reports of autoimmune hepatitis-like liver injury have been reported after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. We evaluated clinical features, treatment response and outcomes of liver injury following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a large case series.

APPROACH AND RESULTS: We collected data from cases in 18 countries. The type of liver injury was assessed with the R-value. The study population was categorized according to features of immune-mediated hepatitis (positive autoantibodies and elevated immunoglobulin G levels) and corticosteroid therapy for the liver injury. We identified 87 patients (63%, female), median age 48 (range: 18-79) …

Impact Of Colchicine On Mortality And Morbidity In Covid-19: A Systematic Review., Devang Sanghavi, Pankaj Bansal, Ikwinder Preet Kaur, Mohsin Sheraz Mughal, Chandana Keshavamurthy, Austin Cusick, Jennifer Schram, Siva Naga S Yarrarapu, Abhishek R Giri, Nirmaljot Kaur, Pablo Moreno Franco, Andy Abril, Fawad Aslam

Pharmacy Articles

INTRODUCTION: Colchicine, because of its anti-inflammatory and possible anti-viral properties, has been proposed as potential therapeutic option for COVID-19. The role of colchicine to mitigate "cytokine storm" and to decrease the severity and mortality associated with COVID-19 has been evaluated in many studies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of colchicine on morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. The literature search was conducted in 6 medical databases from inception to February 17, 2021 to identify studies evaluating colchicine as a therapeutic agent in COVID-19. All included studies were evaluated …

T-Cell Antigen Receptors In Multiple Sclerosis, Lisa Lanée Keyes Jones

Biomedical Sciences Theses & Dissertations

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is T-cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and degeneration of axons in the brain and spinal cord. A T cell-mediated immune response in MS is directed against myelin components and possibly other antigens in genetically susceptible individuals and is triggered by a viral infection. The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) on T cells is responsible for antigen recognition and determines specificity. Our overall hypothesis is to determine whether clonally expanded T cells in patients with MS recognize viral or self-antigens and to determine whether molecular mimicry is involved in the development of the disease. To study …

Opening The Vault: An Osteobiography Of Three Individuals From A New Orleans Cemetery, Jordan Butler

Honors Theses

The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the lives of three individuals buried in Cypress Grove Cemetery in New Orleans through osteobiographies, which combines knowledge gained from human remains, material culture, and mortuary practices. The opportunity for analysis arose since the vault was being demolished due to its dilapidated condition.

The individuals were White and of middle-class status and date to the later nineteenth century. One burial is a middle-aged man who was of average height and showed no evidence of pathology; his muscle markers do suggest he was relatively Physically active during his life. Another individual is an …

Histopathologic And Transcriptomic Phenotypes Of A Conditional Rankl Transgenic Mouse Thymus, Maria M Szwarc, Lan Hai, Vineet K Maurya, Kimal Rajapakshe, Dimuthu Perera, Michael M Ittmann, Qianxing Mo, Yong Lin, Matthew L Bettini, Cristian Coarfa, John P Lydon

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Although conventional knockout and transgenic mouse models have significantly advanced our understanding of Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL) signaling in intra-thymic crosstalk that establishes self-tolerance and later stages of lymphopoiesis, the unique advantages of conditional mouse transgenesis have yet to be explored. A main advantage of conditional transgenesis is the ability to express a transgene in a spatiotemporal restricted manner, enabling the induction (or de-induction) of transgene expression during predetermined stages of embryogenesis or during defined postnatal developmental or physiological states, such as puberty, adulthood, and pregnancy. Here, we describe the K5: RANKL bigenic mouse, in which transgene derived …

Characterization Of Vancomycin Use At A Community Hospital, Caleb Hoppe Pharmd Candidate, Jamie Gaul Pharmd, Bcps, Christina Ford Pharm, Bcpsd

Parkview Pharmacy Department

Poster presentation completed at ASHP Midyear Clinical Conference & Exhibition.

Objective: To characterize the use of vancomycin medication therapy at a non-profit community hospital (Parkview Regional Medical Center) in preparation for a potential change to AUC:MIC dosing and monitoring.

Clinician’S Recommendations In Treating Victims And Survivors Of Narcissistic Abuse, Sadaf Shalchian

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Although marriage and family therapists are one of the main providers in treating mental and relational health issues, there is not a significant emphasis on the identification, assessment, and treatment of victims and survivors of narcissistic abuse in COAMFTE-accredited Masters level Marriage and Family Therapy programs (COAMFTE, 2017). This needs assessment aimed to identify the knowledge and clinical skills recommended by clinicians who treat victims and survivors of narcissistic abuse to identify some needs, assessments, and treatment practices that can guide LMFTs in treating this population. This needs assessment explored current literature, research, and academic and clinical resources focused on …

New-Onset Psychosis Following Covid-19 Infection In A Patient With No Psychiatric History: A Longitudinal Case Report., Matthew Runyan, Jay Fawver, Amanda Coupe, Michelle Drouin

Health Services and Informatics Research

BACKGROUND: Viral infection, including COVID-19, has been implicated as a potential cause of various neurobehavioral issues. An increasing number of case reports suggest that current or recent COVID-19 infection may cause new onset of psychotic symptoms in some individuals, potentially related to viral inflammation or infection of the nervous system.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 26-year-old woman with no psychiatric history presented with severe psychotic symptoms days after recovery from a mild COVID-19 infection. No other etiologies for psychosis were identified via diagnostic testing, review of medical history, or interviews with family. Her symptoms persisted for approximately two months, requiring three inpatient …

Management Of Mammalian Bites To The External Genitalia: A Scoping Review, Sagar R Patel, Pratik Kanabur, Harlee E Possoit, Austin Kinley, Beatriz Varman, Michael Coburn, Shyam Sukumar

Library Staff Publications

OBJECTIVE: To review existing publications to determine the approaches for the medical and operative management of mammalian bites to the external genitalia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Review guidelines were followed. Four databases were searched. Articles were independently screened and analysed by two reviewers. Publications were included if detailed summaries of genitalia bites and management were documented. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Data were extracted from the final article cohort.

RESULTS: A total of 42 articles were included in this scoping review with 67 cases of mammalian bites to …