Digital Commons Network^™

Child-Taking Justice And The Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative, Diane Marie Amann

Scholarly Works

The focus of this article is the 2022–2024 Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative undertaken the U.S. Executive Branch. The article chronicles this three-year process, which included sessions with survivors and their descendants, and which resulted in a two-volume report, in an apology by President Joe Biden, and in designation of a national memorial at one of the most notorious school sites. This article examines the initiative as an example of “child-taking justice”; that is, as a process of what is called “transitional justice”, done in an effort to redress the takings of children from their community, followed by efforts to …

The Ai-Powered Learning Loop In Higher Education, Oualid Abidi, Vladimir Dzenopoljac, Aleksandra Dzenopoljac

All Works

Purpose – This study examines how generative AI tools affect business students’ academic performance by investigating whether flexible AI policies promote deeper learning, enhance self-efficacy and facilitate tacit knowledge acquisition in a Middle Eastern context, while ensuring efficiency and academic integrity. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative, exploratory study observed 20 final-year business students in Kuwait during five in-class activities using generative AI tools. Semi-structured interviews complemented the researcher’s observations. Thematic analysis revealed patterns in benefits, challenges and learning processes, leading to the development of the AI-powered learning loop framework to explain academic performance outcomes. Findings – The study indicates that generative …

Exploring Nursing Students’ Experiences Of Factors Influencing Reflective Practice In Clinical Setting, Wafaa El Zaatari, Imad Maalouf

All Works

Purpose – Reflective practice is crucial in clinical nursing education at a nursing college in Al Ain. This study aims to explore nursing students’ perspectives on reflective practice in a clinical setting. Design/methodology/approach – The study employed an exploratory case study design, using semi-structured interviews to collect data from eight nursing students studying at a nursing college in the UAE. The recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and manually analysed using thematic analysis. Findings – Three main themes have been extracted, and these are the significance of reflection, facilitating factors and hindering factors. Four sub-themes emerged from the facilitating factors: moral …

State Of Menstrual Health Education In 2024: Content Analysis Of Us K-12 Public School Education Standards, Emily Richardson, Sarah Bemis, Page Dobbs, Hope Ballentine, Shristi Bhochhibhoya, Victor Kwaku Akakpo, Kylie Lovett

The Eleanor Mann School of Nursing Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: Exploratory study aiming to assess the prevalence and time of initiation of menstrual health curriculum in US public school education standards by state. Methods: US public school Kindergarten-12th grade education standards from each state's Department of Education website, including D.C. (n = 51), were searched for menstruation, menstrual, menses, menopause, period, menarche, reproduction, puberty, and growth and development. Results25.5% (n = 13) of US education standards include menstruation. Of these, constructs of comprehensive menstrual health were recorded including abnormal menstruation (n = 6), menstrual hygiene (n = 6), menopause (n = 1), and stigma (n = 7). Education is …

Singapore Awakened: How Success – And Flourishing – Shape Family, Seow Hon Tan

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

Assoc. Prof. (Dr.) Tan Seow Hon delivered the keynote address at Cultivate SG’s second annual conference, “Unfiltered – The Family on Trial”, on 17 November 2025. In her speech titled “Singapore Awakened: How Success – and the Alternative of Flourishing – Shape Family”, Dr Tan reflects on the “Singapore Dream”, the narrow mindset of success in contrast with the concept of flourishing, and how these impact marriage and family. She concludes by offering some thoughts on how to move from success to flourishing.

Catalytic Removal Of Synozol Blue Dye From Aqueous Solution Through Green Synthesized Iron Nps With H2o2: With Addition Of Ecosar And Biological Investigation, Rabiya Kousar, Zia Ul Haq Khan, Jingyu Sun, Sana Sabahat, Noor Samad Shah, Jibran Iqbal, Mahmood M.S. Abdullah, Rabia Naz, Zia Ullah Khan

All Works

This bioinspired study explores the fascinating realm of clean and green chemistry by unveiling the potential of FeO NPs fabricated by taking advantage of botanical extract obtained from the leaves of Justicia adhatoda as a reducing agent because it reduced Fe (II) to Fe (0). FeONPs have been fabricated successfully with distinctive structural and morphological features that have been characterized through multiple analytical techniques, like UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and Zeta potential. The surface plasmonic resonance peak appeared at 268 nm, which was measured through the UV/Vis spectra of synthesized NPs. XRD analysis discovered the crystalline nature of …

Comorbidities And Emotions - Unpacking The Sentiments Of Pediatric Patients With Multiple Long-Term Conditions Through Social Media Feedback: A Large Language Model-Driven Study, Temidayo Oluwalade, Hossein Ahmadi, Lin Huo, Richard Sharpe, Shang-Ming Zhou

School of Nursing and Midwifery

ObjectivesThe emotional and psychological challenges faced by children with multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) remain underexplored. This study aimed to analyze sentiments and emotions expressed by this vulnerable population and their caregivers on social media, assess the effects of comorbidities and the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional well-being.MethodsNarratives from the Care Opinion platform (2008–2023) were analyzed by a model called CoEmoBERT, developed using the large language model, distilroberta-base transformer model. The CoEmoBERT-based sentiment analysis categorized emotions into “Positive”, “Negative”, and “Neutral,” with further refinements into specific emotions such as “Sad,” “Fear”, “Satisfied” etc. through pretraining and transferring process. Comorbidity associations with emotions …

Itrusst Consensus On Biophysical Safety For Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation, Jean François Aubry, David Attali, Mark E. Schafer, Elsa Fouragnan, Charles F. Caskey, Robert Chen, Ghazaleh Darmani, Ellen J. Bubrick, Jérôme Sallet, Christopher R. Butler, Charlotte J. Stagg, Miriam C. Klein-Flügge, Seung Schik Yoo, Christy K. Holland, Bradley Treeby, Eleanor Martin, Lennart Verhagen, Kim Butts Pauly

School of Psychology

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging technology for non-invasive brain stimulation. The International Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation Safety and Standards consortium (ITRUSST) has established consensus on considerations for nonsignificant biophysical risk of TUS, drawing upon the literature and established regulations for biomedical devices. Here, we assume the application of TUS to individuals without contraindications, compromised thermoregulation, vascular vulnerabilities, or administered ultrasound contrast agents. In this context, we present a concise yet comprehensive set of levels for nonsignificant risks of TUS application. For mechanical effects, it is non-significant risk if the mechanical index (MI) or the mechanical index for transcranial application …

Mckee Minute November 2025, Southern Adventist University

McKee Minute – McKee Library This Month

The November 2025 edition of McKee Minute includes information on requesting materials for the library's collection, Native American Heritage Month, Thanksgiving break hours, and website feedback.

Draft 2026 Interim Site-Wide Groundwater Monitoring Quality Assurance Project Plan, Woodard & Curran

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.

Occupational Therapy Interventions Supporting Return-To-Work After Cancer Treatment: A Systematized Review​, Kateryna Brichka, Jordyn Spotanski, Kara Warner, Danielle Westmark, Stacy Smallfield, Molly Whitlow

Student Systematized Reviews: Occupational Therapy

PURPOSE: Return to work (RTW) is a key milestone in cancer survivorship, supporting identity, stability, and quality of life. Many survivors face physical, social, and psychological barriers (Wilson et al., 2023). Occupational therapy practitioners (OTPs) are well positioned to address these challenges through energy conservation, environmental modification, and work reintegration strategies (Désiron et al., 2016). This systematized review synthesized evidence on OT interventions that support RTW for adult cancer survivors.

DESIGN: A systematized review was conducted by a medical librarian from the McGoogan Health Sciences Library. Articles were included if published in English between 2003–2024 and classified as Level I–VI …

Beyond Mass Deportation, Nancy Plankey-Videla, Huyen Pham, Angela D. Morrison, Luz E. Herrera

Faculty Scholarship

Donald Trump’s threats to carry out the mass deportation of unauthorized immigrants helped propel him to a second term as President of the United States. For the estimated 11 million people in the U.S. without lawful status, those threats have increased fears of forced returns to their countries of origin. While American immigration law is heavily focused on the legal processes leading to deportation, little attention has been paid to the post-deportation experiences of individuals who must reintegrate into their home countries. This gap in understanding is especially alarming given the high stakes of reintegration. A successful transition can empower …

Did The Dobbs V. Jackson Decision Influence People's Attitudes Toward Abortion Legality Across Abortion Circumstances And Weeks' Gestation?, Lucretia Mena-Melendez, Xiana Bueno, Brandon L. Crawford, Ronna C. Turner, Kristen N. Jozkowski

Counseling, Leadership, and Research Methods Faculty Publications and Presentations

Introduction We examined the impact of the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision on changes in people's attitudes toward endorsement of legal abortion across abortion circumstances (e.g., woman's health endangerment, low income, rape, unprepared to parent) and weeks' gestation (i.e., never, 6 weeks, 15 weeks, 22 weeks, always).Methods Longitudinal data were collected from a nationally representative sample of English and Spanish-speaking US adults via Ipsos' Knowledge Panel (R) (Wave 1 in June 2022 (N = 1014) and Wave 2 in October 2022 (N = 792)). We explored descriptive changes in attitudes toward endorsement of legal abortion across circumstances …

Sarm1 Inhibition Maintains Axonal Integrity After Rat Sciatic Nerve Transection And Repair, Ryan Sachar, Tony Y Lee, Aaron Diantonio, Christopher J Dy, Jason Wever, Jeff Milbrandt, David M Brogan

2020-Current year OA Pubs

PURPOSE: Sterile alpha and TlR motif containing-1 (SARM1) protein has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the initiation of Wallerian degeneration after nerve injury. The goal of this study was to assess whether blockade of SARM1 activity inhibits Wallerian degeneration following nerve transection, potentially promoting more rapid recovery of axonal function.

METHODS: An adeno-associated virus plasmid encoded with a dominant-negative SARM1 protein fused with green fluorescent protein to impair SARM1 function, was injected into 24 juvenile rats to create a SARM1 dominant-negative (SARM1-DN) phenotype. Twenty-four control rats were injected with a control plasmid expressing only green fluorescent protein. …

Technology Discontinuance: A Systematic Literature Review And Research Agenda, Birgit Altrichter, Sabine Benoit

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Technology discontinuance by users who quit digital services such as social media or lose interest in their devices after a few weeks is a common phenomenon. Yet it has received little research attention; the few studies that address it are scattered across disciplines. Research into customer churn is more prevalent, but it implies switching providers rather than halting usage altogether. By moving beyond discipline-based knowledge boundaries and conducting a systematic literature review, the current article proposes a technology discontinuance framework, which details seven technology discontinuance types (overuse, overload, proficiency, disenchantment, social, circumstantial, and solution) and their drivers. For example, guilt …

The Moderating Role Of Affective Engagement On The Relationship Between Learning Autonomy And Cognitive Engagement, Neal Nikko D. Espejo

Ateneo Institute for The Science and Art of Learning and Teaching

The study explores the moderating role of affective engagement on the relationship between learning autonomy and cognitive engagement among university students. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the research examines how affective engagement, characterized by emotional connection and enjoyment in learning, influences the effect of learning autonomy on cognitive engagement. The sample consisted of 178 business and information management students from a university in the Philippines, selected through purposive sampling. Using validated scales for learning autonomy, affective engagement, and cognitive engagement, data was analyzed through moderation techniques and simple slope analysis. The findings reveal that while both learning autonomy and affective engagement …

Assessing Digital Citizenship Among Students And Technology Competency Of Teachers, Mary Anthony C. Sieras

Ateneo Institute for The Science and Art of Learning and Teaching

Digital citizenship and technology competency are vital for effective teaching and learning in today’s technology-driven educational environment (Ribble, 2011). Despite widespread technology use, challenges persist regarding students’ responsible and ethical use of digital tools, highlighting the need for improved digital citizenship education (Ribble & Bailey, 2004). Teachers’ proficiency in integrating technology is key to fostering students’ positive digital practices (Department of Education, 2017). This study aimed to assess the digital citizenship levels of junior high school students and the technology competence of their teachers. Grounded in Mike Ribble’s nine elements of digital citizenship and the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers’ …

Determining The Accumulation Potential Of Nanoplastics In Crops: An Investigation Of 14C-Labelled Polystyrene Nanoplastic Into Radishes, Nathaniel J. Clark, Astrid C. Fischer, Demelza Carne, George R. Littlejohn, Lee J. Durndell, Anne Plessis, Richard C. Thompson

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The capacity of crops to accumulate nanoplastics has remained relatively unexplored largely due to analytical constraints. To address this challenge, the present study employed a radiolabelling approach to demonstrate, for the first time, that polystyrene nanoplastics (¹⁴C-PS NPs) accumulate and move into the edible tissues of radishes (Raphanus sativus). Radishes were exposed hydroponically for five days, with only their non-fleshy roots in contact with the ¹⁴C-PS NPs, while accumulation in the fleshy (edible) roots and shoots was subsequently measured. The radish roots retained nearly 5 % of the ¹⁴C-PS NPs from the exposure, either through accumulation …

Potentially Toxic Metals, Anthropogenic Microfibres And Other Microplastics In Sediments From A Small, Urban Estuary (Plym, Southwest England), Kwong Ricky Li, Andrew Turner

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Anthropogenic microfibres (AMFs) and microplastics (MPs) are pervasive and ubiquitous environmental contaminants of growing concern. However, their study in geosolids, like sediments, is often conducted in the absence of other important geochemical and anthropogenic markers. In the present study, surface and subsurface sediments from the Plym Estuary, southwest England, have been analysed for AMFs and MPs along with organic matter (as loss on ignition; LOI), calcium, iron, manganese and potentially toxic metals (PTMs). The latter were heterogeneously distributed throughout the estuary because of multiple inputs and variations in sediment granulometry. AMFs were mainly constructed of cellulosic and petroleum-based polymers and …

Epigenetic And Genotoxic Effects Of Tritium In Marine Mussels: Comparing Waterborne And Metal-Associated Forms, Maria Florencia Ferreira, Andrew Turner, Mickaël Payet, Olivier Debellemaniere, Christian Grisolia, Veronique Malard, Michael N. Moore, Awadhesh N. Jha

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Tritium (³H), an isotope of hydrogen, is a by-product of the nuclear industry. Decommissioning and normal operations of nuclear facilities can generate tritiated stainless-steel particles (T-SSPs) that could be unintentionally released into the environment. Considering tritium's physicochemical properties and the proximity of nuclear facilities to water bodies, assessing the behaviour and potential effects of these particles in the aquatic environment is imperative. In the present study, marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, were exposed to: (a) hydrogenated, non-radioactive stainless-steel particles (H-SSPs) (10 mg L⁻¹) (b) T-SSPs (1 and 10 MBq L⁻¹) and (c) tritiated water (HTO) …

Perfluoroalkyl Substance Pollutants Disrupt Microglia Function And Trigger Transcriptional And Epigenomic Changes, Yating Cheng, Jian-Rong Li, Hangjin Yu, Shuang Li, Boranai Tychhon, Chao Cheng, Yi-Lan Weng

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as "forever chemicals", are widely utilized in various industries and consumer products worldwide. Their exposure has been associated with numerous diseases and malignancies, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PFAS-induced adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in microglia exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a prevalent PFAS compound. Our findings demonstrate that 24-hour PFOS exposure (25 and 50 µM) disrupts the microglial transcriptome and compromises their homeostatic state, marked by increased inflammation and impaired …

Sim And Learn: Simulation And Its Value In Neurology Education, Laveena Singla, Fariha Jamal, Anju Abu, Dana Ionel, Amtul Farheen

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Simulation is a widely used health care education tool. Its use is increasing in acute neurologic conditions and has great potential to help trainees better perform procedures and enhance communication and professionalism.

Observations: This article describes the different neurologic simulations used as educational tools and the evidence that demonstrates their value. It also details the benefits afforded by simulations (eg, improved adherence to protocols, reduced door-to-needle time in stroke care) and areas of opportunity. It includes the use of virtual reality to allow trainees to interact with 3-dimensional models of the brain as well as augmented reality to view …

Pkr-Driven Isr Signaling Controls Synaptic Translation And Structural Plasticity In An Age-Dependent Manner, Nicolás W Martínez, Felipe Gómez, Ariel Tapia-Godoy, Juan Francisco Roa, Fernanda Moreso-Contreras, Yuwei Liu, Claudia Jara, Cheril Tapia-Rojas, Iván Alfaro, Mauro Costa-Mattioli, Soledad Matus

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The integrated stress response (ISR) modulates protein homeostasis in response to both intracellular and extracellular signals. The four kinases involved in the ISR all phosphorylate the same target, the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), to integrate various stress signals, thereby regulating cell fate. The activation of the ISR reprograms the proteome by inhibiting general protein synthesis while increasing the translation of specific mRNAs. In the brain, the ISR regulates the type of synaptic plasticity necessary for forming long-term memory. More importantly, the activation of the ISR has emerged as a causal mechanism underlying cognitive decline associated with …

Indomethacin-Induced Ductus Arteriosus Closure And Aortopulmonary Collateral Formation In Fetal Ebstein Anomaly With Circular Shunt, Mounica Y Rao, Ruth M Vaughan, Shaine A Morris, Nancy A Ayres, Maggie J Nguyen, Jianhong Zhang, Betul Yilmaz Furtun

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

• Indomethacin may improve hemodynamics in fetal Ebstein anomaly with circular shunt. • Ductal closure with indomethacin can impair pulmonary blood flow and growth. • Ductal closure may result in subsequent development of APCs. • Irreversible ductal closure may affect postnatal surgical palliation. • Fetal echocardiography is vital for early intervention and medication titration.

Call To Action-Pediatric Masld Requires Immediate Attention To Curb Health Crisis, Phillipp Hartmann, Marialena Mouzaki, Sara Hassan, Mohit Kehar, Krupa R Mysore, Erin Mauney, Dieudonne Nonga, Sara Karjoo, Shilpa Sood, Andrea Tou, Christine Brichta, Rachel E Herdes, Nikhil Pai, Donna K Garner, Mary E Rinella, Mazen Noureddin, Zobair Younossi, Alina M Allen, Arun Sanyal, Taisa Kohut, Rohit Kohli, Charina M Ramirez, Stavra Xanthakos, Miriam B Vos, Jeffrey B Schwimmer, Samar H Ibrahim, Jennifer Panganiban

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become more prevalent on a global scale over the last decades and is associated with significant comorbidities in childhood and a 40-fold higher risk of early mortality in young adulthood. MASLD has now become the leading indication for liver transplantation in young adults in the United States. However, pediatric MASLD is still perceived as an indolent condition by many patients, families, and clinicians. In this Call to Action, we aim to raise awareness of pediatric MASLD as a public health crisis. Herein, we describe insufficient screening and disease staging practices, and a …

Predicting Craving-Related Emotions Among Opioid Use Disorder Patients: Preliminary Results, Zachary King, Zoe Setiadi, Liana Hamdan, Hajar Ahmed, Bishal Lamichhane, Ashutosh Sabharwal, Ramiro Salas, Nidal Moukaddam, Akane Sano

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) often struggle to maintain sobriety, with many experiencing relapse within the first year. While medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is among the most effective approaches, access to intensive care is often limited by financial barriers. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies offer a promising, cost-effective alternative by enabling continuous monitoring and timely intervention through tools such as ecological momentary assessments (EMAs), wearable sensors, and smartphone data. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using mHealth data to predict emotions that align with cravings in OUD patients undergoing MAT. Using data collected from EMAs, wearables, smartphone tracking, and …

Low Socioeconomic Status Adversely Influences Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Paige E Brlecic, Christopher B Sylvester, Katie J Hogan, Qianzi Zhang, Joseph S Coselli, Marc R Moon, Todd K Rosengart, Subhasis Chatterjee, Ravi K Ghanta

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objectives: Although socioeconomic status (SES) is believed to affect patient outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), readmission data are sparse. In a national cohort, we analyzed the influence of SES on readmission, resource utilization, and mortality after CABG.

Methods: We queried the Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify patients who underwent isolated CABG from January 2016 through December 2018. We derived low, middle, and high SES from International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification codes, patient demographics, and neighborhood-level factors. The effect of SES on risk-adjusted outcomes was assessed with multivariable analysis.

Results: Of 523,042 patients who underwent CABG, …

Refugee Stigma And Its Toll On Mental Health: Development And Validation Of The Refugee Stigma Scale (Rss), Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Khaled Elazab, Ibrahim Yigit, Fatema Almeamari, Ceren Acartürk, Gülşah Kurt, Janet Turan, Andrea Norcini Pala, Bulent Turan

Student Publications [Scholarly]

Background Unprecedented, forced displacement, especially from conflict and war areas, requires addressing resultant mental health issues. Aim Refugees experience mental and physical health problems due to post-displacement stressors, and the pervasive stigma associated with refugee status can exacerbate these difficulties, highlighting the need for a comprehensive assessment tool to understand various facets of refugee stigma. Method We developed the refugee stigma scale (RSS), consisting of 43 items informed by the literature, qualitative and quantitative data. The scale includes four theoretical dimensions of stigma: perceived community stigma, experienced stigma, anticipated stigma and internalised stigma. To examine convergent validity, validated self-report measures …

Stress-Relaxation And Failure Properties Of Spinal Ligaments In Pigs With And Without Scoliosis-Like Deformity, Christian D'Andrea, Mattan Orbach, Dogerno Norceide, Madeline Boyes, Axel Moore, Jacob Jordan, Thomas Schaer, Anita Singh, Patrick Cahill, Edward Vresilovic, Brian Snyder, Sriram Balasubramanian

Student Papers, Posters & Projects

This study addresses the need for accurate tissue material properties in computational models of the spine. Fundamental to functional spinal unit (FSU) biomechanics are the stress-relaxation and failure properties of the interspinous and intertransverse ligaments (ISL and ITL, respectively). These were measured and compared in normative and scoliotic spines using a Yorkshire pig model. Skeletally immature female pig spines were posterolaterally tethered to induce scoliosis. 23 ISLs and 17 ITLs excised from normative and scoliotic spine segments underwent stress-relaxation and failure tests. Group comparisons tested the effects of scoliosis (magnitude, convexity versus concavity), spinal level (thoracic, lumbar), and pig age. …

A Historical Cohort Comparison After Inpatient Admission For Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa: Feasibility Of Virtual Group Therapy, Elizabeth V Franklin, Margaret Mathias, Rachel Wolfe, Duc T Nguyen, Drusilla M Rosales, Sofia Pedroza, Albert C Hergenroeder, Constance M Wiemann

Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy Staff Publications

Objective: Access to follow-up care after a medical admission for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) is important; yet access can be delayed or unavailable. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a supplemental virtual 8-week outpatient group therapy program following inpatient care. A secondary aim explored the outpatient program's impact on self-reported anxiety, disordered eating, and depression symptoms, and readmission rates.

Method: A retrospective chart review study compared 68 adolescents (aged 11-18) with AN enrolled in an 8-week group therapy program (Recovery and Prevention Program [RAPP]) to 64 adolescents who were not enrolled in RAPP (historical cohort). "RAPP completers" …