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Hiv/Aids Among Young People In South Sudan: Assessing Misconceptions About Transmission, Healthcare Access, And Cultural/Religious Factors, John Valent Abore Oct 2025

Hiv/Aids Among Young People In South Sudan: Assessing Misconceptions About Transmission, Healthcare Access, And Cultural/Religious Factors, John Valent Abore

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to be a significant public health challenge among young people in South Sudan (SSD). Despite global efforts to curb the spread of HIV, misconceptions about HIV transmission, barriers to access to healthcare services, and cultural/religious factors that affect the epidemic persist in South Sudan, and it is not obvious how these factors interact to impact outcomes. This quantitative cross-sectional study investigated whether there is a relationship between misconceptions about HIV transmission and HIV/AIDS status and whether access to healthcare and cultural/religious factors mediate this relationship among young people (aged 18–35) in SSD. A secondary data analysis …


Special Education High School Teachers’ Challenges With Implementing Social Emotional Learning, Ebonye Young Oct 2025

Special Education High School Teachers’ Challenges With Implementing Social Emotional Learning, Ebonye Young

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that this study investigated was that special education high school teachers (SEHSTs) struggled with implementing social emotional learning (SEL) into their teaching of core subjects in Maryland high schools. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore SEHSTs’ perceptions of the challenges with implementing SEL into core subject areas. The conceptual framework that grounded this study was Argyris and Schon’s theory of action. Using a basic qualitative design, 10 SEHSTs participated in semistructured interviews. Participants were Maryland licensed high school special educators with a range of experience in teaching co-taught classes. Coding and thematic analysis were …


Teachers’ Perspectives On The Use Of Real-Time Online Assessment Tools In Urban Elementary Schools, Sally Adam Oct 2025

Teachers’ Perspectives On The Use Of Real-Time Online Assessment Tools In Urban Elementary Schools, Sally Adam

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Student response systems (SRS) and audience response systems (ARS) in the elementary classroom are sometimes used to assess students while keeping them engaged and offering them immediate feedback. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore teachers’ perspectives on challenges of and resources needed to implement SRS and ARS in urban elementary schools in the Northeast United States. The conceptual framework for this study included the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior. Semistructured interviews with 12 urban elementary school teachers from the Northeast United States were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis procedure by coding, …


Mixed-Methods & Ai For Methodological Literature Reviews, António Pedro Costa, Pablo Burneo, Judita Kasperiuniene Oct 2025

Mixed-Methods & Ai For Methodological Literature Reviews, António Pedro Costa, Pablo Burneo, Judita Kasperiuniene

The Qualitative Report

In the Generative AI (GenAI) era, social researchers have explored different tools for different phases of research projects. Despite AI and GenAI being highly relevant topics in current literature, few researchers have addressed the question of how to explore GenAI tools based on human-AI collaboration to improve the quality of methodological literature reviews. Based on a real project as a sample, “a competence framework for social researchers integrating GenAI”, we propose a detailed analytical model that triangulates evidence from both quantitative and qualitative data analyses. A mixed-methods approach is looked at, with a focus on the qualitative dimension (quant-QUAL). The …


Nurse Residency Program: Improving Staff Awareness Through Education, Cynthia Kay Butterman Oct 2025

Nurse Residency Program: Improving Staff Awareness Through Education, Cynthia Kay Butterman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Across the health care continuum, organizations face persistent nursing shortages and the challenge of integrating novice nurses into clinical practice, often with limited skills and underdeveloped critical thinking abilities. Nurse residency programs have been integrated by many facilities to provide support for new novice nurses in transitioning from academia to the professional nursing role. This quantitative, quasi-experimental research project was conducted at a community-based hospital with an existing 8- to 10-week nurse residency program that had very limited stakeholder involvement. The purpose of the project was to create an educational training module for key stakeholders to strengthen awareness of why …


Excessive Expulsions And School Suspensions Of Black Children, Lasharee O. Rogers Oct 2025

Excessive Expulsions And School Suspensions Of Black Children, Lasharee O. Rogers

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While national and state-level literature has documented racial inequities in school discipline, limited research has focused on how these policies are specifically implemented and perceived within the Charlotte Metropolitan Statistical Region School. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to examine factors related to higher rate of expulsions and school suspensions of Black high school students in the CMSR Schools in comparison to their peers through the lens of the critical race theory. This research was used to engage teachers and administrators on current school suspension and expulsion policies while encouraging modifications to those policies that warranted equity and …


The Repeal Of Welfare Lifetime Ban, Sympathy Sutton Huggins Oct 2025

The Repeal Of Welfare Lifetime Ban, Sympathy Sutton Huggins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Welfare Lifetime Ban imposed severe restrictions on women’s access to essential resources during the critical period following incarceration. By denying housing assistance, food aid, and employment services, the policy created significant barriers to reintegration and undermines both criminal justice and social welfare reform. Little is known about the long-term impacts of the ban or the absence of effective rehabilitative policy alternatives. Few studies have examined its outcomes within the framework of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA). The findings within (PRWORA) enactment briefly stabilized a decline in welfare recipients, and employment rates increased temporarily for single …


Protocol For Assessing And Managing Radon Gas Exposure Risks In Caves: A Case Study Of Altamira And Paleolithic Cave Art Of Northern Spain World Heritage Site, Sergio Sanchez-Moral, Javier Lario, Soledad Cuezva, Juan Carlos Cañaveras, Tamara Martín-Pozas, Angel Fernández-Cortés Oct 2025

Protocol For Assessing And Managing Radon Gas Exposure Risks In Caves: A Case Study Of Altamira And Paleolithic Cave Art Of Northern Spain World Heritage Site, Sergio Sanchez-Moral, Javier Lario, Soledad Cuezva, Juan Carlos Cañaveras, Tamara Martín-Pozas, Angel Fernández-Cortés

International Journal of Speleology

Exposure to radon and its progeny poses a significant health risk for workers in tourist caves. Implementing protective measures is challenging due to increasingly strict gas concentration and dose limits in new regulations. This study evaluates the annual effective radiation doses received by workers and researchers, considering seasonal and spatial radon variability. Radon levels, temperature, and ventilation patterns were continuously monitored for at least one year in each cave. Results show significant radon fluctuations influenced by seasonal ventilation regimes driven by thermal gradients between the cave and external atmosphere. Using International Commission on Radiological Protection guidelines, the study calculates the …


International Conference On Civil Engineering And Infrastructure, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo Oct 2025

International Conference On Civil Engineering And Infrastructure, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo

UBT International Conference

UBT Annual International Conference is the 14th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent …


International Conference On Dentistry, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo Oct 2025

International Conference On Dentistry, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo

UBT International Conference

UBT Annual International Conference is the 14th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent …


Dasisedu’ Program For Seismic Response History Analysis Of 2d Frame Structures With Different Seismic Protection Systems, Isak Idrizi Oct 2025

Dasisedu’ Program For Seismic Response History Analysis Of 2d Frame Structures With Different Seismic Protection Systems, Isak Idrizi

UBT International Conference

Over the past decades, a lot of effort has been put in studying the mechanical behavior of various base isolation and energy dissipation devices subjected to a range of extreme design situations. This led to the development of validated theories that can describe the dynamic behavior of various seismic base isolators (with the lead-rubber and friction pendulum isolators being amongst the most prominent types used in USA). The authors of this paper took these developed theories as basis for developing the so called ‘DASISedu’ computer program for interactive simulation of the dynamic behavior of typical planar structures (both multistory building …


Analytical Design Of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Beams – Methodology, Example, And Comparison With A Simply Supported Beam, Xhemshir Mulliqi Oct 2025

Analytical Design Of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Beams – Methodology, Example, And Comparison With A Simply Supported Beam, Xhemshir Mulliqi

UBT International Conference

This paper presents a complete analytical procedure for continuous prestressed concrete beams (two spans 15 + 15 m). The analysis covers moment distribution, loadbalancing method, prestress losses, thrust-line geometry, and shear verification in accordance with Eurocode 2. Continuity reduces positive bending moments in the spans to approximately wL²/24 while introducing negative moments over the internal support of about wL²/12 , compared to wL²/8 for a simply supported beam. An affine correction of the tendon profile allows fine adjustment of the thrust line without altering the equivalent load wₚ. A practical design example and comparison with numerical FEM results are provided.


Prime Numbers Through The Ages: Implementing The Sieve Of Eratosthenes In Java, Vesë Vrellaku, Hizer Leka, Alma Novoberdaliu Oct 2025

Prime Numbers Through The Ages: Implementing The Sieve Of Eratosthenes In Java, Vesë Vrellaku, Hizer Leka, Alma Novoberdaliu

UBT International Conference

The Sieve of Eratosthenes is one of the oldest yet most efficient algorithms for finding prime numbers up to a given limit. This paper presents an analytical and practical implementation of the sieve, focusing on its mathematical foundations and optimized algorithmic behavior using the Java programming language. The aim is to demonstrate how ancient mathematical logic continues to be applicable in modern computational practices. The study outlines the basic sieve method, explores three critical optimizations that reduce time complexity, and evaluates the algorithm's performance in different scenarios. Moreover, this work contrasts the classical approach with similar prime-finding algorithms and emphasizes …


From Kahoot To Chatgpt: Student Perceptions Of Edtech And Ai In English Language Learning Motivation, Lisjeta Thaqi, Asra Ramaxhiku Oct 2025

From Kahoot To Chatgpt: Student Perceptions Of Edtech And Ai In English Language Learning Motivation, Lisjeta Thaqi, Asra Ramaxhiku

UBT International Conference

In the age of artificial intelligence and digital education, understanding how students respond to technology in the classroom has become increasingly important. This study explores the perceptions of middle and high school students regarding the impact of educational technology (EdTech) and AI-powered tools on their motivation to learn English as a foreign language (EFL). Conducted in a private school in Mitrovica, Kosovo, the study surveyed 130 students from grades 6 to 12 using a structured questionnaire administered via Google Forms. The survey focused on commonly used tools such as Kahoot, YouTube, Grammarly, Duolingo, and ChatGPT. The findings aim to reveal …


The Role Of Digitalization And Artificial Intelligence In Media, Xhevahire Millaku Oct 2025

The Role Of Digitalization And Artificial Intelligence In Media, Xhevahire Millaku

UBT International Conference

The digital journalism and the artificial intelligence or the technology has begun to develop a noticeable speed in all fields, but especially in the media. According to researchers and experts to the journalism, the digital journalism began sometime around the 1990s, while is the necessary condition for the functioning in its early days, so it was the computer, the electronic mail, but also the network in general. In recent years, journalism and the electronic media in general it has offered real and the good opportunities to inform the public, therefore journalists, but also readers, find it easier to read and …


Media Education As A Tool For Civic Empowerment: Critical Approaches Of Youth In Kosovo Towards Online Disinformation, Blerta Aliu Oct 2025

Media Education As A Tool For Civic Empowerment: Critical Approaches Of Youth In Kosovo Towards Online Disinformation, Blerta Aliu

UBT International Conference

In the digital information era, young people face an extraordinarily high number of online sources daily. In this constant exposure, disinformation and fake news pose a serious challenge to democracy, public life, and particularly to how youth perceive social processes. This paper aims to analyze the level of media literacy among youth in Kosovo and the role this literacy plays in civic empowerment. Drawing on the Uses and Gratifications theory, the study examines how critical approaches influence the ability of Kosovar youth to detect disinformation and other forms of media disruption. The methodology combines a quantitative survey of young people …


Composing A Piece For A New Instrument: The Case Of The Octo – A Work In Progress, Yanis El Masri Oct 2025

Composing A Piece For A New Instrument: The Case Of The Octo – A Work In Progress, Yanis El Masri

UBT International Conference

This article intends to describe the compositional approach I have been taking in order to write a chamber music piece for the octo – a new instrument from the electric guitar family, invented by Liburn Jupoli and crafted by Ari Lehtela. The compositional process took an experimental approach that entailed the creation of strategies to compose music for an instrument that is not yet mass produced and which I, as the composer, have never seen in real life and to which not much music has been composed yet, aside from the music composed by its own inventor. The knowledge I …


Multispectral Pedestrian Detection In Low-Light Conditions: Infrared, Visible, And Fusion-Based Approaches For Cctv Applications, Ylli Rexhaj, Redon Rexhepi, Arxhend Jetullahu, Ideal Rafuna Oct 2025

Multispectral Pedestrian Detection In Low-Light Conditions: Infrared, Visible, And Fusion-Based Approaches For Cctv Applications, Ylli Rexhaj, Redon Rexhepi, Arxhend Jetullahu, Ideal Rafuna

UBT International Conference

Reliable pedestrian detection under low-light conditions remains a big challenge for intelligent surveillance and autonomous monitoring systems. Visible (VIS) or RGB sensor fail in darkness due to limited illuminations, while in the other hand infrared (IR) camera lack fine visual texture. This paper presents an adaptive multispectral pedestrian detection framework to address these limitations that combines the strengths of VIS and IR modalities through Weighted Boxes Fusion (WBF) applied to separately trained YOLOv8 models. Three variants of YOLOv8 the nano, small and medium models were trained independently on the LLVIP dataset. During inference, their outputs were merged using WBF with …


Phytotherapeutic Potential Of Lawsonia Inermis And Juglans Regia In Dermatologic Care: Enhancing Patient Adherence And Outcomes Through Community Pharmacy Practice, Dafinë Kastrati Zejnullahu, Emine Daci Zejnullahi Oct 2025

Phytotherapeutic Potential Of Lawsonia Inermis And Juglans Regia In Dermatologic Care: Enhancing Patient Adherence And Outcomes Through Community Pharmacy Practice, Dafinë Kastrati Zejnullahu, Emine Daci Zejnullahi

UBT International Conference

Eczema and superficial mycoses are common, chronic dermatologic conditions that affect quality of life. Conventional therapies may cause side effects and resistance. This prospective observational study evaluated a topical emulsion containing Lawsonia inermis and Juglans regia in a community pharmacy with pharmacist-led interventions. Seventy-three adults applied the emulsion for up to 21 days. Significant improvements in erythema, scaling, and pruritus were observed, particularly in cases of chronic eczema. No adverse events occurred. Pharmacist counseling improved adherence and reduced corticosteroid use. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of phytotherapeutics and emphasize the evolving role of community pharmacists. Further randomized trials are …


From Advertising To Reality: A Visual Analysis Of Fast-Food Products And Their Impact On Consumer Perceptions, Kaltrina Veselaj Shllaku, Visar Shllaku, Arberesha Hoxha Oct 2025

From Advertising To Reality: A Visual Analysis Of Fast-Food Products And Their Impact On Consumer Perceptions, Kaltrina Veselaj Shllaku, Visar Shllaku, Arberesha Hoxha

UBT International Conference

Fast food restaurant chains place great emphasis on presenting their products in advertisements through highly visually appealing images. However, there is an ongoing concern regarding the mismatch between the product shown in advertisements and the one that consumers actually receive. This study aims to identify the visual differences between the advertised product and the real one, as well as to analyze the impact of these discrepancies on consumer perception, brand credibility, and purchasing behavior. A comparative method and visual analysis were applied; statistical data were collected through questionnaires distributed across local and international fast-food chains. A total of 200 questionnaires …


Ribosome Biogenesis, Function, And Therapeutic Targeting: From Cancer To Genetic Disease, Anjeza Temaj, Yllka Gashi, Erda Aliu, Sefedin Bilalli, Driton Selmani, Gazmend Temaj, Nexhibe Nuhi Oct 2025

Ribosome Biogenesis, Function, And Therapeutic Targeting: From Cancer To Genetic Disease, Anjeza Temaj, Yllka Gashi, Erda Aliu, Sefedin Bilalli, Driton Selmani, Gazmend Temaj, Nexhibe Nuhi

UBT International Conference

Ribosome biogenesis and function are vital for cellular protein synthesis and are profoundly altered in cancer and various genetic diseases. Enhanced ribosome production and mutations in ribosomal proteins contribute to malignancy, positioning the ribosome as a promising therapeutic target. Advances in understanding ribosomal regulation, including the pivotal tumor suppressor p53, nonsense mutation readthrough therapies, and the impact of alternative splicing, have revealed new strategies for intervention in both cancer and rare ribosomopathies. Pharmacological inhibition of ribosome biogenesis, selective ribosome editing, and modulation of post-translational modifications offer potential to disrupt tumor proliferation or restore functional proteins in genetic disorders. Technologies like …


International Conference On Integrated Design, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo Oct 2025

International Conference On Integrated Design, University For Business And Technology (Ubt) In Kosovo

UBT International Conference

UBT Annual International Conference is the 14th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent …


Green Data Pipelines: Ai-Driven Energy Optimization For Sustainable Cloud Workloads, Erina Salihu, Anduena Syla Oct 2025

Green Data Pipelines: Ai-Driven Energy Optimization For Sustainable Cloud Workloads, Erina Salihu, Anduena Syla

UBT International Conference

The rapid proliferation of cloud computing workloads has intensified concerns about the high energy demand and environmental impact of large-scale data processing. As infrastructures expand, data centers now account for a growing share of global electricity consumption and carbon emissions. This study presents a green data-pipeline architecture that integrates AI-driven scheduling with advanced resource-management techniques to reduce energy use in cloud-native environments. The architecture combines modern data-engineering platforms, including Apache Airflow for workflow orchestration, Databricks (Spark) for computation, PostgreSQL as an analytical warehouse, and dbt for data transformation. It is coordinated by a reinforcement-learning agent that dynamically optimizes workload placement …


Spoken Language Transfer From Albanian Into English And Lexical Anglicisms Used In Albanian Among 8th Grade Students At “Emin Duraku” Lower Secondary School In Prishtina - A Case Study, Bekim Emini Oct 2025

Spoken Language Transfer From Albanian Into English And Lexical Anglicisms Used In Albanian Among 8th Grade Students At “Emin Duraku” Lower Secondary School In Prishtina - A Case Study, Bekim Emini

UBT International Conference

This case study explores spoken language transfer and anglicisms used among 8thgrade lower secondary students at ‘Emin Duraku’ school in Prishtina. Using a 14-item selfdeveloped questionnaire, this study examined grammatical, semantical and lexical-level language transfer from Albanian into English and the use of common anglicisms. Six students took part in the study by orally rendering words, phrases and sentences and by identifying anglicisms. Study results revealed some negative language transfer in oral translations. Food, sports and technology anglicisms were used correctly; some students’ responses were target-like, especially general and specific-field anglicisms used in Albanian.


The Impact Of Marketing And Accompanying Campaigns Of The "Golden Eagle" Energy Drink On Consumer Choice Of This Product And The Application Of Machine Learning For Market Segmentation And Consumer Behavior Prediction, Albrim Danca Badallaj Oct 2025

The Impact Of Marketing And Accompanying Campaigns Of The "Golden Eagle" Energy Drink On Consumer Choice Of This Product And The Application Of Machine Learning For Market Segmentation And Consumer Behavior Prediction, Albrim Danca Badallaj

UBT International Conference

In the time we live, marketing has become part of our daily lives, so much so that when we go out on the street we see advertisements everywhere, when we enter social networks they appear as video spots for a few seconds, when we watch. TV they appear between shows, while recently it has also started to be applied in the GPS maps of certain cars. All this has made Marketing and its forms an integral part of business development. According to many marketing researchers before the 1950s, marketing was mainly used to identify strategies and tactics simply to sell …


International Financial Management Albania Exchange Rate Regimes, Ardian Uka Oct 2025

International Financial Management Albania Exchange Rate Regimes, Ardian Uka

UBT International Conference

This research article presents Albania's exchange rate regime from 1990 to 2024, with a particular emphasis on the evolution and modification of these regimes throughout time. It critically examines various exchange rate systems and evaluates their ramifications for the Albanian economy. The study looks at significant economic and political changes, particularly moments of crisis, and assesses their impact on exchange rate stability and the larger financial system. The relationship of exchange rate regimes and financial sector performance, notably stock exchange and monetary flows, receives special emphasis. This study also investigates country-specific risk, with a full analysis of Albania's political risk …


Machine Learning -Project Data Analysis: Linear, Multiple, And Logistic Regression Diamond Price Prediction Diamond Price Category Prediction, Ardian Uka, Teuta Shala Oct 2025

Machine Learning -Project Data Analysis: Linear, Multiple, And Logistic Regression Diamond Price Prediction Diamond Price Category Prediction, Ardian Uka, Teuta Shala

UBT International Conference

The research presented here focuses into the use of machine learning techniques to predict diamond price and diamond price category prediction, based on key properties like: carat, cut, color, clarity, and physical dimensions. The study uses a structured dataset with both numerical and categorical characteristics to train and assess regression and classification algorithms. The project's goal is to create an accurate forecasting system that will benefit diamond market stakeholders through data preprocessing, visualization, and model comparison. The expected outcomes include obtaining a predicted accuracy of at least 80%, identifying the most influential features influencing diamond pricing, and determining the best-performing …


Public Debt Management In North Macedonia: Challenges And Opportunities In The Context Of Eu Accession, Sani Saidi Oct 2025

Public Debt Management In North Macedonia: Challenges And Opportunities In The Context Of Eu Accession, Sani Saidi

UBT International Conference

The public debt represent an issue that is constantly discussed in different levels in the societies and herein, as a phenomenon provokes greater interest and capture considerable attention. Whereas, the governments continuously adopt different strategies and pursue various trends in management of the public debt. The purpose of this research paper is to comprehensively analyze the alignment of the public debt management strategy of North Macedonia with the fiscal convergence criteria for EU accession and its impact on fiscal discipline. Likewise, conduct thorough review and assessment of country’s latest strategies in debt management and see what reforms are further needed …


The Impact Of Stress Factors On Employee Performance, Blerina Gerbeshi, Kujtim Zylfijaj Oct 2025

The Impact Of Stress Factors On Employee Performance, Blerina Gerbeshi, Kujtim Zylfijaj

UBT International Conference

This study provides empirical insights into the relationship between stress factors and employee performance, contributing to the development of effective stress management strategies and human resource policies. The main objective is to analyze and evaluate the impact of stressors on employee performance across different work sectors. A quantitative research method was employed using a structured questionnaire distributed to 122 randomly selected participants from both public and private sectors. Data were collected online via Google Forms, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality, and analyzed using SPSS software. The findings indicate that the correlations between work-related stress factors and employee performance, as well as …


Research On Improvement Mechanism Of Financial Management To Service Capability Of Kosova Technological Small And Medium Enterprises, Driton Fetahu Oct 2025

Research On Improvement Mechanism Of Financial Management To Service Capability Of Kosova Technological Small And Medium Enterprises, Driton Fetahu

UBT International Conference

Technological SMEs are committed to the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, and conducive to meeting social needs, increasing employment and promoting technological progress. However, in the actual development process, there are problems such as weak financial management ability and low external service level restricted development of Kosova technological SMEs. This paper analyzes the mechanism and existing problems of the financial management of Kosova technological SEMs in improving their service ability, and explores ways to improve their financial management and service capability.