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The Pressure To Endure: How Black Women Over 50 Navigate The Dichotomy Of Human Resilience And Supernatural Strength, Debra Ann Garner Nov 2025

The Pressure To Endure: How Black Women Over 50 Navigate The Dichotomy Of Human Resilience And Supernatural Strength, Debra Ann Garner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to discover how Black women over 50 interpret their life experiences in the face of pressure to be strong and faith filled. It explored the intersection of race, gender, age, and faith, specifically concerning older Black women and their interpretations of the impact of cultural and societal expectations. With data from ten interviews, this study examined how the women view the dichotomy of life as Strong Black faith-filled women who are inwardly self-silencing, suppressing, and who use other coping mechanisms through decades of lingering emotional trauma. From prior studies, the Strong Black …


Enhancing Spiritual Care In Medical Missions Through A Contextual Apologetic Workshop, Jacob G. Caraotta Nov 2025

Enhancing Spiritual Care In Medical Missions Through A Contextual Apologetic Workshop, Jacob G. Caraotta

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

There is a lack of resources and a gap in the literature for training prayer teams for medical mission endeavors. The Contextual Apologetic Workshop, an intervention project, was designed to fill the gap in the literature by training participants in prayer, evangelism, and apologetics. It utilized the Contextual Apologetic System, a framework built around the Contextual Triad, which includes the cultural context, setting, and endemic religions that inform outreach dynamics and preparation. The cultural context identifies if the population is high- or low-context, and includes the subcultures. The setting refers to outreach types, such as medical missions or construction projects. …


Male Post-Secondary Students’ Experiences With Social Isolation Enrolled In Online Classes: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Patrick Ide Nov 2025

Male Post-Secondary Students’ Experiences With Social Isolation Enrolled In Online Classes: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Patrick Ide

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of male post-secondary students enrolled in a large university in the western part of the United States who have felt socially isolated while participating in an online learning environment. At this stage of the research, social isolation was defined as the state of being distant or disconnected from others with limited or no in-person connections. The central research question is: What are the lived experiences of male post-secondary students enrolled in online academic programs who have experienced social isolation? Sub-questions addressed the level of connectedness and how …


The Shared Experiences Of Florida Outpatient Psychiatric Providers Working With Patients Post-Involuntary Hospitalization And Aftercare Compliance: A Phenomenological Study, Amy L. Watson Nov 2025

The Shared Experiences Of Florida Outpatient Psychiatric Providers Working With Patients Post-Involuntary Hospitalization And Aftercare Compliance: A Phenomenological Study, Amy L. Watson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of outpatient providers who treat psychiatric patients following involuntary hospitalization. The central phenomenon under investigation is how psychiatric providers experience their professional responsibilities when treating patients who have been involuntarily hospitalized. The study focused on the impact of involuntary hospitalizations on outpatient providers including how outpatient providers experience challenges in the outpatient milieu; how providers experience the legal and ethical portions of their jobs; and how outpatient providers experience the need for self-care. Guided by social learning theories, this study explored how and why participants learned from their …


Divine Intervention Emphasized In Ptsd Treatment Strategies, Zachary R. Kuster Nov 2025

Divine Intervention Emphasized In Ptsd Treatment Strategies, Zachary R. Kuster

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study examined how theological concepts might enhance PTSD treatment outcomes by challenging existing paradigms within evidence-based interventions. While some therapeutic models acknowledge the value of integrating theological concepts within treatment, little empirical evidence explains how emphasizing the theological concepts that may already exist within evidence-based strategies may enhance the overall efficacy of treatment. In this study, an experimental group received strategies emphasizing grace, hope, and forgiveness, while a control group received strategies without these emphases. The PCL-5 psychometric assessment tool was used to measure changes across two 4-week PTSD programs that incorporated 48 strategies from the same four therapeutic …


The Influence Of Leadership Development On Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Moderated By Leader-Member Exchange, Christopher Houston Nov 2025

The Influence Of Leadership Development On Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Moderated By Leader-Member Exchange, Christopher Houston

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This research study addressed the problem of lacking leadership development in the higher education industry and the reduction of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Increasing demands on higher education resulted in a need for improved leadership acumen across the industry, but inefficient and lacking development persists. This study evaluated a regional higher education institution of higher education in the Southwest to better understand how specific leadership development opportunities relate to organizational behavior. The research utilized the 24-item OCB survey and the LMX-7 survey to capture participant responses in combination with different leadership development participation responses. The findings indicated that while leadership …


A Comparative Analysis Of K–12 Public School Music Teacher Burnout From 1986 To 2025, Veronica A. Rovatti Nov 2025

A Comparative Analysis Of K–12 Public School Music Teacher Burnout From 1986 To 2025, Veronica A. Rovatti

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This historical comparative analysis assessed five different sources to understand the effect stress and burnout have had on public school music educators over the last fifty years. In the United States, music educators are facing stress and burnout in their teaching careers, which can result in attrition from their profession. In this research study, four studies pertaining to music educator burnout are analyzed through a narrative compilation of research already established. Also analyzed is a supplementary recent article providing contemporary relevance. The criteria for source selection included studies or articles that primarily researched stress and burnout among K-12 public school …


Ministerial Perspectives On Approaches To Caring For A Traumatized Congregant To Enhance Spiritual Development, Tonya B. Perry Nov 2025

Ministerial Perspectives On Approaches To Caring For A Traumatized Congregant To Enhance Spiritual Development, Tonya B. Perry

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe experienced Christian Ministers’ experiences caring for a traumatized congregant from various countries worldwide. The criterion for participation was an experienced minister with 15 years of experience, at least 40 years old, and who ministered to three types of traumas. The two main theories guiding this study were Bowlby’s (1969, 1982) attachment theory and Fowler’s (1981) development of faith with references to Erickson’s (1958/1962) psychosocial development, Maslow’s (1954) Hierarchy, and cognitive behavior theory (Beck, 1952; Ellis, 1962). The three main research questions were: How does an experienced Christian minister describe their experiences …


Untethered Spiritual Care: Fortifying Warfighter Fitness In The Era Of Great Power Competition, Charles R. Bruner Nov 2025

Untethered Spiritual Care: Fortifying Warfighter Fitness In The Era Of Great Power Competition, Charles R. Bruner

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

As the operational paradigm shifts from the large counter-insurgency missions of the Global War on Terror to agile combat employment characterized by untethered operations in potential locations such as the Pacific Theater, robust spiritual fitness will become increasingly more vital. Those most at risk for spiritual wounding and moral injury due to their experiences will be Airmen assigned to small, forward-deployed Mission Ready Airman (MRA) teams who must generate combat aircraft in austere locations with minimal supplies and far from support, including religious and spiritual support. This research project examines the problem of providing effective, robust point-of-care spiritual support without …


Grief Disrupted: A Phenomenological Study Of How African Americans Experienced Grief Without Traditional Rituals During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jacqueline Williamson-Webb Nov 2025

Grief Disrupted: A Phenomenological Study Of How African Americans Experienced Grief Without Traditional Rituals During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jacqueline Williamson-Webb

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

In recent times, the dominant psychological understanding of grief is as an emotion (Gravesen & Birkelund, 2021; Meiselman, 2021). However, grief is also socially constructed, meaning that the emotions and behaviors labeled as grief have their beginning in the social space. Grief, then, is a performative act shaped by cultural traditions and public rituals (Murrell et al., 2023). Consequently, the purpose of this interpretative phenomenological study is to understand the lived grief experiences of African Americans (AAs) living in New Jersey who experienced a personal loss through the death of another person during the COVID-19 pandemic. Erving Goffman’s dramaturgy guides …


Exploring The Fusion Of Technological Innovation And Education Among Higher Education Faculty Leaders In Distance Learning Programs: A Phenomenological Study, Jimmy Alexander Gomez Nov 2025

Exploring The Fusion Of Technological Innovation And Education Among Higher Education Faculty Leaders In Distance Learning Programs: A Phenomenological Study, Jimmy Alexander Gomez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the influence of using emerging technologies on student learning outcomes for emergent faculty leaders at the College of Excellence in the Southwestern United States. The technological pedagogical content knowledge theory guided this study. The Central Research Question guiding this study was: What are the lived experiences of higher education faculty leaders influencing the use of emerging technologies to support student learning in distance learning programs? The integration of emerging technologies on student learning outcomes was generally defined as how new technologies can change student outcomes. The study included 10 emergent …


Acculturative Stress Among Immigrant High School Graduates In North Carolina: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Caren P. Morgan Nov 2025

Acculturative Stress Among Immigrant High School Graduates In North Carolina: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Caren P. Morgan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Global migration will continue to escalate in the future. In this transition process, the United States is a popular destination. Migrants are motivated by a variety of factors, including education, employment, and research. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study aimed to better understand lived experiences of acculturative stress among immigrant high school graduates in North Carolina. This qualitative design sought to get answers to the central research question: What are the lived experiences of immigrant high school graduates who encountered acculturative stress? The theoretical framework includes two theories that are essential to this study: acculturation theory, and resilience theory. …


Exploring The Perceptions Of Community College Leaders: Active Learning Strategies For Enhancing Student Engagement And Learning Outcomes, Bradley Robbins Nov 2025

Exploring The Perceptions Of Community College Leaders: Active Learning Strategies For Enhancing Student Engagement And Learning Outcomes, Bradley Robbins

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study is to understand the perceptions of community college leaders about active learning strategies and their role in implementing these strategies on the campus of a rural community college in the east-central region of a southern state in the United States. The theory guiding this study is the self determination theory by Deci and Ryan as it frames the exploration within the fundamental psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The central research question of this study is: What do community college leaders perceive about active learning strategies and their impact on student learning outcomes? …


A Predictive Correlational Design Study To Explore Secondary Student Self-Efficacy And School Refusal, Danielle L. Holmes Nov 2025

A Predictive Correlational Design Study To Explore Secondary Student Self-Efficacy And School Refusal, Danielle L. Holmes

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative predictive correlational design study was to examine the predictive ability of self-reported self-efficacy beliefs and school refusal behavioral functions on secondary students’ attendance percentages. This study was critical because there needs to be a better understanding of the causes of school refusal and successful interventions for school refusal, since students with disabilities who engage in their education as adolescents become more successful adults. The sample was comprised of 110 secondary students with disabilities, aged 12–17, attending secondary schools within the ABC School District in a western state of the United States. Data were collected using …


Exploring The Relationship Between Becoming A Parent, Goal Orientation, And Productivity, Among Self-Employed Entrepreneurs, Andrew Dean East Nov 2025

Exploring The Relationship Between Becoming A Parent, Goal Orientation, And Productivity, Among Self-Employed Entrepreneurs, Andrew Dean East

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative study explored the relationship between parenting status and goal orientation and productivity among self-employed entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 471 participants, the study compared entrepreneurs with and without children under five years of age living at home to examine group differences, relational patterns, and potential moderation effects. No statistically significant differences were found in goal orientation or productivity between parents and non-parents, indicating that early-stage parenting does not inherently hinder these traits. However, a small but statistically significant positive correlation was observed between goal orientation and productivity, suggesting that individuals with higher internal motivation reported slightly greater productivity, …


Visualized Shared Mental Modeling: An Adapted Practical Framework For Interdisciplinary Teams Solving Complex Problems In Healthcare, Milan F. Satcher, Asha L. Dees, Joshua M. Johnston, Amro M. Farid, Inas S. Khayal Nov 2025

Visualized Shared Mental Modeling: An Adapted Practical Framework For Interdisciplinary Teams Solving Complex Problems In Healthcare, Milan F. Satcher, Asha L. Dees, Joshua M. Johnston, Amro M. Farid, Inas S. Khayal

Dartmouth Scholarship

Healthcare systems and the scientific community are increasingly recognizing the need for multidisciplinary, inter-organizational perspectives and skill sets to tackle the most pressing challenges of our time to improve human health. However, as our approach to scientific inquiry is evolving, our methods of working across teams remain largely unchanged. Using a case example of a human-centered design project focused on improving care transitions during reentry to the community from incarceration, this paper details the importance and function of visualized shared mental models for multidisciplinary teams addressing complex multisystem problems. This paper contributes a practical framework for developing a stakeholder-validated, visualized …


Efficacy Of Medical-Legal Partnerships To Address Health-Harming Legal Needs: A Systematic Review Of Experimental Studies In The Field, Jemima John, Thomas Murphy, Emily Zientek, Winston Liaw, Odinakachukwu Dimgba, Thien-An Nguyen, Catherine Burnett, Mary Aitken, Shreela Sharma Nov 2025

Efficacy Of Medical-Legal Partnerships To Address Health-Harming Legal Needs: A Systematic Review Of Experimental Studies In The Field, Jemima John, Thomas Murphy, Emily Zientek, Winston Liaw, Odinakachukwu Dimgba, Thien-An Nguyen, Catherine Burnett, Mary Aitken, Shreela Sharma

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Despite the documented success of medical-legal partnerships (MLPs), there is a dearth of robust experimental-based research on their efficacy. This review synthesizes the findings of MLP interventions and identifies opportunities for MLP expansion in vulnerable communities.

Methods: Articles were eligible if they tested the experimental effects of an MLP intervention on health-harming legal needs (HHLNs) and had full text for review. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion and assessed the quality (risk of bias) of each study.

Results: Seven studies were eligible. Populations were largely women, of color, and of lower socioeconomic status. All studies demonstrated positive effects …


Latent Classification Of Time-Dependent Transition Rates In Longitudinal Binary Outcome Data, Joonha Chang, Wenyaw Chan Nov 2025

Latent Classification Of Time-Dependent Transition Rates In Longitudinal Binary Outcome Data, Joonha Chang, Wenyaw Chan

School of Public Health Faculty Publications

Continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) models and latent classification methods are commonly used to analyze longitudinal categorical outcomes in medical research. While CTMC models are popular for their simplicity and effectiveness, their assumption of constant transition rates presents limitations in capturing dynamic behaviors. To address this, non-homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains (NH-CTMCs) have been developed, incorporating time-varying transition rates to enhance model flexibility. In this study, we leverage closed-form transition probabilities for a fully ergodic two-state NH-CTMC model and propose a latent class clustering approach to identify heterogeneous transition rate patterns within the population. We emphasize the potential advantages of these models …


Kenyon Collegian - November 13, 2025 Nov 2025

Kenyon Collegian - November 13, 2025

The Kenyon Collegian

No abstract provided.


Fusion Transcriptome Landscape In Glioblastoma: Incidence And Therapeutic Implications, Manmeet Ahluwalia Nov 2025

Fusion Transcriptome Landscape In Glioblastoma: Incidence And Therapeutic Implications, Manmeet Ahluwalia

All Publications

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) lacks effective therapies for recurrent disease. Unlike cancers with successful fusion-targeted treatments (eg BCR-ABL1 in CML), the incidence and therapeutic potential of gene fusions in GBM remain unclear. We analyzed a large genomic database to define fusion frequency and molecular associations.

Methods: 4800 IDH-wildtype GBM samples (WHO 2021) underwent NextGen DNA sequencing (592-gene panel/whole exome) and Whole Transcriptome Sequencing for fusions at Caris Life Sciences. Fisher-Exact/Chi-Square tests, adjusted by Benjamini-Hochberg (q < 0.05), assessed significance.

Results: Pathogenic fusions occurred in 428 (8.9%) samples, primarily FGFR3 (37%, n = 159; FGFR3: TACC3, n = 134), MET (21%, n …


Developing A General Ai Model For Integrating Diverse Genomic Modalities And Comprehensive Genomic Knowledge, Zhenhao Zhang, Xinyu Bao, Linghua Jiang, Xin Luo, Zheyu Zhang, Jing Yin, Meiqi Zhao, Yichun Wang, Annelise Comai, Joerg Waldhaus, Anders S Hansen, Wenbo Li, Jie Liu Nov 2025

Developing A General Ai Model For Integrating Diverse Genomic Modalities And Comprehensive Genomic Knowledge, Zhenhao Zhang, Xinyu Bao, Linghua Jiang, Xin Luo, Zheyu Zhang, Jing Yin, Meiqi Zhao, Yichun Wang, Annelise Comai, Joerg Waldhaus, Anders S Hansen, Wenbo Li, Jie Liu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have vastly expanded the availability of diverse genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data, presenting the opportunity to develop a general AI model that integrates comprehensive genomic knowledge into a unified model. Unlike previous predictive models, which are typically specialized to certain tasks, our general AI model unifies a wide range of genomic modalities, such as nascent RNA and ultra-high-resolution chromatin organization, within a multi-task architecture. Using ATAC-seq and DNA sequences as inputs, we incorporated diverse genomic modalities as output, and the model exhibits strong generalizability across different cell types and tissues in all tasks we trained. …


The Unfolded Protein Response-Novel Mechanisms, Challenges, And Key Considerations For Therapeutic Intervention, P M Quan Mai, Tam-Anh Truong, Sai Kumar Samala, Bhoomika Muruvekere Lakshmisha, Prapannajeet Biswal, Khadijeh Koushki, Prudhvi Chand Mallepaddi, Geraldine Vijay, Sunil Krishnan Nov 2025

The Unfolded Protein Response-Novel Mechanisms, Challenges, And Key Considerations For Therapeutic Intervention, P M Quan Mai, Tam-Anh Truong, Sai Kumar Samala, Bhoomika Muruvekere Lakshmisha, Prapannajeet Biswal, Khadijeh Koushki, Prudhvi Chand Mallepaddi, Geraldine Vijay, Sunil Krishnan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved, synchronized, and orchestrated process triggered by eukaryotic cells in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. UPR restores the ER's capacity to handle large protein loads within it, and still fold and process these proteins accurately. Many recent studies have documented the non-canonical roles of the UPR, outside of protein quality control, in the context of lipid metabolism and the immune system in cancer. Cancer cells have been known to hijack the UPR to promote survival and evade immune surveillance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Objectives: Here, we critically …


Primary Intramedullary Spinal Melanocytomas: Case Report And Review Of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, And Management, Gil Kimchi, Samantha Varela, Juan Pablo Zuluaga-Garcia, Francisco Call-Orellana, Esteban Ramirez Ferrer, Romulo Augusto Andrade De Almeida, Maria A Gubbiotti, Isabella C Glitza, Andrew J Bishop, Jonathan D Grant, Robert Y North, Christopher A Alvarez-Breckenridge, Laurence D Rhines, Claudio E Tatsui Nov 2025

Primary Intramedullary Spinal Melanocytomas: Case Report And Review Of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, And Management, Gil Kimchi, Samantha Varela, Juan Pablo Zuluaga-Garcia, Francisco Call-Orellana, Esteban Ramirez Ferrer, Romulo Augusto Andrade De Almeida, Maria A Gubbiotti, Isabella C Glitza, Andrew J Bishop, Jonathan D Grant, Robert Y North, Christopher A Alvarez-Breckenridge, Laurence D Rhines, Claudio E Tatsui

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: Intramedullary melanocytomas are extremely rare spinal cord tumors with distinct histopathological and imaging characteristics. This report reviews the literature on this pathology and presents a representative case study, highlighting aspects of diagnosis and management.

Methods: A scoping review of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted to identify reports on intramedullary melanocytomas, focusing on clinical presentation, imaging features, histopathology, treatment, and outcomes. Case reports and case series were included due to the rarity of these tumors.

Results: Twelve manuscripts met the inclusion criteria, including 15 patients. In the majority of patients, intramedullary melanocytomas present with progressive myelopathy …


Quaker Campus, November 13, 2025 (Vol. 24, Issue 6), Whittier College Nov 2025

Quaker Campus, November 13, 2025 (Vol. 24, Issue 6), Whittier College

Quaker Campus

No abstract provided.


November 13, 2025, The Daily Mississippian Nov 2025

November 13, 2025, The Daily Mississippian

Daily Mississippian (all digitized issues)

No abstract provided.


The George-Anne Daily, Georgia Southern University Nov 2025

The George-Anne Daily, Georgia Southern University

George-Anne Media Group: Newsletters & Magazines

No abstract provided.


Understanding Firefighter Culture And Mental Health, Alyssa G. Chirillo Nov 2025

Understanding Firefighter Culture And Mental Health, Alyssa G. Chirillo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative study, using a grounded theory approach, explores the lived experiences of firefighters, the cultural dynamics within the firefighting profession, and the stigma surrounding mental health, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among this group. Drawing on previous research, the study examines how exposure to vicarious trauma, the roles and responsibilities of firefighters, and the inherent risks of the profession shape attitudes toward mental health treatment. The research investigates explicitly whether firefighter culture and lived experiences influence the pursuit of mental health support. Participants from the Summerville Fire Department in Summerville, South Carolina, were recruited voluntarily. Data were collected through …


Countermovement Jump Force Plate Metrics As Neuromuscular Indicators For Seasonal Micro-Adaptations And Hitting Performance Variability In Professional Baseball, Brandon Russell Pentheny Nov 2025

Countermovement Jump Force Plate Metrics As Neuromuscular Indicators For Seasonal Micro-Adaptations And Hitting Performance Variability In Professional Baseball, Brandon Russell Pentheny

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This dissertation explored the use of countermovement jump (CMJ) force plate metrics as indicators of neuromuscular status and their relationship to hitting performance variability across a competitive season in professional baseball. Although there is an increase in the integration of sports science and performance analytics in professional sports, a significant gap remains in longitudinal, in-season monitoring models that connect neuromuscular adaptations to hitting-specific outputs, such as bat velocity and ball exit velocity (BEV). This study examined lower-body force production as measured by uniaxial bilateral force plates and how they interact with hitting output task demands over time. Using a longitudinal …


Training Christian Men To Effectively Lead Their Families While Deployed To Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Using An 8-Step Family Leadership Deployment Plan, Lucas Arthur Baker Nov 2025

Training Christian Men To Effectively Lead Their Families While Deployed To Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Using An 8-Step Family Leadership Deployment Plan, Lucas Arthur Baker

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This thesis project examined the result of the author’s 8-Step Family Leadership Deployment Plan on the effective leadership of ten Christian husbands and fathers deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The project’s goals were to mitigate family stress during separation and warfighter reintegration, to prevent role reversal within the family, and to prevent a pause in the headship and leadership roles of husbands and fathers. The project extrapolated eight principles from Ephesians 5:22–6:4 and was designed to fill an identified resource gap within the United States Military, particularly at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. It guided participants in creating their own personalized family …


Mental Illness And The Role Of The Church, Shelle Mathis Nov 2025

Mental Illness And The Role Of The Church, Shelle Mathis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Mental illness remains a growing concern in society, prompting increased focus on the church’s role in offering support. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of pastors and congregants regarding mental illness and the stigmas associated with it. Sixteen adult participants, ages 31 to 65, from churches in Elyria and Lorain, Ohio, were interviewed through semi-structured questions. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes: stigma, overspiritualization, education and training, collaboration with mental health professionals, and resource accessibility and advocacy needs. Pastors with lived experience of mental illness expressed greater empathy and recognized the …