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The Scarlet – Volume Ciii, No. 9 (March 28, 2025), Scarlet Staff

The Scarlet (Student Newspaper) (2011-present)

The March 28, 2025 edition of The Scarlet (est. 1939), Clark University's student-run newspaper. The Scarlet is intellectually and editorially independent of the University.

Inter-Prefectural Migration Of Older Adults In The Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Katsuyoshi Nakazawa, Shinji Komatsu

Japanese Society and Culture

This study uses population migration data from the 2020 National Census to examine the migration of older adults within the Tokyo metropolitan area and between the Tokyo metropolitan area and other areas. The main results are as follows: In the Tokyo metropolitan area, both older adults aged 65–74 and those aged 75 and over move out of Tokyo to the three surrounding prefectures. This tendency was more prevalent in those aged 75 and over than those aged 65–74. Regarding migration between the Tokyo metropolitan area and other areas, the results show the opposite trend, with those aged 65–74 outflowing from …

Some Issues In Armed Conflict And Human Rights: Issues Toward Human Rights And Applicable Law In The Battlefield, Hiroshi Saito

Japanese Society and Culture

In recent years, Japan’s legal system regarding defense has improved, but little research has been conducted on what would happen if Japanese territory became a battlefield. Due to the Japan–US Security Treaty and the Japan–US Status of Forces Agreement, Japanese territory could technically become a space for armed conflict in the wake of US military action. If this happened, various legal issues would arise, but under the Japanese Constitution and domestic laws, which are primarily concerned with the protection of human rights, there would be a dual application of international humanitarian law and domestic laws including the Constitution. An important …

Motivations For Authentic English Use And L2 Identity Expression Through Content Sharing And Commentary On Social Media, Paul Mcentee

Japanese Society and Culture

This essay explores the intersection of second language acquisition, social media engagement, and identity construction among language learners at a private university in Tokyo, Japan. Focused on understanding motivations for using English in online spaces, the research employs mixed methods to analyse social media use and motivations.

The study reveals that while students are active consumers of social media, they can use these platforms as a productive tool for language expression with proper guidance. It highlights the potential for social media to enhance language learning beyond the classroom, offering insights for educators to incorporate digital spaces into curricula effectively.

Key …

Desistance, Emancipation, Empathy, And Pedagogy: The Incarcerated Teaching Artist’S Approach To Poetry, Ghostwrite Mike

Journal of Prison Education Research

The Art of Recovery and Therapy (ART) leisure time activity group at Valley State Prison (VSP) in Chowchilla, California, is a resident-led arts and humanities-based self-help forum that has been available to carceral state residents for more than a decade and is administered in collaboration with full-time, non-custody, civil servant facility staff (CDCR site, n.d.). ART is among the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s (CDCR) longest running and most autonomous creator habitats founded and facilitated entirely by resident practitioners. ART wields a codified state regulatory authority to function and fundraise (Cal. Code Regs. § 3233-3237, 3240) as well as …

Efficiency Of Labor In Winter Pruning Of Apple Trees Using Technological Innovations, Élio Fillipi Dos Santos, Wendel Paulo Silvestre, Lessandra Silva Rodrigues, Carine Cocco

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

The increase of new technologies in fruit-growing crops has increased productivity in cultural practices and helped farmers expand their production areas. This work aimed to quantify labor performance in winter pruning of apple trees, using manual and electronic scissors associated with utilizing a pruning platform and ladders. The treatments consisted of two types of pruning shears and two support systems. A pruner carried out pruning for 16 days, with a journey of 10 h per day. The average yield in manual pruning with a ladder was 21.35 plants pruned per hour per man. Using a platform, the yield increased to …

Black Sonicism: Cultural Maintenance And Evolution Through New Orleans Bounce Music, Leandrea L. Clay

Senior Honors Papers / Undergraduate Theses

As a form of regional hip-hop, Bounce music operates as an expressive culture native to New Orleans with generational lineages of artists. Black sonicism is a regionally and digitally-sensitive theoretical framework that seeks to conceptualize how Black soundmakers and their audiences create a dialogic relationship through three components: responsive participation, spatial relatability, and expressed ratchetry. I catalog each of these components through three audience formations—origin, scope, and reception—to understand the tensions between Black music, regional identity, and technology. From this project, I propose a theoretical development to consider how Black artists continually pass down communal histories through their music while …

Exposure To Compound Climate Hazards Transmitted Via Global Agricultural Trade Networks, Patrick W. Keys, Elizabeth A. Barnes, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Thomas Hertel, Uris L C Baldos, Johanna Hedlund

Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty Publications

Compound climate hazards, such as co-occurring temperature and precipitation extremes, substantially impact people and ecosystems. Internal climate variability combines with the forced global warming response to determine both the magnitude and spatial distribution of these events, and their consequences can propagate from one country to another via many pathways. We examine how exposure to compound climate hazards in one country is transmitted internationally via agricultural trade networks by analyzing a large ensemble of climate model simulations and comprehensive trade data of four crops (i.e. wheat, maize, rice and soya). Combinations of variability-driven climate patterns and existing global agricultural trade give …

Cover And Forewords, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Cover and Forewords

Volume 23 Complete Issue, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 23 Complete Issue

Data Collection And Field Research Opportunities And Problems In India, A. K. Chakravarti

The Geographical Bulletin

There are few countries in the world which can provide such a wide range of problems for field study as India. For both macro and micro level studies, spatial variations in physical, cultural, economic and political conditions within a short distance may be phenomenal and provide a complex matrix for analysis. India is divided into linguistic states. A linguistic state in turn may contain tertiary subcultures, each with a different set of conditions within its boundaries. On a linguistic state may be superimposed three distinct areas of tertiary subcultures, viz., urban, rural-and tribal, each with different levels of education, standard …

Protecting Farmland In Maryland: A Review Of The Agricultural Land Preservation Program, Craig Shollenberger

The Geographical Bulletin

During the past ten to twelve years, we have witnessed an acceleration in the conversion of farmland to non-agricultural uses. The rate of conversion averaged approximately three million acres per year between 1970 and 1980. The loss of farmland has been more acute in some states than others. For example, New Hampshire and Rhode Island could lose all their prime farmland by the year 2000 if present rates continue. West Virginia could lose 73% of its prime farmland, Connecticut 70%, Massachusetts 51%, Maryland 44%, Vermont 43%, and Utah 35% if current trends continue.

A Study Of Student Reaction To Overhead Projection Of Map Concepts, Horace Macmahan

The Geographical Bulletin

More often than not, the most conspicuous teaching device in any college or university classroom is the overhead projector. It has become so essential to many instructors that it remains in the room as a permanent fixture. But how effectively do transparencies projected onto a screen convey the ideas that we want to teach? For example, does overhead projection of map images enhance the learning of map concepts? Or would chalkboard sketches of map symbols, elevation contours and so forth be a more receptive teaching medium?

Astronomical Geography: An Examination Of The Early American Literature, James W. Vining

The Geographical Bulletin

Judging from textbooks in geography, there must be educational value in starting with the general and proceeding to the specific, an application of the deductive approach. It is not uncommon today for introductory physical geography and earth science textbooks to precede the examination of the planet's interior, land-water surface, and atmosphere with a brief survey of the fundamentals of astronomy. Not only is this true today, it has been true from the beginnings of American geography, as this study documents. Specifically, this paper examines the information on astronomy in geography school books published before 1850 for the purposes of determining …

The Dark Heart Of Europe: Culture Conflict In Transylvania, Dean Sinclair

The Geographical Bulletin

The Dark Heart of Europe: Culture Conflict in Transylvania

Editor's Comments Guest Editorial Applied Geography: Retrospect And Prospect, Charles F. Gritzner

The Geographical Bulletin

Just as the wayward Christian often seeks atonement and salvation during troubled times of crisis, so too has geography knelt before the altar seeking to be born again. In the judgment of some, we have sinned. We have worshiped false idols and turned our backs to the desperate cries of even our own followers. Now we ourselves plead for understanding, a new perspective, and redemption. A voice calls out, warning us that there is but "one Lord, one faith, one baptism." As Christians, we know we have heard Truth; as geographers, aware of the many perceptions of god held by …

Cover And Forewords, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Cover and Forewords

Volume 22 Complete Issue, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 22 Complete Issue

News From The Chapters 1982-83, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

News from the Chapters 1983

Comments On Robert Ward's Apathy, Sharafat Khan

The Geographical Bulletin

I am a firm believer in quality research and teaching. Thus I was very pleased to read Robert Ward's comments regarding "apathy" on the part of the students to produce and submit quality research papers for publication. While I am in congruence with most of the comments, I do, however, feel that Dr. Ward is rather overly critical than one might expect. Dr. Ward fails to consider the many pressures under which most students must work, especially at the graduate level. I am not making .any excuses nor attempting to protect the student body, but I feel that this dimension …

A Crack In The Dustbowl, Robert Garino

The Geographical Bulletin

Dust storms have been a common occurrence in the southwestern plains of the United States. Thus, the name "dustbowl" is an apt one given to a region which includes the central part of the six state area of Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (Figure 1). Before the 1930s, there had been periodic droughts in this region, but the dusty conditions that accompanied them had always been restricted to the drought stricken area. Since the population of this region was relatively small, and few acres of land were farmed, the dust severely affected only a small number of …

Some Engineering Aspects In Industrial Site Selection*, Stuart Vaughn

The Geographical Bulletin

To begin with, let us separate industrial site development into two broad categories: (1) that which is decided very early in the study by a corporation in its home office involving the general geographic region in which it wants to locate and (2) those field investigations carried on by personnel such as myself where we actually look at specific potential industrial sites in the field. Although many facts influence a decision by our Company on what region to locate a new plant in, the most pertinent are those factors that directly influence the operational costs of the plant. These are …

Terrain Variables And The Distribution Of Mass-Wasting Sites, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, David R. Butler

The Geographical Bulletin

Canyonlands National Park is located in the wildest part of southeastern Utah (Figure 1). The Park was created by an Act of Congress in 1964. Roughly 1,170 square kilometers of canyons and mesas are preserved in the Park. Included are portions of the Green and Colorado Rivers which join in the southern third of the Park. Several subregions within the Park are recognized.

The Historical Development Of Delta Air Lines, Malcolm Fairweather

The Geographical Bulletin

In 1979, the last year for which complete statistics are available, the airlines of the United States carried a record 317 million passengers over 262 billion passenger miles. Although gross revenues increased to $27 billions that year, net earnings plummeted from $1,197 millions in 1978 to $409 millions in 1979. Soaring fuel costs were the main culprit for the earnings reduction. These increased by 89 percent in a single year and accounted for $2.3 billions in increased expenditures.' In spite of a poor financial year, U.S. scheduled air carriers did provide 84.6 percent of intercity public passenger miles generated in …

The Historical And Philosophical Emergence Of Radical Geography, Johnathan Bascom

The Geographical Bulletin

Throughout the modern history of geography Pattison's four traditions-area studies, land-man relations, spatial theory, and physical geography have basically encompassed the philosophical stances toward the discipline. Within the last decade, however, American geographers have seen the reemergence of a fundamentally different approach to the discipline-radical geography. Despite earlier European radical geographers such as Peter Kropotkin (1890's) and Karl Wittofogel (1920's), American radical geography's historical roots are found in the late 1960's for two primary reasons. First, the politically intense sixties bred a disenchanted society open to change. The two key political events of the decade, the Civil Rights Movement and …

Editor's Comments: Geography And Self- Analysis, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

What is the future of geography as a discipline taught in American schools? Will it be recognized by those who decide curricula for elementary and high schools as a necessary component of a young person's training? If not, should we be surprised to find declining interest in the subject at many of our colleges and universities? If you answered "no" to these questions, then you can anticipate further erosion of support for the subject by administrators at institutions of higher education.

Cover And Forewords, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Cover and Forewords

News From The Chapters 1982-83, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

News from the Chapters 1983

Volume 24 Complete Issue, Robert M. Ward

The Geographical Bulletin

Volume 24 Complete Issue

The Migration Of U. S. Retirees To Guadalajara, Mexico: A Case For Environmental Preference Migration, Virgil Holder

The Geographical Bulletin

There is an increasing amount of literature on environmental preference migration.2 Edward Ullman, probably the first geographer to publish a comprehensive review on the subject of environmental preference migration, suggested that migration models must be revised to account for the effect of amenities, specifically physical attractions such as climate and landforms, in producing migration streams.3 Articles in Time4 and U.S. News and World ReportS indicate that the reasons for the dramatic shift of the American population is due largely to a preference for areas with environmental amenities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the migration of retirees from …