Digital Commons Network^™

Winter 2023, Echoes Staff

Rose Echoes

No abstract provided.

Voting Rights In Corporate Governance: History And Political Economy, Sarah Haan

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Approaching China’S Belt And Road Initiative: A Study Of Debt-Trap Diplomacy Versus Economic Prosperity, Irene Gatimi

Harriet L Wilkes Honors College Theses 2020 - Present

This thesis examines whether China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is promoting economic development or downfall in the form of debt-trapping to 4 participating economically emerging countries. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the world's largest infrastructure program, launched by the Chinese government in 2013. Since its inception, Chinese financial institutions and businesses have financed and constructed a wide range of global projects. I utilize qualitative and quantitative methods in the form of primary and secondary sources and data on economic growth rates and debt accumulation rates to explore the effects of the BRI in participating countries. There was …

Reconstructing The Ecological Relationships Of The Latest Cretaceous Antarctic Dinosaurs And How Functional Tooth Morphology Influenced Diet And Ecological Niche Among Basal Ornithopod Dinosaurs, Ian Broxson

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Of the final three connected Gondwanan landmasses, the dinosaur fossil record of Antarctica in the Cretaceous is the least complete. Most dinosaur faunas in this time period (145 Ma to 66.0 Ma) are widely separated geographically and temporally from one another by million years. However, a group of non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin (JRB) of the Antarctic Peninsula, composed of two elasmarians, a parankylosaurian ankylosaur, a hadrosaur and a suspected megaraptor, all are represented by fragmentary remains have emerged from the same horizon of the Sandwich Bluff Member (SBM) of the López de Bertodano Formation and were thus, …

Investigation Of Small Mammal Species Richness, Abundance, And Genetic Population Structure On And Around The Eastern Washington University Prairie Restoration Site, Sarah Deshazer

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Small mammals are an ecologically important component of every landscape on Earth. They are a food source for higher trophic level animals, disperse plant seed and mycorrhizal fungi spore, engineer the landscape through burrowing and foraging activities, and alter plant community composition through selective predation of seed and grain. Studies have shown that small mammals may help facilitate the transition between successive stages in prairie restoration. Eastern Washington University has dedicated 120 acres of campus land to restoration of native prairie habitat. Small mammals can play both a positive and a negative role in restoration, therefore it is important to …

Choosing The Present, Aaron Wayne Zimdars

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

No abstract provided.

The Color Of Equity: Observations Of A Brown Buffalo On Indigenous Water Rights, Japanese Internment, And The Socio-Legal History Of The Colorado River, Tom I. Romero Ii

Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.

The Color(Blind) Conundrum In Colorado Property Law, Tom I. Romero Ii

Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.

Community Accountability, M. Eve Hanan, Lydia Nussbaum

Scholarly Works

This Essay takes a close look at how the idea of community accountability is used in current transformative and restorative justice efforts, situating the concept within the history of delegalization, or a collection of different efforts to reclaim conflict resolution and public safety from the state. In fact, these efforts to reclaim the authority and means of redressing harm from legal systems may track earlier efforts to reclaim dispute resolution from the state. In Part I, we situate both transformative and restorative justice movements in the history of delegalization while noting essential differences between the objectives of these two reform …

Terror And Tenderness In Criminal Law, M. Eve Hanan

Scholarly Works

The criminal legal system is at a crossroads. Calls for abolition are met with calls for modest adjustments or maintenance of the status quo. What frequently emerges from these polarities is a promise that police, prosecutors, judges, and other government actors will use their vast discretion to reduce the harmful excesses of criminal legal practices. Initiatives like “compassionate release,” “second look sentencing,” and the progressive prosecutor’s pledge to “charge with restraint” are examples of this promise to exercise discretion with care. In word choice and design, these discretionary reforms suggest tempering harsh criminal legal practices with leniency and individualized consideration—a …

Laboratory Bioassays Of A Native Arkansas Isolate Of Metarhizium Robertsii (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) And The Biopesticide Met52® For The Control Of Amblyomma Americanum (Anactinotrichidea [=Parasitoformes]: Ixodidae)., Allen Szalanski

Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty Publications and Presentations

The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is the predominant human-biting tick in Arkansas and a vector of multiple pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Increasing concerns over acaricide resistance and environmental contamination have prompted evaluation of alternative control strategies. We assessed the pathogenicity of a native Arkansas isolate of Metarhizium robertsii (Savoy P10N1) against laboratory-reared adult and nymphal A. americanum under controlled conditions. Ticks were immersed in a conidial suspension (1 × 10⁸ conidia/ml) and monitored for mortality and fungal sporulation for 77 days post-inoculation. Cumulative mortality followed a time-dependent logistic pattern, with significant fungal-induced mortality beginning at 14 …

Redeeming The Time: Sabbath Observance For The Christian Minister, Chase Franklin

The Asbury Journal

In a world impacted by COVID-19, Christian clergy have reevaluated how their time is spent in response to new challenges. Rabbi Abraham Heschel, augmented by the work of Walter Brueggemann and Marva Dawn, provided guidance to focus more on the realm of the spirit and less on the physical world. This is achieved through a renewed dedication to Sabbath observance. The Sabbath is the consecrated day where both God and people find rest from their labors. Because clergy work to help others observe the Sabbath, they must be willing to think outside the box to observe their own.

Book Reviews, Michael D. Simants, Alberto I. Bonilla-Giovanett, Kenny R. Johnston, Zachariah S. Motts, Tyler Hallstrom, Marshall C. Johns

The Asbury Journal

No abstract provided.

Foreword: Expanding The Boundaries Of Knowledge About Slavery And Its Legacy, Lolita Buckner Inniss

University of Colorado Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Color(Blind) Conundrum In Colorado Property Law, Tom I. Romero Ii

University of Colorado Law Review

No abstract provided.

Boulder Is For People: Zoning Reform And The Fight For Affordable Housing, Emma Sargent

University of Colorado Law Review

The city of Boulder and the Colorado state legislature are both examining potential housing policies to address the growing housing affordability crisis, which reflect similar discussions in other cities and states. Zoning reform must be a central aspect of these housing policy reforms because of its impact on affordability, environmental sustainability, racial desegregation, and the economic stability of cities and states. However, passing zoning reform measures is complicated by local political opposition and the potential for unintended consequences. The best approach to pass zoning reform while ensuring that cities and states truly address housing affordability is to craft zoning reform …

Self-Intervention, Lumen N. Mulligan

University of Colorado Law Review

You cannot intervene in your own case, duh! Yet the U.S. Supreme Court disagreed, holding that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(2) allows state legislative leaders, seeking to represent the state's sovereign interest, to intervene when the attorney general is already representing the state's sovereign interest. In this Article, I contend that the text, history, and practice of Rule 24(a)(2) prohibit such "self-intervention." I then explore how the fictive approach to state immunity established in Ex parte Young causes this confusion, while concluding that the doctrine, properly understood, focuses on real, not nominal, parties in interest. I further conclude that …

Labor Mobility And The Problems Of Modern Policing, Jonathan S. Masur, Aurélie Ouss, John Rappaport

Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers

We document and discuss the implications of a striking feature of modern American policing: the stasis of police labor forces. Using an original employment dataset assembled through public records requests, we show that, after the first few years on a job, officers rarely change employers, and intermediate officer ranks are filled almost exclusively through promotion rather than lateral hiring. Policing is like a sports league, if you removed trades and free agency and left only the draft in place.

We identify both nonlegal and legal causes of this phenomenon—ranging from geographic monopolies to statutory and collectively bargained rules about pensions, …

The Importance Of Exit Via Acquisition To Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, And Innovation, Devin Reilly, D. Daniel Sokol, David Toniatti

Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vols. 28:2 onward (2019-present)

Antitrust regulators around the world, including in the UK, have proposed changes to merger review policies that impact how acquisitions of start-ups would be investigated and evaluated. Such changes will likely lead to heightened scrutiny—and increased costs and longer reviews—for many acquisitions, including both horizontal and non-horizontal mergers. In evaluating the merits of such changes, it is critical to take into account the important role that exit via acquisition plays in providing incentives for venture capital (VC) investment and entrepreneurship. This article seeks to provide context for evaluating the effects of such proposed changes. First, it documents the links among …

The Targeting Of Underseas Communications Cables: Armed Conflict, Developing States, And The Need For A Twail Approach, Stephen Floyd

Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vols. 28:2 onward (2019-present)

No abstract provided.

Quantifying The Economic Costs Of Global Warming, Christopher W. Callahan

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

Climate change poses a threat to the well-being of people across the globe. Rising global temperatures will increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme climate events, threatening the lives and livelihoods of vulnerable people. Yet the magnitude and persistence of these economic impacts are poorly understood, making it difficult both to design equitable mitigation and adaptation strategies and to hold emitters accountable for the impacts of their emissions. In this thesis, I combine methods from detection and attribution, climate projection, and causal inference to understand the global economic consequences of past and future climate change. I show that two extreme …

Photojournalism, Public Health, And Politicization: Analyzing Photographic News Coverage Of Health Crises In The 20th And 21st Centuries, Hans C. Schmidt

Iowa Journal of Communication

While political division has been present in the American press since its start, politicized and polarized content is now stretching beyond straightforward political news – where such content might be expected – and is increasingly seen in other news categories, including science, medical, and health journalism. This development has been especially notable during the COVID-19 pandemic, when medical and health reporting frequently became coopted by a political narrative. This study builds on research into the politicization of pandemic and medical reporting with an investigation of pandemic-era photojournalism. Using a content analysis, this study aims to provide greater insight into the …

Supporting The Learning Of Women Middle Eastern Students Studying Engineering In Europe, Shannon M. Chance, B. Williams, Ines Direito

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

No abstract provided.

Mergers In The Us Gambling And Horse Racing Industries: What It Means For Local Economic Development And Taxation, Thomas E. Lambert

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, most sectors of the various gambling industries in the United States were showing signs of stagnation. Over the last few years, these industries have seen mergers between horse racing tracks, between horse racing tracks and casinos to form “racinos”, and between casino companies. Many gambling facilities and racetracks have closed and have been sold to developers to be used for other purposes. An industry “shakeout” is occurring, and there appears to be a trend toward greater industry concentration as consumers are showing less and less interest in gambling in general. This has been partially fueled …

Community Participation, Experience, And Perceptions Of The Solar Over Louisville Solarize Program, 2022-2023. A Technical Report Prepared For Louisville Metro Government, Angela Storey, D. Johnson, J. Chatellier, Lauren Heberle, A. Smith

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

No abstract provided.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank And China’S New Colonialism In Cambodia, Sigit -, Elizabeth -

Asian Review

This paper aims to analyses Cambodia's response to China's new colonialism through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) using qualitative methods and hegemony as the conceptual framework. As the second-largest economy, China has ambitions to surpass other countries, such as the United States. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the first project, launched in 2013, to gain worldwide penetration of China under the mask of investment and trade. To finance BRI, China inaugurated AIIB in 2015 as its second project. AIIB invites dynamic Asian countries to invest in technology-enabled green infrastructure. After gaining the trust of Asian countries, China …

The Development Of The Cities: The Kazakh Case, Dinara Umarova

Asian Review

The article is devoted to the development of Kazakh capital city Astana. The methodology of the research provides literature review on issues of urbanization and economic growth, comparative study, use of empirical and descriptive methods, and based on official statistics and statistical methods. The research confirms that status of the city and capital status of Astana ensure its competitiveness at the national level and in comparison with some leading regional Kazakh cities such as Almaty, Shymkent and Aktobe. The main indicators of the socio-economic situation in Astana are comparatively better. In particular, the capital city has relatively low rates of …

Consociational Democracy In Post-War Lebanon: Maintain-Ing Negative Peace And Stability Amidst Sectarian Divisions, Kasidech Somboonkittichai

Asian Review

Is consociational democracy the only viable solution for maintaining direct negative peace and stability in contemporary Lebanon? This paper argues in favour of consociational democracy as the most effective approach to preserving direct negative peace and stability in post-war Lebanon. The rationale behind this claim stems from the impracticality and unsuitability of alternative solutions, particularly transformative liberal approaches, within Lebanon's specific context. Implementing such alternatives would jeopardise cooperation among elites representing different sectarian groups, leading to a perilous power vacuum and the potential for civil war reoccurrence. To contribute to the academic discourse, this paper systematically examines Lebanon's post-war regime …

Estimation Of Respiratory Disease Burden Attributed To Particulate Matter From Biomass Burning In Northern Thailand Using 1-Km Resolution Maiac-Aod, Anuttara Hongthong, Kampol Nanthapong, Thongchai Kanabkaew

Applied Environmental Research

The upper northern Thailand suffers from air pollution due to open burning, which has been known for a long time. It was also found that different respiratory diseases were attributed to air pollution, especially particulate matter. This study estimated the health impacts attributed to PM10 between 2014 and 2016 using the burden of disease in terms of the disability adjusted life year (DALYs). The spatial correlation was evaluated based on applicable remote sensing data using the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. The average measured PM10 concentrations for the summer and annual periods between 2014 and 2016 were 73 and 89 …

Microplastic Contamination In The Coastal Environment: A Case Study From The Mae Klong River, Samut Songkhram, Pattraporn Chaisanguansuk, Suphak Ploenbuppa, Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij, Sumet Phantuwongraj, Akkaneewut Jiraphinyakul

Applied Environmental Research

To investigate the microplastic contamination in the coastal area in Samut Songkhram, we collected sediment samples from six locations in mangrove forests along the Mae Klong River estuary (MK) and the nearby Khlong Khon canal (KK). The microplastics were extracted by ZnCl2 density separation and subsequently H2O2 digestion. The microplastic abundance and physical properties, including their size, color, and shape, were determined under the binocular microscope. The selected microplastic samples were analyzed by µ-FTIR spectroscopy to identify their polymer types. Microplastic concentrations were c. 580 and 1690 items kg-1 d.w. in the samples from MK and KK. The lower microplastic …