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Methodological Innovations In Causal Inference: Estimation, Testing, And Decision Making, Yitan Wang Jan 2025

Methodological Innovations In Causal Inference: Estimation, Testing, And Decision Making, Yitan Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Causal inference has been an important topic across many fields, such as computer science, statistics, econometrics, epidemiology, psychometrics, and political science, for decades. In this dissertation, we present methodological innovations in causal inference for three problems: estimation, testing, and decision making. In the first chapter, we provide an overview of this dissertation and introduce potential outcomes framework and confounded contextual bandit. In the second chapter, we describe a new design-based framework for drawing causal inference in randomized experiments. Causal effects in the framework are defined as linear functionals evaluated at potential outcome functions. Knowledge and assumptions about the potential outcome …

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New Statistical Methods For Mediation Analysis With Independent And Correlated Data, Chao Cheng Jan 2025

New Statistical Methods For Mediation Analysis With Independent And Correlated Data, Chao Cheng

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Causal mediation analysis is a popular statistical tool for evaluating the extent to which an observed exposure-outcome relationship is mediated by an intermediate variable, also referred to as the mediator. Through mediation analysis, the total effect (TE) from the exposure on the outcome can be decomposed into a natural indirect effect (NIE) through the mediator and a natural direct effect (NDE) whose impact is due solely to the exposure and possibly other mediators. Causal mediation analysis has been applied in a variety of empirical research fields, including but not limited to epidemiology, implementation science, economics, and psychology. In implementation science, …

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Enhancing Culturally Responsive Pedagogy In Teaching And Learning For White Faculty: Can Professional Development Help?, Isabelle Jenkins Jan 2025

Enhancing Culturally Responsive Pedagogy In Teaching And Learning For White Faculty: Can Professional Development Help?, Isabelle Jenkins

Scholarship and Professional Writing from the J.D. Power Center and Donelan Office

Pedagogies traditionally used by faculty in U.S. higher education tend to center white students and their success, simultaneously disregarding the learning strengths of BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) students. Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP) may align better with BIPOC students; however, white faculty use of Keywords: culturally responsive pedagogy, professional development, teaching and learning, white racial consciousness CRP is limited and/or superficial. Therefore, professional development for CRP is needed to enhance and deepen the teaching and learning practices of white faculty. Using a multiple case study method, this study examines how white faculty from a diverse range of disciplines …

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Real-Time Synthesis And Characterization In Quantum Materials: Insights From Superconducting Nickelate Research, Wenzheng Wei Jan 2025

Real-Time Synthesis And Characterization In Quantum Materials: Insights From Superconducting Nickelate Research, Wenzheng Wei

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation reports on developments in quantum materials synthesis and characterization, with an emphasis on the study of superconducting nickelates through molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and real-time synchrotron hard X-ray data analysis. The work elaborates on the developments in MBE synthesis, real-time characterization, and strategic materials design, and leads to the discovery of a nickelate superconductor. High resolution X-ray diffraction measurements were taken at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory.The dissertation reports on the development of real-time analysis frameworks for both synthesis and characterization. This includes dynamic MBE source flux calibration techniques using RHEED and the shutter-control method, as …

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Digital Identity Infrastructure, Jonathan Evan Hochman Jan 2025

Digital Identity Infrastructure, Jonathan Evan Hochman

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation proposes a uniform infrastructure for identifying users and data on the Internet. It identifies the questions we need to ask, provides terminology to think and speak about digital identity, introduces new cryptographic primitives to support digital identity services, and finally presents a sequence of applications that could be built upon the foundation of a shared digital identity infrastructure. These solution sketches are not meant as final specifications. They are examples to demonstrate how digital identity infrastructure could make it easier for digital platforms to deploy new services, improve privacy, reduce user frustration, and support the rule of law …

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Mechanisms Of Heart And Major Vessel Development: Nup107 And Cacna1g As Novel Regulators, Valentyna Kostiuk Jan 2025

Mechanisms Of Heart And Major Vessel Development: Nup107 And Cacna1g As Novel Regulators, Valentyna Kostiuk

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common congenital malformation and a leading cause of infant mortality. While advances in genomic sequencing technology have enabled a fast and inexpensive candidate gene identification, the molecular mechanisms of CHD remain mostly unknown. Both nup107 and cacna1g are novel CHD genes identified in CHD patients with no plausible mechanisms explaining their roles in cardiac development. Here, we show that nup107 plays a key role in early embryonic patterning and subsequent organ development. The loss of Nup107 has a direct impact on germ layer specification, Left-Right patterning and downstream cardiac looping. Specifically, Nup107 depletion …

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Visual Circuits For Distance Estimation In Walking Drosophila, Joseph Shomar Jan 2025

Visual Circuits For Distance Estimation In Walking Drosophila, Joseph Shomar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Animals must infer the three-dimensional structure of their environment from twodimensional retinal images. They use visual cues like motion parallax and binocular disparity to judge distances to objects, and studies across several animal models have foundand characterized neural signals that correlate with visual distance. However, the causal role of these neurons in distance estimation and the range of their possible neural properties remain poorly understood. Here we show that both directional and non-directional feature-selective neurons in the Drosophila visual system are involved in distance estimation during free locomotion. We used a high-throughput behavioral assay to perform a targeted silencing screen …

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Quantum Error Detection And Correction Of Bosonic Codes In A Superconducting Cavity, Akshay Koottandavida Jan 2025

Quantum Error Detection And Correction Of Bosonic Codes In A Superconducting Cavity, Akshay Koottandavida

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Detecting and correcting decoherence errors is essential for the preser- vation of encoded information in quantum systems. Quantum error correction (QEC) based on bosonic codes where the information is stored in the multiple levels of harmonic oscillators has shown much promise recently. Bosonic codes, specifically those implemented in superconducting cavities, suffer from microwave photon losses which lead to increase in entropy of the system. How can we reduce this entropy, or in other words, can we detect and/or correct the errors associated with microwave photon loss of the cavity? This thesis work proposes and implements novel codes to address these …

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Cosine-100 And Anais-112: Two Experiments, One Search For The Annual Modulation Of Dark Matter, Sophia J. Hollick Jan 2025

Cosine-100 And Anais-112: Two Experiments, One Search For The Annual Modulation Of Dark Matter, Sophia J. Hollick

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Overwhelming evidence has been observed for the existence of dark matter; however, it has yet to be directly detected. Since 1997, the DAMA/LIBRA experiment has claimed to detect a dark matter signal, taking the form of an annual modulation consistent for over 20 yearly cycles. Though DAMA/LIBRA reports a 13.7 sigma significance, experiments utilizing different detector technologies have excluded their result by several orders of magnitude. To definitively test the validity of the claim, COSINE-100 and ANAIS-112 have mounted experiments with the same detector medium, NaI(Tl). Both experiments have reported results consistent with no modulation and are on the cusp …

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Asymmetric Synthesis Of Bioactive Scaffolds Via Organocatalysis, Melody Guo Jan 2025

Asymmetric Synthesis Of Bioactive Scaffolds Via Organocatalysis, Melody Guo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Chiral catalysts allow chemists to access enantioenriched materials without the use of proportionate amounts of chiral reagents, while lowering the energy barrier of the original reaction. One way to form bioactive, heteroatom-containing scaffolds asymmetrically is through the use of chiral organocatalysts. This dissertation covers the development of stereoselective reaction methodology to access bioactive scaffolds and mechanistic investigations into intriguing features therein. Chapter 1 describes the development of the asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral quinazolinones. In this project, complementary applications for two different scaffold classes of chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalysts are found. We observe that while a C2-symmetric CPA catalyst …

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The Role Of Local Factors In Shaping Microbial Communities And Biogeochemical Functions Across Scales, Alexander Polussa Jan 2025

The Role Of Local Factors In Shaping Microbial Communities And Biogeochemical Functions Across Scales, Alexander Polussa

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Microorganisms play a vital role in carbon cycling, driving the decomposition and transformation of organic matter (OM) in soils. This dissertation examines how both broad climatic and local factors shape microbial communities and influence organic matter decomposition. Through a combination of microcosm and field experiments, I demonstrate that local conditions like soil moisture, depth and plant identity impact microbial function, although these effects can be masked by broader climatic influences. I also investigate how the ericoid shrub, Kalmia latifolia, differentially affects fungal communities under arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal trees. Finally, integrating results from multiple forest sites in the eastern US, I …

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Machine Learning In Finance: Applications To Understanding Investor Behavior And Asset Prices, Kangying Zhou Jan 2025

Machine Learning In Finance: Applications To Understanding Investor Behavior And Asset Prices, Kangying Zhou

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three essays on machine learning in finance, focusing on its applications to understanding investor behavior and asset prices. The first essay is titled "Professional Investors and Media Narratives." I investigate the impact of media narratives on the portfolio strategies of active equity mutual funds. Using 1.5 million Wall Street Journal articles from 1984 to 2023, I use ChatGPT to distill media narratives into 59 distinct topics, and quantify each topic's time-varying share of news attention and sentiment. I then define a fund as having exposure to a topic if it overweights stocks expected to perform well …

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Quantum Control Of An Oscillator With A Kerr-Cat Qubit, Andy Zhenghao Ding Jan 2025

Quantum Control Of An Oscillator With A Kerr-Cat Qubit, Andy Zhenghao Ding

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Noise presents a major obstacle to scaling up quantum computers, causing logical errors and preventing the reliable execution of quantum algorithms. Quantum error correction provides a path toward fault-tolerance, but this typically comes at the cost of significant resource overhead. Bosonic codes offer a hardware-efficient strategy for quantum error correction by redundantly encoding quantum information in the large Hilbert space of a harmonic oscillator. These codes have been employed to achieve landmark experimental demonstrations. However, these demonstrations are limited by transmon ancilla errors propagating to the encoded logical qubit during syndrome measurements. The Kerr-cat qubit has been proposed as a …

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Characterizing And Improving The Readout Of Superconducting Qubits, Wei Dai Jan 2025

Characterizing And Improving The Readout Of Superconducting Qubits, Wei Dai

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The development of fault-tolerant quantum computers relies critically on fast and accurate readout of qubit states. In state-of-the-art superconducting quantum processors, the readout operations exhibit higher error rates and longer execution times compared to single- and two-qubit gates, bottlenecking their performance. How can we realize faster readout with lower error rates in superconducting circuits? In this dissertation, we answer this question through addressing two pressing limitations in the dispersive readout scheme: readout-induced state transitions and Purcell decay of the qubit. We introduce the "readout channel benchmarking" technique for the faithful benchmarking of readout performance accounting for the readout-induced state transitions. …

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The Linc Complex Component Kms1 And Cenp-B Protein Cbp1 Cooperate To Enforce Faithful Homology-Directed Dna Repair At The Nuclear Periphery, Alyssa Laffitte Jan 2025

The Linc Complex Component Kms1 And Cenp-B Protein Cbp1 Cooperate To Enforce Faithful Homology-Directed Dna Repair At The Nuclear Periphery, Alyssa Laffitte

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) represent a danger to genome stability. Cells repair DSBs mainly through one of two pathways: canonical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ), which requires the direct ligation of the two DSB ends, or homologous recombination (HR), which involves the use of a homologous template to create a faithful repair product. While HR is often considered to be an error-free mechanism, the ultimate fidelity of this pathway depends on the ability of the cell to identify and engage with the correct homologous template. This is particularly challenging during repair of repetitive regions of the genome for which non-allelic sequences can …

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Resource Efficiency At The Network Edge And Deep Learning Methods, Akrit Mudvari Jan 2025

Resource Efficiency At The Network Edge And Deep Learning Methods, Akrit Mudvari

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Next-generation networks, especially wireless and cellular networks, will feature massive IoT and embedded device deployments alongside various novel services, most of which may be constrained by energy and computational capabilities. As a result, these networks must address challenges such as device limitations, scalability, resource management, and energy efficiency for both computation and communication. The rise of deep learning has unlocked significant potential for various new AI-driven applications, meaning next-generation communication networks could benefit tremendously from these approaches, particularly for efficient resource allocation. Simultaneously, the growing prevalence of AI-driven applications on intelligent devices at the network edge implies that numerous applications, …

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Computational Study Of Redox-Active Protein Residues And Biological Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer, Qiwen Zhu Jan 2025

Computational Study Of Redox-Active Protein Residues And Biological Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer, Qiwen Zhu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions are essential processes in biological systems, fundamental to various enzymatic functions and redox biology. Key to these reactions are redox-active residues, such as tyrosine and tryptophan, which enhance the efficiency and specificity of electron transfer events. This thesis investigates the thermodynamics, kinetics, and conformational influences of PCET in proteins involving these residues through three projects, each offering significant insights into the mechanisms and broader implications for biological function. The studies have focused on two protein systems: a simple de novo protein system, α3X, and ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme critical to DNA synthesis. Combining a wide …

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Dysregulation Of Transcription And Mrna Processing In Splicing Factor Mutant States: Mechanistic Insights And Implications, Prajwal Chaitanya Boddu Jan 2025

Dysregulation Of Transcription And Mrna Processing In Splicing Factor Mutant States: Mechanistic Insights And Implications, Prajwal Chaitanya Boddu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Recurrent mutations in RNA splicing factor (SF) genes, such as SF3B1, U2AF1, SRSF2, and ZRSR2, are key drivers of oncogenesis in various cancers, particularly clonal myeloid disorders like Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Over the past decade, significant insights have been gained into their molecular mechanisms and effects on RNA splicing. These mutations are typically heterozygous and non-synonymous (except ZRSR2, which involves single-allele loss-of-function mutations) and are largely mutually exclusive, suggesting shared downstream mechanisms that prevent co-occurrence. Given their pre-eminent roles in splicing, most studies to date have primarily focused on the effects of SF mutations on …

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Spatial Control Of Nonlinear Interactions In Multimode Fibers, Kabish Wisal Jan 2025

Spatial Control Of Nonlinear Interactions In Multimode Fibers, Kabish Wisal

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In recent years, there has been significant advancement in controlling optical scattering by structuring the wavefront of the incident light, or `wavefront shaping'. Most applications of wavefront shaping have focused on linear scattering, but there is a growing interest in tailoring nonlinear scattering. In this thesis, we explore a new approach based on wavefront shaping for suppressing certain instabilities induced by nonlinear scattering in passive and active multimode fibers (MMFs). Specifically, we focus on suppressing stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and transverse mode instability (TMI). A key motivation for our work is power scaling in high power fiber lasers and amplifiers, …

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Elucidating Cell Intrinsic Regulators Of Cd8 T Cell Differentiation: Klf2 Maintains Effector Cd8 Lineage Fidelity, Eric Quinn Fagerberg Jan 2025

Elucidating Cell Intrinsic Regulators Of Cd8 T Cell Differentiation: Klf2 Maintains Effector Cd8 Lineage Fidelity, Eric Quinn Fagerberg

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

CD8 T cells are an integral part of the immune system, principally responsible for the cytolytic clearance of virally infected and cancerous cells. They adapt to the nature of the immune response they are partaking in by adopting distinct cell fates through a process of highly coordinated differentiation. These fates are characterized by the activation and suppression of functional programs under the control of transcription factors and epigenetic machinery, which integrate cell extrinsic signals to drive differentiation. Here we elucidate the function of a group of transcription factors in dictating CD8 T cell differentiation in infection. We go on to …

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Deep Learning For Large-Scale Harmonic Analysis: A Corpus Study Of Western Harmony From 1700-1900, Malcolm Sailor Jan 2025

Deep Learning For Large-Scale Harmonic Analysis: A Corpus Study Of Western Harmony From 1700-1900, Malcolm Sailor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation trains deep learning models for the Roman numeral analysis and applies these to the analysis of a corpus of over 12,000 movements of Classical music composed between 1700 and 1900. The Roman numeral analysis models obtain performance that is, as of this writing, state of the art. At the same time, this is the first work of scholarship to employ such models at scale for a music-theoretic corpus study. Consistent with music-historical expectations, this corpus study shows that, along many dimensions, such as the distribution of keys employed or the proportion of chromatic scale degrees, harmonic complexity rose …

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Spink1-Col18a1 Crosstalk Shapes Epigenome And Drives Cancer Stemness In Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Haoyu Tang Jan 2025

Spink1-Col18a1 Crosstalk Shapes Epigenome And Drives Cancer Stemness In Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Haoyu Tang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating cancer with an increasing incidence and extremely dismal prognosis, due to early metastasis and the limited understanding of the mechanisms driving its progression. In this dissertation, by analyzing bulk transcriptomic profiles from PDAC patients with substantial differences in survival and deconvoluting the results using a single-cell transcriptome dataset of human PDAC, we identified serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) as a crucial modulator of PDAC progression and patient survival. At the patient level, higher SPINK1 expression is correlated with shorter survival, and at the single cell level, SPINK1 expression showed dynamical changes …

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Examining Political Knowledge And Trust In The U.S Federal Government, Sheila Alvarez Jan 2025

Examining Political Knowledge And Trust In The U.S Federal Government, Sheila Alvarez

History and Political Science | Senior Theses

The United States is a representative democracy and as such requires participation from its citizens to function; in order to participate, citizens need to have information. Trust in social institutions is often contingent on our knowledge about those institutions. For instance, increased trust in scientists, science, or both, can be affected by educational achievement and scientific knowledge (Yen & Zampelli, 2022). The relationship between trust and knowledge highlights how an understanding of concepts leads to higher receptivity (Yen & Zampelli, 2022). Research has also suggested political knowledge is a driving force of political participation and tolerance (Delli Carpini & Keeter, …

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Undergraduate Bulletin 2025-2026, Cuny John Jay College Jan 2025

Undergraduate Bulletin 2025-2026, Cuny John Jay College

College Bulletins

Covers academic year 2025-2026

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Design And Implementation Of A Low-Cost Raspberry Pi And Ai-Based Intrusion Detection System For Surveillance, Metrine Nyaboke Osiemo Jan 2025

Design And Implementation Of A Low-Cost Raspberry Pi And Ai-Based Intrusion Detection System For Surveillance, Metrine Nyaboke Osiemo

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

As security concerns continue to rise, there is a growing demand for affordable and intelligent surveillance solutions to ensure safety in homes, businesses, and other environments. Many individuals are embracing AI-driven technologies such as Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), smart doorbells, and automated security systems to protect their properties. This project presents a design and implementation of a cost-effective AI-powered intrusion detection system utilizing Raspberry Pi 5 for home surveillance, with adaptability for broader applications. The system integrates a camera module and an LCD screen running on a Linux-based platform, with Python, and OpenCV as key software components. It employs dlib’s deep …

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Exploring Physiotherapist’S Ability To Identify Cauda Equina Syndrome Early, Khalid F. Althobaiti, Joshua R. Zadro, Fahad A. Alzhrani, Hosam A. Alzahrani Jan 2025

Exploring Physiotherapist’S Ability To Identify Cauda Equina Syndrome Early, Khalid F. Althobaiti, Joshua R. Zadro, Fahad A. Alzhrani, Hosam A. Alzahrani

Neurosciences

ABSTRACT Objectives: To explore the ability of physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia to identify cauda equina syndrome (CES) in a timely manner, and to identify the methods used by physiotherapists to manage patients with suspected CES. Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional research design and was conducted in the period May-October 2023. It included licensed physiotherapists working in Saudi Arabia. The data was collected using a survey that aimed to assess physiotherapists’ ability to identify CES early, using 12 statements. Based on the participants response to these statements, all responders were categorized into the following groups based on their ability to …

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Assessing Generalization Along Side Acquisition Using System Of Least Prompts Versus Video Modeling Plus System Of Least Prompts Of Simulated Vocational Tasks, Victoria B. Shafer Jan 2025

Assessing Generalization Along Side Acquisition Using System Of Least Prompts Versus Video Modeling Plus System Of Least Prompts Of Simulated Vocational Tasks, Victoria B. Shafer

Theses and Dissertations--Early Childhood, Special Education, and Counselor Education

The purpose of this study was to assess if system of least prompts alone or video modeling plus system of least prompts was more effective when teaching a student with a moderate intellectual disability three simulated vocational tasks using paper materials. Additionally, generalization was assessed using real-world materials. An adapted alternating treatment design was used to compare conditions. The results indicated that system of least prompts alone was more effective than video modeling plus system of least prompts. There was no demonstration of generalization.

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Teaching Object-Oriented Design Through Interactive Uml: A Dual-Approach Framework For Code-Based Generation And Direct Diagram Manipulation, Moses Kayuni Jan 2025

Teaching Object-Oriented Design Through Interactive Uml: A Dual-Approach Framework For Code-Based Generation And Direct Diagram Manipulation, Moses Kayuni

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

This thesis introduces an interactive educational framework for teaching object-oriented design through UML class diagrams. The framework implements a dual-approach methodology: code-based generation, where students write Java code that automatically transforms into UML diagrams, and direct diagram manipulation, where students build diagrams by interacting with highlighted terms in problem descriptions. This approach addresses common challenges in teaching UML, including cognitive load difficulties, visualization problems, and the disconnect between code implementation and visual design. Built on the Mermaid diagramming framework, the system features a React frontend for diagram creation and manipulation, and a Flask backend that handles some code parsing and …

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Kill 1l, Prentiss Cox Jan 2025

Kill 1l, Prentiss Cox

Articles

No abstract provided.

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Beyond The Editorial Analogy: First Amendment Protections For Platform Content Moderation After Moddy V. Netchoice, Alan Rozenshtein, Kyle T. Langvardt Jan 2025

Beyond The Editorial Analogy: First Amendment Protections For Platform Content Moderation After Moddy V. Netchoice, Alan Rozenshtein, Kyle T. Langvardt

Articles

This Article examines the Supreme Court’s 2024 decision in Moody v. NetChoice and its implications for social media platform regulation. In Moody, which addressed state laws requiring platforms to host certain content, the Court issued a complex set of opinions that left the scope of platforms’ First Amendment rights uncertain. On the procedural question of how such laws may be challenged, the Court provided a clear holding: it rejected facial challenges to broad content-moderation laws, instead requiring case-by-case analysis of how specific regulations affect different platform features—a shift that undermines the tech industry’s longstanding litigation strategy. But on the …

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