Digital Commons Network^™

Evaluation Of Large Language Models As Decision Support Tools For Head And Neck Cancer Management: A Blinded Multidisciplinary Simulation Study, Sholem Hack, Ron J. Karni, Antonino Maniaci, Christopher E. Fundakowski, Luca Castellani, Fabiola Incandela, Remo Accorona, Miguel Mayo-Yanez, Martina Violati, Lorenzo Giannini, Niccolo' Mevio, Alberto Maria Saibene

Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: The management of head and neck cancer relies on multidisciplinary expertise; however, access to tumor boards remains variable. Large language models (LLMs) may support guideline-based decision-making, although performance in complex oncologic scenarios is not well defined.

METHODS: Fourteen synthetic cases based on real tumor board encounters were evaluated. Five blinded comparator arms produced recommendations: a human expert, Non-RAG-GPT-4, Non-RAG-GPT-5, RAG-GPT-4, and RAG-GPT-5. Eight head and neck oncologic surgeons scored each recommendation for appropriateness, clarity, specificity, and feasibility using 5-point Likert scales. Paired permutation testing and inter-rater reliability were assessed.

RESULTS: LLM outputs showed close alignment with expert recommendations. RAG-based …

Salivary Protein Quantity, Ionic Value, And Protein Movement In Stunted And Non-Stunted Children In Indonesia, Munifah Abdat, Sri Rezeki, Putri N. Zulkifli, Mela R. Adinda, Ardiansyah S. Pawinru, Eka Setyawardana

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Objective: This study aimed to analyze total salivary protein quantity, ionic activity, and protein molecular movement in children with and without stunting.

Material and Method: Saliva samples were collected from 30 children aged 4-6years (15stunted and15 non-stunted). Proteins were extracted using 0.1 M HCI. The total protein quantity was determined using the Bradford assay and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Salivary ionic activity (dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and total dissolved solids) and salivary viscosity were measured using an ionic meter and an Ostwald viscometer, respectively. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman correlation analyses (a=0.05).

Results: Stunted children had …

Leveraging The Pedsnet Clinical Research Network And Electronic Health Record Data To Enhance Efficiency Of Trial Enrollment For A Rare Pediatric Rheumatic Disease, Pamela F Weiss, Levon Utidjian, Mitchell Maltenfort, Hanieh Razzaghi, Timothy G Brandon, Cassandra Muir, Cora Sears, Edward J Oberle, Jennifer Cooper, Kevin Baszis, Mary B Toth, Esi M Morgan, Christopher B Forrest

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the PEDSnet clinical research network for study enrollment of juvenile spondyloarthritis, a rare rheumatic disease that includes enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: An electronic health record (EHR)-based typology was developed by an interdisciplinary team to query EHR data for a spectrum of pediatric rheumatic diseases (2009–2023) from 8 PEDSnet centers. The prevalence, characteristics and drug exposures for juvenile spondyloarthritis was explored to gauge feasibility of leveraging the network for study enrollment. Next, the typology was adapted to identify subjects for a clinical trial; the efficiency of EHR typology query was compared to standard screening …

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Decreases Cerebral Cystic Encephalomalacia And Parvalbumin Interneuron Degeneration In A Pro-Inflammatory Model Of Mouse Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia, Benjamin Miller, Alexander Crider, Bhooma Aravamuthan, Rafael Galindo

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is an immunoregulatory and neurotrophic glycoprotein of potential clinical utility in the neonate at risk for cerebral injury. However, hCG has not been demonstrated to affect the pro-degenerative actions of inflammation in neonatal brain injury. Here we utilize a neonatal mouse model of mild hypoxia-ischemia (HI) combined with intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the neuroprotective actions of hCG in the setting of systemic inflammation. Intraperitoneal treatment with hCG significantly decreased tissue loss and cystic degeneration in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of term-equivalent neonatal mice exposed to LPS and HI. Noting that parvalbumin immunoreactive …

Sequential Platinum And Parp Inhibition Enhances Pd1 Immunotherapy Efficacy In Murine Brca2 Mutated Pancreatic Cancer, John C Mcvey, Max M Wattenberg, Heather Coho, Kayjana Infante, Kelly Markowitz, Devora Delman, Cynthia Clendenin, Emma E Furth, Rashmi Tondon, Ben Z Stanger, Robert H Vonderheide, Kim A Reiss, Gregory L Beatty

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a challenging malignancy to treat, but emerging evidence suggests that specific subtypes may respond more favorably to certain therapies. BRCA-mutated PDAC represents a distinct subtype that is particularly sensitive to DNA-damaging therapies. The current standard of care for advanced BRCA-mutated PDAC involves induction platinum-based chemotherapy followed by maintenance therapy with a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). However, the randomized phase III POLO trial, upon which this standard is based, did not demonstrate an improved overall survival in patients who received olaparib compared to those who received placebo, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Additionally, …

Thoracic Aorta Calcification And Risk Of All-Cause Mortality And Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Yasir Salah Jumah Alam, Hussein Nafakhi, Alaa Salah Jumaah, Akeel Abed Yasseen, Zahraa Alaa Salah Alam, Ali Athir Abdulraheem

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal

This review aimed to assess thoracic aorta calcification (TAC) as a predictor of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality across various clinical settings using different imaging modalities. Medical databases were systematically searched up to mid-July 2025 for studies linking TAC with mortality and CV outcomes. A total of 43 studies involving 176,738 participants were included. TAC was associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.614), CV mortality (HR = 2.130), coronary events (HR = 1.423), major adverse cardiac events (HR = 2.011) and stroke (HR = 1.450. Computed tomography showed the strongest associations (all-cause mortality …

Facial Shape And Craniofacial Anthropometry Associated With Masticatory Muscle Pain: A Clinical Study, Mohammad Gazali, Fuad H. Akbar, Acing H. Mude, Maya Marisa, Muhammad Ruslin

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between facial morphology and cranial anthropometric parameter; with masticatory muscle pain, notably in the masseter and temporalis muscles.

Material and Method: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted involving 69 adult participants aged 18-50 year. Craniofacial dimensions, including head length, width and height, were measured using standardized anthropometric techniques. Facial shape was classified visually into round, oval or square types. Pain in the masticatory muscles was assessed using standardized palpation protocols based on the diagnostic criteria for temporo-mandibular disorders (TMDs), along with the visual analogue scale and numeric rating scale. Statistical analysis …

Ease The Quease! Educating Nurses On Non-Pharmacologic Nausea Intervention, Hawa Abdalla, Hannah Bookout, Leslie Martinez, Sidney Mcgregor, Jillian Norman, Gabriella Tadlock, Lucille Willians

2025

No abstract provided.

Higher-Order Moment Risk Spillovers Between The Carbon And Energy Markets Under Climate Policy Uncertainty, Qiang Ji

Double Helix Methodology

Against the backdrop of increasing climate policy uncertainty, preventing cross-market risk contagion in the energy transition is crucial to ensuring energy security and effective risk management. First, this study uses the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-skewness-kurtosis (GARCHSK) model to measure the higher-order moment risk of the carbon and energy markets. Then, based on the quantile spillover index model, the higher-order moment risk spillover effects and their time-varying characteristics in different risk states are characterized. Furthermore, the climate policy uncertainty index (CPU) is incorporated into the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-mixed data sampling (GARCH-MIDAS) model to analyze its impact on higher-order moment risk …

The Linkage Of Emissions Trading System And Green Electricity Certificate Brings Economic Benefits In China, An Zeng, Hanchu Liu

Double Helix Methodology

Market-based instruments are becoming increasingly prevalent as crucial components of energy transition policy packages worldwide. Given the interdependence of these instruments, linkage mechanisms have become a priority for policymakers. However, existing literature primarily focuses on the impacts of individual trading systems, with limited attention paid to linkage trading mechanism. To fill this gap, this study proposes an improved centralized resource allocation data envelopment analysis model to simulate the linkage trading of the emissions trading system (ETS) and the green electricity certificate (GEC) scheme in China. A counterfactual scenario simulation is conducted using historical data from 2016 to 2020. The results …

A Multi-Indicator Hazard Mechanism Framework For Flood Hazard Assessment And Risk Mitigation: A Case Study Of Rizhao, China, Baoyin Liu

Double Helix Methodology

Urban flooding has become a critical environmental challenge under global climate change and rapid urbanization. This study develops a multi-indicator hazard mechanism framework for flood hazard assessment in Rizhao, a coastal city in China, by integrating three fundamental hydrological processes: runoff generation, flow convergence, and drainage. Based on geospatial data—including DEM, road networks, land cover, and soil characteristics—six key indicators were evaluated using the TOPSIS method: runoff curve number, impervious surface percentage, topographic wetness index, time of concentration, pipeline density, and distance to rivers. The results show that extreme-hazard zones, covering 6.41% of the central urban area, are primarily clustered …

Assessing The Coordination And Consistency Of The Policy System For Achieving China's Carbon Neutrality Goal Based On Text And Network Methods, Jinhua Xu

Double Helix Methodology

Lack of coordination and consistency in government policy-making has long been recognized as a weakness, yet its systematic quantification has been neglected. This study investigates this shortcoming by employing computational linguistics and network analysis tools to evaluate the coordination and consistency of climate policies in China through cross-referencing and collaboration among the State Council, ministries and local governments. A comprehensive dictionary of key policy terms and objectives from two key climate policies issued by the State Council, namely Opinions and Action Plan, was constructed to evaluate the succeeding 95 policy documents. The analysis of linguistic discontinuity provides insights into the …

Rethinking China's Power Decarbonization Pathway Under New Socioeconomic Uncertainties: A Multi-Objective Perspective Via Bottom-Up Modelling And Scenario Analysis, Pu Wang

Double Helix Methodology

The low-carbon transition of China's power sector is becoming increasingly complex under evolving global and domestic circumstances, including energy security concerns under geopolitical tensions, surging electricity demand, volatility from high renewable shares, and lock-in effects of existing coal-fired capacity. This study aims to assess how these emerging challenges reshape the decarbonization pathways of China's power sector and their implications for carbon and air pollutant emissions. We develop a bottom-up, multi-module simulation model that integrates the latest technological developments and evolving electricity demand patterns, and construct a rich set of scenarios based on alternative socioeconomic pathways and low-carbon power transition strategies. …

Interpersonal Satisfaction And Classroom Silence In Chinese Universities: The Mediating Role Of Social Anxiety, Siguang Zhang

Double Helix Methodology

Introduction: Within Chinese universities, classroom silence, while culturally acceptable, may indicate underlying psychological distress that impedes academic engagement. Drawing upon social-cognitive theory, this study investigates whether social anxiety mediates the relationship between interpersonal satisfaction and students’ in-class silence. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 565 undergraduates from six Chinese universities examined interpersonal satisfaction, social anxiety, and three distinct behavioral indicators of silence (large-lecture, small-discussion, and laboratory contexts). Confirmatory factor analysis established convergent and discriminant validity; Cronbach’s α coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.91, demonstrating good internal consistency. A structural equation model (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized mediation pathway while …

The Association Between Acceptance Of Illness And Quality Of Life Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients In Egypt, Terivina Ayad Naguib Ayad

Theses and Dissertations

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common connective tissue autoimmune disease that has multidimensional impact on the patients’ daily functioning and quality of life. Due to the long- lasting incurable nature of RA, psychosocial adaptation to living with it becomes inevitable. Literature indicates that acceptance of illness as an appraisal of the disease and personal attitude towards it is related to better quality of life. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between disease acceptance and quality of life among rheumatoid arthritis patients in Egypt. This study also investigates the association of selected socio-demographic and disease related variables with quality of …

Resilience By Design: A Multi-Metric Assessment Of Urban Vulnerability Across Human-Centric, Built, And Climatic Environment Dimensions, Karim Abdelhady

Theses and Dissertations

Urban resilience and sustainability have emerged as fundamental imperatives in contemporary urban planning, as cities face mounting pressures from climate change, population growth, and increasing socio-economic disparities. Resilient urban systems are not only those that withstand shocks, but also those that ensure the long-term well-being, equity, and functionality of their environments. As such, advancing the capacity to systematically evaluate resilience across spatial and temporal scales is critical to informing adaptive, forward-looking planning strategies. Despite a growing body of research on urban resilience, prevailing approaches remain limited in scope and resolution. Many studies tend to examine resilience through isolated lenses—focusing either …

Multifunctional Green Wall Systems For Greywater Treatment And Hygrothermal Regulation In Egypt, Laila Ossama Mohamed Elhusseiny Abdelsalam

Theses and Dissertations

Increasing environmental concerns regarding climate change and the intensifying challenge of water scarcity in Egypt necessitate the development of innovative, sustainable, and resource-efficient strategies for wastewater reuse. In the built environment, greywater constitutes a significant, relatively low-contaminant wastewater stream that, if treated to comply with Egyptian Codes and relevant international standards, can be safely reused for non-potable applications such as irrigation, landscaping, and building services. This research investigates the efficacy of an integrated green wall panel system, installed on building façades, for decentralized greywater treatment under Egypt’s climatic and environmental conditions, while simultaneously enhancing hygrothermal performance to reduce building energy …

Family Caregivers And Suicide Prevention: A Needs And Assets Assessment In Egypt, Lina Osama Allam

Theses and Dissertations

In the Arab world, suicide prevention is shaped by cultural stigma and religious beliefs, shaping both help-seeking behaviors and the design of support systems. Family caregivers play a vital role in suicide prevention but often face significant emotional and logistical burdens. This study is the first known scholarly effort in Egypt to examine the intervention needs of these caregivers. It explored three key questions: the roles and challenges of caregivers supporting individuals with suicidal thoughts or behaviors; the availability of clinical and community-based resources; and the characteristics of future interventions to support them. A total of 92 mental health professionals …

An Impact Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of Utilizing Informal Health Communication Interventions To Spread Health Recommendations And Change Public Perception, Lina Mohamed Ezzat Ahmed Abdel Mawgoud

Theses and Dissertations

Brain health is an increasingly urgent but critically under-addressed public health priority in Egypt and the wider MENA region. Despite its centrality to aging, productivity, and overall quality of life, public understanding of brain health remains limited, and stigma continues to shape responses to dementia and cognitive decline. This study evaluates the effectiveness of informal, culturally adapted health communication as a tool to shift perception, increase awareness, and promote behavior change among non-medically trained adults in Egypt.

Grounded in global evidence on cognitive reserve, neuroplasticity, and the life-course approach to brain health, the intervention translated expert-informed brain health recommendations into …

Advancing Climate Transition Through Fiscal Tools: The Role Of Carbon Taxation And Fuel Subsidy Reform, Farah Amgad Zayed

Theses and Dissertations

This study highlights how fiscal policy tools can accelerate Egypt's climate transition, with emphasis on carbon taxes and fossil fuel subsidies reforms. It investigates how fiscal tools can reduce carbon emissions and promote economic development by primarily relying on qualitative interviews with policymakers, consultants, representatives of the private sector, and civil society actors, paralleled with some descriptive and comparative analysis. The results show that even though Egypt has made significant strides in advancing green transition, including updating the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), introducing the first African Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM), as well as phasing out fossil fuel subsidies gradually, institutional …

Investigating The Risk Factors Affecting The Control Of Diabetes And Hypertension In The Refugees Living In Egypt, Noura Seada

Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) account for 74% of global deaths, with high prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension worldwide. Egypt hosts over 1 million registered refugees and asylum seekers, often lacking inclusion in social protection or insurance schemes. This study aimed to assess the factors affecting the control of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Hypertension (HTN) among Syrian and Sudanese refugees in Egypt, focusing on healthcare access, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and health behaviours.

Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design using a self-administered questionnaire and BMI measurement. Data were collected from 246 refugees diagnosed with type T2D and/or HTN in the …

Domestic Violence Againts Women In Thailand: Galtung-Based Analysis Of Violence In Thai Drama “Tie Me (K)Not”, Akhdiat Dimas Abimanyu, Rahadjeng Pulungsari

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study examines the portrayal of domestic violence against women in the Thai drama Tie Me (K)not (2022) using Johan Galtung’s theory of violence, which categorizes violence into direct, structural, and cultural forms. Through qualitative content analysis, the research identifies how the drama depicts these forms of violence, reflecting broader societal issues in Thailand. The findings reveal explicit instances of direct violence, such as physical and psychological abuse, systemic structural violence through institutional failures in justice and support systems, and cultural violence rooted in patriarchal traditions that justify gender inequality. The drama not only highlights these oppressive dynamics but also …

Kerentanan Kemiskinan Di Sulawesi Selatan: Analisis Vulnerability As Expected Poverty Dan Klaster Spasial, Nur Hilda Triany

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

This study aims to analyze the determinants of poverty vulnerability in South Sulawesi by integrating spatial dimensions into risk estimation models. Using micro-data from the March 2024 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) with individuals as the unit of analysis, this study applies the Vulnerability as Expected Poverty (VEP) and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) methods, estimated through an integrated logistic regression model. Empirical results indicate that while the average vulnerability is relatively low, risk distribution is highly concentrated in specific regional clusters. Key findings reveal that health insurance ownership and household assets are the dominant protective factors that drastically reduce …

Statute Meets Custom: Explaining Provincial Variation In Child Marriage After Indonesia’S 2019 Reform, I Made Yudisthira, Diahhadi Setyonaluri

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

This study investigates whether Indonesia’s 2019 Marriage Law reform, which raised the minimum legal age of marriage to 19, has been associated with lower child marriage prevalence. Using province-level aggregates from the 2022 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS, N = 1,237,946), we distinguish documented and undocumented unions and estimate Ordinary Least Squares models with controls for poverty, education, assets, rural residence, religious composition, and marriage dispensations. Descriptive maps show prevalence is highest in South Kalimantan (18%), East Java (17%), and West Java (17%), with undocumented unions concentrated in West Nusa Tenggara (7%), Banten (5%), Papua (5%), and West Sulawesi (5%). …

Bibliometric Analysis Of Research On Women’S Labor Force Participation And Household Economics, Muhamad Dupi, Inayat Ullah Baloch

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

Studies of women labor participation (WLFP) and household economics have grown in size in the last two decades and more research and policy focus are given to gender equality, labor markets and household welfare. Nevertheless, the available literature is still in pieces by region, theme, and institutional settings and a complete bibliometric review of this area of study is yet to be done. The objective of the proposed study is to trace the world-wide literature on the topic of women participation in the labor force and household economics through the analysis of the patterns of publications, networks of cooperations, and …

Estimasi Proporsi Pekerja Anak Pulau Maluku & Papua: Pendekatan Small Area Estimation Hierarchical Bayes Distribusi Beta, Apriani Sofiana, Fauzana Afininnas, Fachrol Mochti, Angga Prayoga, Shafira Husna, Nofita Istiana

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

Pekerja anak merupakan isu krusial yang memerlukan penanganan segera untuk mendukung pencapaian target pembangunan global. Pengentasan isu ini menuntut ketersediaan data yang akurat hingga wilayah kecil guna mendukung perumusan kebijakan yang tepat sasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menduga proporsi pekerja anak usia 5–17 tahun di kabupaten/kota Pulau Maluku dan Papua tahun 2024 menggunakan metode Small Area Estimation (SAE) Hierarchical Bayes (HB) distribusi Beta. Lima variabel penyerta dari PODES dan regsosek dipilih melalui stepwise regression dan dieksplorasi secara spasial. Hasil pemodelan HB Beta Pulau Maluku dan Papua menunjukkan sebagian besar wilayah masih memiliki RSE tinggi. Untuk meningkatkan presisi, dilakukan klasterisasi wilayah sebelum …

Strategic Hajj Communication To Enhance Public Trust And Financial Literacy: A Comparative Study Of Indonesia And Turkey, Thifal Yumna Nazihah, Abdullah Haidar, Yasminnasywa Iskandar

International Journal of Islamic Economics and Business Sustainability

Purpose – This study examines how strategic communication shapes public trust and financial literacy in Hajj fund governance, addressing scarce comparative evidence between fund-based and state-administered models. It contrasts Indonesia’s Hajj Financial Management Agency (BPKH) with Turkey’s Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) to identify which communication elements strengthen pilgrims’ confidence.

Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-methods design combines content analysis of institutional communications with a survey of 320 prospective pilgrims (160 Indonesia; 160 Turkey). The Strategic Hajj Communication Model (SHCM) is developed with four pillars—Digital Outreach, Religious Narrative, Financial Education, and Digital Engagement—and linked to Public Trust (PT), Financial Literacy (FL), and …

Developing A Welfare Index Based On Maqasid Shariah: Assessing The Contribution Of Hajj Fund Management In Indonesia, Agus Khoeron Fadli, Nugroho Bhanuaji Susanto, Fikri Rafif Nurcahyo

International Journal of Islamic Economics and Business Sustainability

Purpose – This study evaluates the welfare contribution of the Ummah’s Endowment Fund (Dana Abadi Umat, DAU) within Indonesia’s Hajj fund management by constructing a Maqasid Shariah-based Welfare Index (WI–DAU) to assess whether allocations translate into community welfare benefits.

Design/methodology/approach – Using Al-Najjar’s Maqasid Shariah framework, the research combines expert judgment and practitioner insights with the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to derive weights for welfare dimensions and program activities. The index is calculated from planned budgets and realized DAU allocations over 2018–2024.

Findings – The weighting results place safeguarding the physical environment as the most important dimension (0.299), while safeguarding …

Financial And Social Maslahah Efficiency Of Bpkh In Managing, Hapid Durohman, Nanik Shofiatin, Danial Muhammad Wirdyansyah

International Journal of Islamic Economics and Business Sustainability

Purpose – This study assesses the financial and social (maslahah) efficiency of Indonesia’s Hajj Fund Management Agency (BPKH) over 2018–2024, examining how effectively pilgrimage funds generate returns and public-benefit distributions consistent with Islamic finance principles and BPKH’s mandate.

Design/methodology/approach – An input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model under Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) evaluates the transformation of inputs—total managed funds and operational expenditures—into outputs: investment income, benefit disbursements to pilgrims, and allocations to social welfare programs. Data come from BPKH audited annual reports (2018–2024). Robustness is assessed using Bootstrap DEA and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to test stability and cross-method …

Democracy And Environmental Sustainability: A New Study Based On Gdp Per Capita In Developing Islamic Countries (Oic), Basri Basri, Abdullah Abdullah, Herianti Herianti

International Journal of Islamic Economics and Business Sustainability

Purpose - This study investigates the moderating role of democracy in shaping environmental sustainability, measured by CO₂ emissions, across 35 developing member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

Design/methodology/approach - A dual-model econometric framework is employed, combining the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) to address endogeneity and dynamic panel bias with the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to capture both short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium. This approach enables a nuanced analysis of how democracy conditions the effects of GDP per capita, agricultural productivity, and renewable energy on emissions.

Findings - The results reveal a complex and …