Digital Commons Network^™

Prevalence Of Long-Term Physical Sequelae Among Patients Treated With Multi-Drug And Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Ty Akalu, Aca Clements, Hf Wolde, Ka Alene

Peninsula Medical School

Background Physical sequelae related to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are emerging and under-recognised global challenges. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the prevalence and the types of long-term physical sequelae associated with patients treated for MDR- and XDR-TB. Methods We systematically searched CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception through to July 1, 2022, and the last search was updated to January 23, 2023. We included studies reporting physical sequelae associated with all forms of drug-resistant TB, including rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), MDR-TB, Pre-XDR-TB, and XDR-TB. The primary …

Wearables For In-Situ Monitoring Of Cognitive States: Challenges And Opportunities, Meera Radhakrishnan, Thivya Kandappu, Manoj Gulati, Archan Misra

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

We propose using wrist and ear-based sensing, via multiple novel and complementary modalities, to unobtrusively infer activity-aware, complex cognitive and affective states (such as confusion, boredom, and recall failure) of individuals. While state-of-the-art wearable devices are predominantly used (a) independently, with limited coordination among multiple devices, and (b) to capture macro-level physical activity and physiological state, we seek to expand the ambit of unobtrusive wearable sensing to capture the cognitive states while performing commonplace physical activities. Such states typically manifest via fine-grained, almost unobservable, microscopic head, face, and eye movements. We identify some of these fine-grained physical markers that serve …

An Exploratory Study On Museum Visitor Ship Trends In Singapore, Aldy Gunawan, Chentao Liu, Heranshan S/O Subramaniam, Melissa Tan, Ranice Tan, Clarence Tay, Tasaporn. Visawameteekul

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The COVID-19 outbreak has unpredictably disrupted the operations of numerous museums. Museum visitor experience has a physical, personal, and social context, which are not achievable during the pandemic. Despite the depreciation during the Circuit Breaker period, the disruption also presents an opportunity for local museums to develop new strategies of audience engagement to accommodate the altered audience behavior. This exploratory study analyses data from six Singapore-based museums to understand the visitorship patterns across different ages and genders. The impact of COVID-19 is also analysed. Using R-studio and relevant packages, we conducted statistical tests such as hypothesis testing, Chi-square testing and …

Quality Of Life For Men With Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Participating In An Aerobic And Resistance Exercise Pilot Intervention, Crystal S. Langlais, Yea-Hung Chen, Erin L. Van Blarigan, June M. Chan, Charles J. Ryan, Li Zhang, Hala T. Borno, Robert U. Newton, Anthony Luke, Alexander S. Bang, Neil Panchal, Imelda Tenggara, Brooke Schultz, Emil Lavaki, Nicole Pinto, Rahul Aggarwal, Terence Friedlander, Vadim S. Koshkin, Andrea L. Harzstark, Eric J. Small, Stacey A. Kenfield

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Following a prostate cancer diagnosis, disease and treatment-related symptoms may result in diminished quality of life (QoL). Whether exercise improves QoL in men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is not fully understood. Methods: We conducted a 3-arm pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility, acceptability, safety, and efficacy of a 12-week remotely monitored exercise program among men with mCRPC. Here we report qualitative changes in QoL, consistent with the guidelines for pilot trials. Men were randomized to control, aerobic exercise, or resistance exercise. Exercise prescriptions were based on baseline cardiorespiratory and strength assessments. QoL outcomes were evaluated …

Calcium Supplements And Risk Of Cvd: A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Trials, Xiqian Huo, Robert Clarke, Jim Halsey, Rebecca Jackson, Amy Lehman, Richard Prince, Joshua Lewis, John A. Baron, Heikki Kroger, Reijo Sund, Jane Armitage

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Vitamin D supplements may only be beneficial for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures when administered with calcium and in individuals with low blood levels of 25(OH)D, but possible hazards of calcium supplements on CVD cannot be excluded. Objectives: We conducted a meta-analysis of all placebo-controlled randomized trials assessing the effects of calcium supplements alone or with vitamin D on CHD, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Methods: A meta-analysis of 11 trials included 7 comparisons of calcium alone compared with control (n = 8634) and 6 comparisons of calcium plus vitamin D compared with control (n = 46,804). Aggregated study-level data …

Association Of Computed Tomography Measures Of Muscle And Adipose Tissue And Progressive Changes Throughout Treatment With Clinical Endpoints In Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Azim Khan, Christopher J. Welman, Afaf Abed, Susan O’Hanlon, Andrew Redfern, Sara Azim, Pedro Lopez, Favil Singh, Adnan Khattak

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

To investigate the association between skeletal muscle mass and adiposity measures with disease-free progression (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving immunotherapy, we retrospectively analysed 97 patients (age: 67.5 ± 10.2 years) with lung cancer who were treated with immunotherapy between March 2014 and June 2019. From computed tomography scans, we assessed the radiological measures of skeletal muscle mass, and intramuscular, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue at the third lumbar vertebra. Patients were divided into two groups based on specific or median values at baseline and changes throughout treatment. A total number of 96 patients …

Effect Of Additional Nordic Hamstring Exercise Or Sprint Training On The Modifiable Risk Factors Of Hamstring Strain Injuries And Performance, Nicholas J. Ripley, Matthew Cuthbert, Paul Comfort, John J. Mcmahon

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has commonly been investigated in isolation, however, within practice multiple modalities are commonly incorporated. However, the NHE has a low level of compliance within sport, with sprinting being potentially being preferred. The present study aimed to observe the effect of a lower-limb program with either additional NHE or sprinting on the modifiable risk factors hamstring strain injury (HSI) and athletic performance. 38 collegiate athletes were randomly assigned into three groups: control standardised lower-limb training program (n = 10 (2 female, 8 male), age = 23.50 ± 2.95 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.09 m, mass …

Running Marathons In High School: A 5-Year Review Of Injury In A Structured Training Program, Mary A. Kennedy, Lauren V. Fortington, Matt Penney, Nicolas H. Hart, Pierre A. D’Hemecourt, Dai Sugimoto

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: The aim in this study was to quantify the number, nature, and severity of injuries sustained by male and female high school students who took part in a running training program that culminated in the completion of a half or full marathon. Design: This study is a retrospective clinical audit. Methods: Injury reports from high school students (grades 9 – 12) who participated in a half or full marathon 30-week progressive training program comprising four training days per week (three running days and one cross-training day) were reviewed. The number of runners completing a marathon, together with the number, …

The Pandemic Implications For Carsharing: An Italian Context, Zahra S. Esfandabadi, Meisam Ranjbari, Simone D. Scagnelli

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Carsharing, as an innovative mobility option, can potentially support the urban transition towards a more sustainable mobility system and achieving sustainable development goals. This short communication aims at providing the status of carsharing services in Italy, with a focus on Turin, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, an overview of the role of carsharing in urban traffic is provided. Then, carsharing services in Italy before and after the pandemic are mapped. Accordingly, the implications of the pandemic outbreak for carsharing services are discussed. The provided insights confirm that although carsharing services have been affected by the pandemic, …

Dendrimer And Dendrimer Gel-Derived Drug Delivery Systems: Breaking Bottlenecks Of Topical Administration Of Glaucoma Medications, Juan Wang, Boxuan Li, Uday B. Kompella, Hu Yang

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Due to high structural flexibility, multidrug carrying capability, and tunable size, dendrimers have been used as suitable carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. Drug molecules can be either encapsulated or chemically coupled to dendrimers. the nanoscopic size, spheroidal shape, and cationic surface of Poly amidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers promote their interaction with the cornea and result in prolonged precorneal retention. Dendrimers could be further cross-linked to produce three-dimensional hydrogel networks or dendrimer hydrogels (DH). the properties of the DH can be readily adjusted to maintain both fluidity and adhesiveness, making them suitable for developing topical ocular drug formulations. Micro-/nano- sized DHs, that …

The Cost Of Connectivity - Assessing The Impact Of Superblock Road Design Costs On The Distance, Directness, And Diversity Of Pedestrian Routes, Rim Ibrahim Anabtawi

Theses

Superblocks have been massively constructed and cover a remarkable amount of Abu Dhabi’s urban landscape. Recent research has shown that Abu Dhabi’s superblocks promote car dependency, which dominates approximately all local transportation, and results in increases in fossil fuel consumption, increase in greenhouse gas emissions, and negative impacts on air quality. This thesis, along with multiple recent studies, addressed this issue, looking at the different designs of internal road networks of residential superblocks in order to better understand their connectivity. The evaluation of different network designs used in the city’s superblocks has provided valuable insights by which to support and …

The Three-Dimensional Visualization Of Mars Dust Storms Based On Deriving Digital Elevation Maps From Satellite Imagery, Meirah Ali Alzeyoudi

Theses

This work focuses on generating a Three-Dimensional Visualization of Mars's local dust storms utilizing satellite images from publicly available archives. The work aimed to create a Three-Dimensional Visualization of two Local Dust storms, the first local dust storm occurred on May 20, 2020, in the Chryse Planitia Region of Mars, while the second one occurred on 8 June 2021, on the northern side of the Utopia Planitia Region of Mars. The visualization will assist in providing a better understanding of the dynamics of Dust Storms on Mars by indicating and analyzing the main features of dust storms on Mars. Also, …

المرفق الصحي بين متطلبات النظام العام وﻣﺒﺪأ اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ المرفق العام ﻓﻲ الظروف اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ, مهرة ﺳﻌﯿﺪ الظاهري

Theses

The spread of the Corona virus clearly affected the work of public utilities in the country, so it disrupted some of them and modified the way others work. The spread of the pandemic led to the innovation of new ways and means that were not familiar with the functioning of public utilities. One of the most important of these means is remote work, which is done through means Modern communication, including the Internet.
The study sought to achieve several objectives, including clarifying the principle of continuity of the public facility in normal and exceptional circumstances, and clarifying the rules and …

Mathematical Models For Thalassemia, Hamda Mohammed Al Dhaheri

Theses

Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by gene mutation or deletion in a blood protein called hemoglobin. Treatment of thalassemia requires a life-long blood transfusion and removal of excessive iron in the blood stream, which usually causes a big pressure on health care systems. Various forms of thalassemia control measures have been used to reduce the prevalence of thalassemia major. This has resulted in a substantial reduction in the prevalence of thalassemia. However, the thalassemia carrier population remains high, which could lead to an increase in the thalassemia major population through carrier-to-carrier marriages. Thus, we developed two mathematical models …

Molecular Characterization Of Germination Of Date Palm Seeds Maintained At Microgravity In Outer Pace (International Space Station), Wesam Izzeldeen Khader

Theses

Over the past decade, the UAE has experienced unprecedented innovations in the space sector. Collaborating closely with universities and space agencies around the world, the country's efforts have advanced steadily but quietly under the public radar. The proposed research focuses on basic research to complement the UAE initiative to send date palms to Mars for future space missions. Plant growth analysis of date palm seeds was performed after maintaining at zero gravity in outer space in the International Space Station (ISS) and simultaneously under normal gravity at ground level. In this context, this work was carried out to analyze the …

Assessing The Perceptions Of School Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Of Artificial Green Elements In Hot Arid Region, Hala Fouad Albalkhi

Theses

Recently, global statistics demonstrated a continued increase in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) worldwide, especially in Gulf countries, where the United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranks second in terms of autism prevalence. Studies emphasized the positive effects of green elements on the academic performance and skills of school children. The presence of indoor plants can lead to benefits such as stress reduction and positive health and well-being in children with ASD. However, green elements are less utilized in Al Ain schools due to difficulty in maintaining natural plants in buildings. This study aims to examine the perceptions of children with Autism Spectrum …

Urologic Sequelae Following Phalloplasty: An Explanation Of Common Complications Following Transmale Gender Affirmation Surgery, Michelle Kittleman

Theses

Medical advancement and societal acceptance in recent years has paved the way for gender affirmation surgery to become a growing subspecialty, with more transgender individuals seeking permanent methods to treating gender dysphoria. In a 2016 report from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), there had been a 20% increase in female-to-male gender affirmation surgeries over the past year, totaling over 1,700 surgeries (Schardein, 2020). Those seeking genital gender affirmation surgery, also known as ‘bottom’ surgery (Puckett, 2018), often have goals pertaining to the ability to urinate upright, with secondary goals relating to sexual penetration functions. Gender reconstruction procedures, such …

Inclusive Safety Understanding The Safety Managers' Views On The Fit And Function Of Construction Safety Vests For All Body Types, Oliver Anthony Leograndis

Construction Management

With the construction industry evolving to embrace a more diverse workforce, it is crucial that personal protective equipment (PPE) adapts alongside this demographic shift to better accommodate women and those with diverse body types in the industry. To provide tangible momentum for the growing need of inclusive PPE, the Cal Poly Construction Management Department developed and hosted a “Verifying Everybody’s Safety Together” (VEST) Hackathon Event. This event provided an all-encompassing look at women’s construction vests and how they can be improved upon. The event had a variety of construction industry personnel in attendance, including five safety managers of different companies. …

Skip The Grid: Solar Powered Systems In The Navajo Nation, Julian A. Chavez

Construction Management

The Skip the Grid initiative, a collaboration between Cal Poly students, SOLV Energy, Goal Zero, and facilitated by the non-profit Heart of America, aimed to enhance the quality of life for Navajo Nation families. Facing disparities in access to electricity and exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the project installed photovoltaic energy systems with lights in 27 homes, benefiting students of the Red Mesa Unified School District. This initiative addressed the challenges of remote learning by providing reliable, no-cost, off-grid power solutions. Completed on March 30, 2023, the project not only improved the immediate circumstances in the Navajo Nation, but also …

Skip The Grid: Providing Power And Light To The Navajo Nation, Esai Contreras

Construction Management

Skip the Grid was created as an initiative to power communities that are in need. This project was made possible through a collaborative effort from California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) students, industry partners SOLV Energy and Goal Zero, and facilitated through the educational non-profit organization Heart of America (HOA). The goal of this project was to help families of school age children in the Navajo Nation by providing solar energy systems including a battery and lighting. We hoped to achieve a long-lasting effect on the families by installing necessities for families with school-aged children. For the …

Protocol Development For Digisection: Making A Case For Standardizing Educational Technology Use For Digital Dissection And Anatomical Studies., Joshua Owolabi

PCOM Scholarly Works

The changes that have characterized advancements in anatomical sciences and medical education have significantly influenced pedagogies and the mode of delivery of teaching and training in the context of medical education. Another reality is the impact of educational technology (EdTech) penetration and integration into medical sciences and education. These events have undoubtedly influenced certain traditional practices and pedagogies including dissection. For example, EdTech and innovations have introduced virtual human images and three-dimensional (3D) human body representations for the purposes of teaching and dissection. Another instance includes the fact that the old dissection guides for gross anatomy, which follow the traditional …

Curative Effects Of Triphala Extract Against Swim Stress-Induced Gastric Ulcers Via Reduced Ulcer Index, Strengthened Gastric Mucosa And Improved Redox State In Rats, M Khushtar, H H. Siddiqui, R K. Dixit, Sahir Sultan Alvi

School of Medicine Publications

Recently, the percentage of Peptic ulcer disease not linked to either Helicobacter pylori or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has increased and signifies the prominent role of psychophysiological stress in the establishment and advancements of gastric ulcers and other peptic ulcer diseases. The current study was intended not only to develop post-treatment swim stress-induced peptic ulcer disease rat model but also to analyze the curative effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Triphala in swim stress-induced peptic ulcer disease model. A post-treatment swim stress-induced peptic ulcer disease rat model was developed followed by therapeutic intervention of hydro-alcoholic extract of Triphala. The gross evaluation of …

Failure Of Nasal Defect Closures Following The Use Of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Yelena Dokic, Emily Powell, John Kohorst, Ikue Shimizu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

In this paper, we report a case series of three patients who developed nasal tip necrosis following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), complicated by the concomitant use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine for sleep apnea.

Prevalence And Predictors Of Using Antibiotics Without A Prescription In A Pediatric Population In The United States, Kiara Olmeda, Barbara W Trautner, Lindsey Laytner, Juanita Salinas, Stephanie Marton, Larissa Grigoryan

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Non-prescription antibiotic use (using antibiotics without clinical guidance) increases the risk of the development of antibiotic resistance, adverse drug reactions, and other potential patient harm. Few studies have explored non-prescription use in children in the U.S. From January 2021 to April 2022, a diverse sample of caregivers of children under 18 years were surveyed in English and Spanish at two safety net clinics in Texas. We assessed the prevalence of antibiotic use in children in the previous 12 months, storage of antimicrobials, and intended use of non-prescription antibiotics (professed intention for future non-prescription antibiotic use). We also measured sociodemographic factors, …

Child Abuse Pediatrics Research Network: The Capnet Core Data Project, Joanne N Wood, Kristine A Campbell, James D Anderst, Angela N Bachim, Rachel P Berger, Kent P Hymel, Nancy S Harper, Megan M Letson, John D Melville, Oluwatimilehin Okunowo, Daniel M Lindberg

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

OBJECTIVE: Examine the epidemiology of subspecialty physical abuse evaluations within CAPNET, a multicenter child abuse pediatrics research network.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of children(in-person or remote) by a child abuse pediatrician (CAP) due to concerns for physical abuse at ten CAPNET hospital systems from February 2021 through December 2021.

RESULTS: Among 3667 patients with 3721 encounters, 69.4% wereold; 44.3%old, 59.1% male; 27.1% Black; 57.8% White, 17.0% Hispanic; and 71.0 % had public insurance. The highest level of care was outpatient/emergency department in 60.7%, inpatient unit in 28.0% and intensive care in 11.4%. CAPs performed 79.1% in-person consultations and …

Are Avocados Toast? A Framework To Analyze Decision-Making For Emerging Epidemics, Applied To Laurel Wilt, Berea A. Etherton, Robin A. Choudhury, R. I. Alcalá-Briseño, Y. Xing, A. I. Plex Sulá, D. Carrillo, J. Wasielewski, L. L. Stelinski, K. A. Grogan, F. Ballen

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

CONTEXT

When emerging pathogens threaten global food security, collective actionfor disease management is key for protecting food systems. We evaluate how the informal exchange of information about epidemic and economic outcomes can influence the management decisions of individuals and the resulting epidemics, in the context of the avocado laurel wilt epidemic in south Florida.

OBJECTIVES

In scenario analyses, we addressed how socioeconomic networks, laurel wilt epidemic networks, policy incentive structures, and social behaviors combine to influence (a) information exchange across this region, (b) growers' decisions about disease management, and (c) epidemic spread and yield loss. We identified the scenarios …

In Vivo White Matter Microstructure In Adolescents With Early-Onset Psychosis: A Multi-Site Mega-Analysis, Claudia Barth, Sinead Kelly, Stener Nerland, Neda Jahanshad, Clara Alloza, Sonia Ambrogi, Ole A Andreassen, Dimitrios Andreou, Celso Arango, Inmaculada Baeza, Nerisa Banaj, Carrie E Bearden, Michael Berk, Hannes Bohman, Josefina Castro-Fornieles, Yann Chye, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Elena De La Serna, Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja, Tiril P Gurholt, Catherine E Hegarty, Anthony James, Joost Janssen, Cecilie Johannessen, Erik G Jönsson, Katherine H Karlsgodt, Peter Kochunov, Noemi G Lois, Mathias Lundberg, Anne M Myhre, Saül Pascual-Diaz, Fabrizio Piras, Runar E Smelror, Gianfranco Spalletta, Therese S Stokkan, Gisela Sugranyes, Chao Suo, Sophia I Thomopoulos, Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Daniela Vecchio, Kirsten Wedervang-Resell, Laura A Wortinger, Paul M Thompson, Ingrid Agartz

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Emerging evidence suggests brain white matter alterations in adolescents with early-onset psychosis (EOP; age of onset <18 >years). However, as neuroimaging methods vary and sample sizes are modest, results remain inconclusive. Using harmonized data processing protocols and a mega-analytic approach, we compared white matter microstructure in EOP and healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Our sample included 321 adolescents with EOP (median age = 16.6 years, interquartile range (IQR) = 2.14, 46.4% females) and 265 adolescent healthy controls (median age = 16.2 years, IQR = 2.43, 57.7% females) pooled from nine sites. All sites extracted mean fractional anisotropy (FA), mean …

Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Secretion And Function In Perinatal Development, Caitlin Vonderohe, Gregory Guthrie, Douglas G Burrin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Limited work has focused on fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) secretion and function in the perinatal period. FGF19 is a potent growth factor that coordinates development of the brain, eye, inner ear, and skeletal system in the embryo, but after birth, FGF19 transitions to be an endocrine regulator of the classic pathway of hepatic bile acid synthesis. FGF19 has emerged as a mediator of metabolism and bile acid synthesis in aged animals and adults in the context of liver disease and metabolic dysfunction. FGF19 has also been shown to have systemic insulin-sensitizing and skeletal muscle hypertrophic effects when induced or supplemented …

Risk Factors And Prognostic Significance Of Platelet Count Abnormalities In Children With Hiv Infection On Antiretroviral Therapy, Joseph Lubega, Taylor O Kim, Gladstone Airewele, Amanda Grimes, Shaun Bulsara, Erin Peckham, Sebastian R Wanless, Heather Haq, Peter Elyanu, Philippa Musoke, Mwita Lumumba, Adeodata Kekitiinwa, Mogomotsi Matshaba, Michael Scheurer, Jenny Despotovic

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

OBJECTIVES: To establish the incidence, risk factors and correlation with survival of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis (T/T) among children with HIV infection (CWH).

DESIGN: A retrospective nested case control study of patients 0-18 years in five Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI) centers in sub-Sahara Africa, 2004-2014.

METHODS: Clinical and laboratory variables including complete blood counts (CBC) were extracted from the BIPAI electronic medical record system. Incident cases of T/T were identified and frequency-matched on follow-up time with controls with normal platelets. We calculated the prevalence and incidence density of T/T and used conditional logistic regression to evaluate their association with …

A Scoping Review Of Randomized Clinical Trials For Pain Management In Pediatric Tonsillectomy And Adenotonsillectomy, Michael C Shih, Barry D Long, Phayvanh P Pecha, David R White, Yi-Chun C Liu, Emily Brennan, Mariam I Nguyen, Clarice S Clemmens

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

OBJECTIVES: To examine the volume, topics, and reporting trends in the published literature of randomized clinical trials for pharmacologic pain management of pediatric tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy and to identify areas requiring further research.

DATA SOURCES: PubMed (National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health), Scopus (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCO), and Cochrane Library (Wiley).

METHODS: A systematic search of four databases was conducted. Only randomized controlled or comparison trials examining pain improvement with a pharmacologic intervention in pediatric tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy were included. Data collected included demographics, pain-related outcomes, sedation scores, nausea/vomiting, postoperative bleeding, types of drug comparisons, modes of administration, …