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Revised Final Multi-Pathway Residential Metals Abatement Program Plan, Atlantic Richfield Company, Butte Silver Bow Aug 2023

Revised Final Multi-Pathway Residential Metals Abatement Program Plan, Atlantic Richfield Company, Butte Silver Bow

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Experiences With Environmental Gentrification: Evidence From Chicago, Tania Schusler, Amy Krings, Richard T. Melstrom Aug 2023

Experiences With Environmental Gentrification: Evidence From Chicago, Tania Schusler, Amy Krings, Richard T. Melstrom

School of Environmental Sustainability: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Environmental contamination and limited access to green spaces disproportionately burden communities of color with negative impacts on residents’ health. Yet, cleaning up contamination and creating green spaces has in some cases been associated with displacing long-term residents as the neighborhood becomes desirable to more affluent, often Whiter, populations through environmental gentrification. We used mixed methods to investigate environmental gentrification in the city of Chicago, IL, USA. We examined quantitatively the relationship between green areas, brownfield cleanups, and indicators of gentrification, including race and ethnicity, income, households without children, and home ownership. We explored through qualitative interviews how key informants perceive …


Creators For The Earth: The Academic Library’S Role In Supporting Sustainability Creators And Practitioners Across All Disciplines, Jennifer K. Embree, Neyda V. Gilman Aug 2023

Creators For The Earth: The Academic Library’S Role In Supporting Sustainability Creators And Practitioners Across All Disciplines, Jennifer K. Embree, Neyda V. Gilman

Library Scholarship

The image of a creator often brings to mind individuals that can take an abstract or unique idea and transform it into an impressive, tangible creation. Whether it’s an architect crafting a new building design, an artist painting on canvas, or an interior designer mapping out a new room layout, creators are generally seen as those who can formulate conceptual ideas that are then realized to showcase amazing ingenuity. In the world of higher education, this type of work is often first associated with disciplines like art, design, architecture, and engineering—fields where acts of “making,” “creating,” or “building” are integral …


Ethical Dimensions Of Climate And Environmental Issues In Pakistani Media, Shafiq Ahmad Kamboh, Muhammad Ittefaq, Sadia Jamil, Busha Hameedur Rahman Jul 2023

Ethical Dimensions Of Climate And Environmental Issues In Pakistani Media, Shafiq Ahmad Kamboh, Muhammad Ittefaq, Sadia Jamil, Busha Hameedur Rahman

School of Communication Studies - Faculty Scholarship

One of the world’s most disaster-prone countries, Pakistan, is facing a variety of cases of climate and environmental ethics violations by a number of local and regional actors. Advocacy journalism has the potential to publicize these violations and injustices, stimulating democratic dialogue among the public audience that can eventually push leadership to make eco-friendly policies and raise public concerns on international platforms. The present study critically analyses the advocacy journalism coverage of cases of local and regional climate and environmental ethics violations in almost 8000 editorials in mainstream Pakistani Urdu and English language newspapers over two years and examines the …


Usa Archaeology Museum Newsletter - July 2023, Archaeology Museum Jul 2023

Usa Archaeology Museum Newsletter - July 2023, Archaeology Museum

Archaeology Museum Newsletters

In this edition of the museum's newsletter:

  • Museum Reopening: Tuesday, August 1
  • Upcoming USA Archaeologist Talks
  • Native Plants Garden Update
  • Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny
  • Save the Date: Alabama Archaeology Day & Halloween at the Museum


Commentary On Producing Environmental Information From Stakeholder Engagement, Josh Rosa Jul 2023

Commentary On Producing Environmental Information From Stakeholder Engagement, Josh Rosa

Cities and the Environment (CATE)

This article provides practice-informed advice, guided by and responsive to theory, for policymakers who seek to improve their environmental policies by generating their own informational value from their interactions with stakeholders. First, the article explains a self-reinforcing opaqueness of conventional environmental policymaking and how this opaqueness disproportionately and cumulatively impacts underrepresented communities. Drawing from the literature of social ecology, political economy, and political methodology, the article adumbrates opaqueness’ contributions to environmental injustice and identifies potential benefits of a more informative approach to stakeholder engagement. Next, the article explains specific methods that policymakers can use to convert stakeholder input into greater …


The Future Of Crypto-Asset Mining: The Inflation Reduction Act And The Need For Uniform Federal Regulation, Liz Guinan Jul 2023

The Future Of Crypto-Asset Mining: The Inflation Reduction Act And The Need For Uniform Federal Regulation, Liz Guinan

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

Crypto-asset mining is energy-intensive and environmentally harmful, presenting challenges and opportunities for federal, state and local governments, regulators, and society as a whole. As of December 2021, the United States has thirty-eight percent of the global crypto network hash rate, which is the total amount of computational power used to mine and process crypto transactions, making the United States the world’s largest crypto-asset mining industry. The total electricity consumption of crypto-asset mining in the United States is estimated to be around 121.36 terawatt-hours (“TWh”) per year, which is equivalent to the electricity consumption of approximately 10.9 million households in the …


Radical Urban Natures: Mitigating Urban Heat With Nature-Based Techniques In Portland, Oregon, Heather Day-Melgar Jul 2023

Radical Urban Natures: Mitigating Urban Heat With Nature-Based Techniques In Portland, Oregon, Heather Day-Melgar

Dissertations and Theses

Anthropogenic rising heat associated with climatic changes in the built environment has become a serious global issue. The built environment is often comprised of impermeable, paved surfaces, lack of vegetation to make way for development, tree removal, and loss or alteration of urban waterways, which leads to a degraded ecosystem for humans and non-human life, and less of an ability for carbon capture, all of which contribute to higher urban temperatures. This alteration of the existing natural environment leads to populations often unable to conceptualize that a built environment is still an ecosystem, and restoration is possible and necessary for …


A Bird’S-Eye View Of Colonias Hosting Forgotten Americans And Their Community Resilience In The Rio Grande Valley, Dean Kyne Jul 2023

A Bird’S-Eye View Of Colonias Hosting Forgotten Americans And Their Community Resilience In The Rio Grande Valley, Dean Kyne

Sociology Faculty Publications

Colonia communities, which host forgotten Americans, lack essential services such as portable water, adequate wastewater and solid waste disposal, adequate drainage, and adequate paved roads. The aim of this study is to investigate five key aspects of the colonias in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV), which include the total count of colonias in the valley, their susceptibility to public health hazards, flooding occurrences, the transformations that have occurred over the past two decades, and community resilience. This research utilizes two datasets, namely the Colonia Database from the Texas Secretary of State and the community resiliency estimates from the Census Bureau. …


Mother Of Exiles: Hospitality & Comprehensive Immigration Reform, Ana M. Rodriguez Jul 2023

Mother Of Exiles: Hospitality & Comprehensive Immigration Reform, Ana M. Rodriguez

Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary

This article examines the historical pattern of denying immigration in the U.S. on moral and supposedly Christian grounds. Although it is reasonable that no nation is duty-bound to welcome every foreigner and provide the same benefits afforded those with full citizenship, this article contends that a genuinely Christian response demands the biblical core value of hospitality to others. Indeed, xenophobia is the antithesis of hospitality and cannot be supported by a faithful, exegetical interpretation of the Christian Bible. It should be noted that this article does not propose the emergence of an American theocracy; however, hospitality-based dialogue and humanitarian principles …


Participatory Mapping Of Tree Equity, Preferences, And Environmental Justice In Portland, Or, Katharine Vezin Gregory Jul 2023

Participatory Mapping Of Tree Equity, Preferences, And Environmental Justice In Portland, Or, Katharine Vezin Gregory

Dissertations and Theses

Studies have shown that marginalized communities do not have the same access as more privileged groups to urban tree canopy cover due to historic and current processes of discrimination and disinvestment. This study explores the lived experiences, narratives, and values related to trees and greenspaces for residents of Portland, OR, through participatory mapping focus groups. It uses an environmental justice and urban political ecology framework to examine how values, lived experiences, and narratives compare for Portland residents across neighborhoods, socio-economic status, and racial or ethnic identity and how the changes that matter to residents can inform more just urban greening …


A Risk Assessment For The Remote Ocean: The Case Of The South East Atlantic, Holly J. Niner, Siân E. Rees, Giulia La Bianca, Kirsty A. Mcquaid, Kerry L. Howell Jul 2023

A Risk Assessment For The Remote Ocean: The Case Of The South East Atlantic, Holly J. Niner, Siân E. Rees, Giulia La Bianca, Kirsty A. Mcquaid, Kerry L. Howell

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Degradation of the natural world and associated ecosystem services is attributed to a historical failure to include its ‘value’ in decision-making. Uncertainty in the quantification of the relationship between natural capital ‘assets’ that give rise to critical societal benefits and people is one reason for the omission of these values from natural resource management. As this uncertainty increases in marine systems and further still with distance from the coast, the connection between society and natural capital assets is less likely to be included adequately in decision-making. Natural capital assets of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ), including those of the deep …


Addressing The Ocean-Climate Nexus In The Bbnj Agreement: Strategic Environmental Assessments, Human Rights And Equity In Ocean Science, Elisa Morgera, Kirsty Mcquaid, Giulia La Bianca, Holly Niner, Lynne Shannon, Mia Strand, Sian Rees, Kerry Howell, Bernadette Snow, Alana Malinde Sn Lancaster, Warwick Sauer Jul 2023

Addressing The Ocean-Climate Nexus In The Bbnj Agreement: Strategic Environmental Assessments, Human Rights And Equity In Ocean Science, Elisa Morgera, Kirsty Mcquaid, Giulia La Bianca, Holly Niner, Lynne Shannon, Mia Strand, Sian Rees, Kerry Howell, Bernadette Snow, Alana Malinde Sn Lancaster, Warwick Sauer

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The Agreement on Marine Biodiversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) opens a new path in international law towards addressing issues at the ocean-climate nexus, as well as considering implications for the protection of human rights and achieving equity among States in the context of ocean knowledge production and environmental management. Based on an interdisciplinary reflection, the new international obligations on strategic environmental assessments (SEAs), and new institutional arrangements, are identified as crucial avenues to addressing climate change mitigation and ensuring fair research partnerships, mutual capacity-building and technology co-development between the Global North and South. SEAs can also support …


Parents’ Perceptions Of The Philly Goat Project’S All Abilities Ramble: A Qualitative Study Of Animal-Assisted Intervention For Intellectual And Developmental Disorders, Patricia Flaherty-Fischette, Jenée Lee, Yvonne D'Uva-Howard, Elizabeth P. Cramer, Karen Krivit, Sarah Meehan Jul 2023

Parents’ Perceptions Of The Philly Goat Project’S All Abilities Ramble: A Qualitative Study Of Animal-Assisted Intervention For Intellectual And Developmental Disorders, Patricia Flaherty-Fischette, Jenée Lee, Yvonne D'Uva-Howard, Elizabeth P. Cramer, Karen Krivit, Sarah Meehan

Developmental Disabilities Network Journal

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are a growing population. Considering the wide diversity in IDD and the financial burden of traditional treatment modalities, Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) has emerged as an innovative and non-traditional treatment for individuals with a range of disabilities, including individuals with IDD. To the authors’ knowledge, the present study was one of the first to explore a goat-assisted therapy experience for children with IDD. This study explored the experiences of 23 children with the All Abilities RAMble – a goat-assisted therapeutic activity offered by the Philly Goat Project (PGP). Key themes in our study included …


Fitz Center Community Engagement Program Connects Ud Faculty With Northwest Dayton, Dave Larsen Jul 2023

Fitz Center Community Engagement Program Connects Ud Faculty With Northwest Dayton, Dave Larsen

College of Arts and Sciences Newsroom

University of Dayton faculty members are working in northwest Dayton through a community engagement program of the Fitz Center for Leadership in Community.


Developing A National-Scale Exposure Index For Combined Environmental Hazards And Social Stressors And Applications To The Environmental Influences On Child Health Outcomes (Echo) Cohort, Sheena E. Martenies, Mingyu Zhang, Anne E. Corrigan, Anton Kvit, Timothy Shields, William Wheaton, Deana Around Him, Judy Aschner, Maria M. Talavera-Barber, Emily S. Barrett, Theresa M. Bastain, Casper Bendixsen, Carrie V. Breton, Nicole R. Bush, Ferdinand Cacho, Carlos A. Camargo, Kecia N. Carroll, Brian S. Carter, Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow, Whitney Cowell, Lisa A. Croen, Dana Dabelea, Cristiane S. Duarte, Anne L. Dunlop, Todd M. Everson, Rima Habre, Tina V. Hartert, Jennifer B. Helderman, Alison E. Hipwell, Margaret R. Karagas, Barry M. Lester, Kaja Z. Lewinn, Sheryl Magzamen, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Thomas G. O'Connor, Amy M. Padula, Michael Petriello, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Joseph B. Stanford, Tracey J. Woodruff, Rosalind J. Wright, Amii M. Kress Jul 2023

Developing A National-Scale Exposure Index For Combined Environmental Hazards And Social Stressors And Applications To The Environmental Influences On Child Health Outcomes (Echo) Cohort, Sheena E. Martenies, Mingyu Zhang, Anne E. Corrigan, Anton Kvit, Timothy Shields, William Wheaton, Deana Around Him, Judy Aschner, Maria M. Talavera-Barber, Emily S. Barrett, Theresa M. Bastain, Casper Bendixsen, Carrie V. Breton, Nicole R. Bush, Ferdinand Cacho, Carlos A. Camargo, Kecia N. Carroll, Brian S. Carter, Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow, Whitney Cowell, Lisa A. Croen, Dana Dabelea, Cristiane S. Duarte, Anne L. Dunlop, Todd M. Everson, Rima Habre, Tina V. Hartert, Jennifer B. Helderman, Alison E. Hipwell, Margaret R. Karagas, Barry M. Lester, Kaja Z. Lewinn, Sheryl Magzamen, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Thomas G. O'Connor, Amy M. Padula, Michael Petriello, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Joseph B. Stanford, Tracey J. Woodruff, Rosalind J. Wright, Amii M. Kress

Public Health Sciences Articles

Tools for assessing multiple exposures across several domains (e.g., physical, chemical, and social) are of growing importance in social and environmental epidemiology because of their value in uncovering disparities and their impact on health outcomes. Here we describe work done within the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide Cohort Study to build a combined exposure index. Our index considered both environmental hazards and social stressors simultaneously with national coverage for a 10-year period. Our goal was to build this index and demonstrate its utility for assessing differences in exposure for pregnancies enrolled in the ECHO-wide Cohort Study. Our unitless …


Developing A National-Scale Exposure Index For Combined Environmental Hazards And Social Stressors And Applications To The Environmental Influences On Child Health Outcomes (Echo) Cohort., Sheena E. Martenies, Mingyu Zhang, Anne E. Corrigan, Anton Kvit, Timothy Shields, William Wheaton, Deana Around Him, Judy Aschner, Maria M. Talavera-Barber, Emily S. Barrett, Theresa M. Bastain, Casper Bendixsen, Carrie V. Breton, Nicole R. Bush, Ferdinand Cacho, Carlos A. Camargo, Kecia N. Carroll, Brian S. Carter, Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow, Whitney Cowell, Lisa A. Croen, Dana Dabelea, Cristiane S. Duarte, Anne L. Dunlop, Todd M. Everson, Rima Habre, Tina V. Hartert, Jennifer B. Helderman, Alison E. Hipwell, Margaret R. Karagas, Barry M. Lester, Kaja Z. Lewinn, Sheryl Magzamen, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Thomas G. O'Connor, Amy M. Padula, Michael Petriello, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Joseph B. Stanford, Tracey J. Woodruff, Rosalind J. Wright, Amii M. Kress, Program Collaborators For Environmental Influences On Child Health Outcomes Jul 2023

Developing A National-Scale Exposure Index For Combined Environmental Hazards And Social Stressors And Applications To The Environmental Influences On Child Health Outcomes (Echo) Cohort., Sheena E. Martenies, Mingyu Zhang, Anne E. Corrigan, Anton Kvit, Timothy Shields, William Wheaton, Deana Around Him, Judy Aschner, Maria M. Talavera-Barber, Emily S. Barrett, Theresa M. Bastain, Casper Bendixsen, Carrie V. Breton, Nicole R. Bush, Ferdinand Cacho, Carlos A. Camargo, Kecia N. Carroll, Brian S. Carter, Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow, Whitney Cowell, Lisa A. Croen, Dana Dabelea, Cristiane S. Duarte, Anne L. Dunlop, Todd M. Everson, Rima Habre, Tina V. Hartert, Jennifer B. Helderman, Alison E. Hipwell, Margaret R. Karagas, Barry M. Lester, Kaja Z. Lewinn, Sheryl Magzamen, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Thomas G. O'Connor, Amy M. Padula, Michael Petriello, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Joseph B. Stanford, Tracey J. Woodruff, Rosalind J. Wright, Amii M. Kress, Program Collaborators For Environmental Influences On Child Health Outcomes

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Tools for assessing multiple exposures across several domains (e.g., physical, chemical, and social) are of growing importance in social and environmental epidemiology because of their value in uncovering disparities and their impact on health outcomes. Here we describe work done within the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide Cohort Study to build a combined exposure index. Our index considered both environmental hazards and social stressors simultaneously with national coverage for a 10-year period. Our goal was to build this index and demonstrate its utility for assessing differences in exposure for pregnancies enrolled in the ECHO-wide Cohort Study. Our unitless …


The Maidu And Miwok People In The Wake Of California’S “Growth”, Benjamin Cross Jul 2023

The Maidu And Miwok People In The Wake Of California’S “Growth”, Benjamin Cross

CouRaGeouS Cuentos: A Journal of Counternarratives

No abstract provided.


Twenty-First Century Colonization Is Not A Good Policy Decision, Ellen Elizabeth Scott Jul 2023

Twenty-First Century Colonization Is Not A Good Policy Decision, Ellen Elizabeth Scott

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law

No abstract provided.


Federal Environmental Justice Legislation And Regulations, Nadia B. Ahmad Jul 2023

Federal Environmental Justice Legislation And Regulations, Nadia B. Ahmad

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.


Community Voices Magazine - Begin By Believing!, Office Of Equity And Inclusion, East Tennessee State University Jul 2023

Community Voices Magazine - Begin By Believing!, Office Of Equity And Inclusion, East Tennessee State University

Community Voices [magazine]

Walk through what freedom means with a local political historian.

Learn how to respectfully attend a Powwow this summer or fall.

Look at locals working tireless to end gender based violence.


2023 Summer Newsletter, Plaster Creek Stewards Jul 2023

2023 Summer Newsletter, Plaster Creek Stewards

Newsletters

Highlights:

A Summer of Growth

Plaster Creek Has Mussels

Growing with the Green Team

Come See the Plaster Creek Mural

Lot 16: Calvin's New Bioswale

Welcome, Matt!

Student Research

Summer Reflections


Publicly-Subsidised Stadiums: Changing The Game Through Good Governance, Ryan Gauthier Jul 2023

Publicly-Subsidised Stadiums: Changing The Game Through Good Governance, Ryan Gauthier

Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal (1994 - )

No abstract provided.


The Dawn Of Environmental Human Rights In New York, Nicholas A. Robinson Jul 2023

The Dawn Of Environmental Human Rights In New York, Nicholas A. Robinson

Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications

On Election Day in 2021, New York's voters added Section 19 to the state's constitutional Bill of Rights. They reaffirmed a human birthright to clean air, clean water and a healthful environment. New York's constitutional Bill of Rights now guarantees the liberty that “each person shall have a right to clean air and water, and a healthful environment.

New York's Legislature had previously concurred, recognizing that these rights are “elemental.” At the New York State Bar Association's Environment and Energy Law Section's annual meeting on Jan. 25, 2022, I was privileged to deliver a lecture entitled “A New Era …


Global Climate Litigation Report: 2023 Status Review, Michael Burger, Maria Antonia Tigre Jul 2023

Global Climate Litigation Report: 2023 Status Review, Michael Burger, Maria Antonia Tigre

Sabin Center for Climate Change Law

This Global Climate Litigation Report: 2023 Status Review, which updates previous United Nations Environment Programme reports published in 2017 and 2020, provides an overview of the current state of climate change litigation and an update of global climate change litigation trends. It provides judges, lawyers, advocates, policymakers, researchers, environmental defenders, climate activists, human rights activists (including women’s rights activists), NGOs, businesses and the international community with an essential resource to understand the current state of global climate litigation, including descriptions of the key issues that courts have faced in the course of climate change cases.


Bjmlspa - Newsletter, Barbara Jordan Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs Jul 2023

Bjmlspa - Newsletter, Barbara Jordan Mickey Leland School Of Public Affairs

Newsletters

We had an unexpected series of events throughout 2023, but we made the best of it, nonetheless. Thank you for all your hard work. Cheers to an even better 2024!

Spring / Summer 2023


“Using Culturally Responsive Educational Practices To Help Campus Communities Reach Their Zero-Waste Goals”, Ellen Gurrola Jul 2023

“Using Culturally Responsive Educational Practices To Help Campus Communities Reach Their Zero-Waste Goals”, Ellen Gurrola

School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Projects

Culturally responsive teaching is a term that has increased in popularity amongst educators over the past decade. However, it is not always addressed within zero-waste education on college campuses across the United States. This paper uses a critical lens to connect research from the book Culturally Responsive Teaching and The Brain with zero-waste practices and education on college campuses. The presentation created for this project is targeted towards college students to educate them about zero-waste and culturally responsive teaching. The content in the presentation challenges students to create a path towards zero-waste by: building collectivism across the campus community, addressing …


Increasing Student And Educator Participation In Outdoor Classroom Spaces Through Teacher Education And Community Connection, Cora Greenawald Jul 2023

Increasing Student And Educator Participation In Outdoor Classroom Spaces Through Teacher Education And Community Connection, Cora Greenawald

School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Projects

Place based outdoor integrated education in the general elementary setting aims to connect student learning in subjects such as reading and math to first hand schoolyard experiences. This educational practice is anchored in a wealth of research which enumerates the benefits. Yet implementation is not commonly supported within general education teacher professional development. This capstone aims to answer the question How can urban elementary educators take advantage of schoolyard resources for integrated place based learning experiences? The final product is a professional development sequence that introduces general education classroom teachers to the joys and benefits of outdoor integration through circle …


How Can Educators Implement Nature-Based Learning To Increase The Well-Being Of The Whole Child?, Jennifer Hubert Jul 2023

How Can Educators Implement Nature-Based Learning To Increase The Well-Being Of The Whole Child?, Jennifer Hubert

School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Projects

This project is a collection of materials presented in a website format that dives deep into the benefits of nature-based learning, specifically answering the question: How can educators implement nature-based learning to increase the well-being of the whole child? This website is intended to be used as a resource for teachers, caregivers, and anyone seeking nature-based content for kids. High quality materials have been curated in a central repository for easy access. The sections on Nature-based Social Justice Resources, Art-based Environmental Education and Environmental Justice Resources can influence policy change by bringing awareness to social justice issues and providing concrete …


Tying Community Science And Social Justice Together In An Urban Biology Class To Foster Environmental Responsibility, Sarah Graham Jul 2023

Tying Community Science And Social Justice Together In An Urban Biology Class To Foster Environmental Responsibility, Sarah Graham

School of Education and Leadership Student Capstone Projects

Research shows that students who are involved in projects within their communities feel more sense of belonging and connection to their space. This is also true when discussing environmental justice. Students who have been historically marginalized can feel more comfort within navigating science. The unit plan designed for this project addressed the research question: How can community science and social justice be tied together in an urban biology classroom to foster environmental responsibility? The unit plan combined the knowledge of community science which focuses on sense of place with social justice within science or critical pedagogy in order to support …