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Online Trust Determinants, Consumer Perception, And Purchase Intent In Saudi E-Commerce: Exploring Determinants And Evidence, Majed A. Helmi, Sager Alharthi, Sufyan Habib May 2026

Online Trust Determinants, Consumer Perception, And Purchase Intent In Saudi E-Commerce: Exploring Determinants And Evidence, Majed A. Helmi, Sager Alharthi, Sufyan Habib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to explore the growing use of the internet as a commercial sales channel, emphasising the pivotal role of trust in online consumer relationships. This research focused on Saudi e-commerce platforms (e.g. Amazon.sa, Noon, Namshi, and Shein), due to their remarkable growth over previous years, by investigating the effect of consumer trust on online purchase intentions. The study surveyed 449 Saudi online shoppers, using a structural equation model to analyse the factors that determine online trust (perceived information quality, company competency, security, and online consumer reviews) and their influence on consumer online trust and perceived risk. The results …

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Journalists' Objectivity Via Social Media: Jordan, Omar Abdullah Al-Zoubi, Normahfuzah Ahmad, Khalaf Tahat May 2026

Journalists' Objectivity Via Social Media: Jordan, Omar Abdullah Al-Zoubi, Normahfuzah Ahmad, Khalaf Tahat

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Journalists play an essential role in society through their daily news practice. The news produced must be correct. Fair and balanced reporting makes an informed public. These elements are part of objectivity in the news. However, social media have challenged many aspects of journalism. With the emergence of social media platforms, journalists have become more prone to deviating from journalistic objectivity. Instantaneity has challenged many journalists to practice their journalistic work objectively via social media. This study aims to identify the challenges Jordanian journalists face in implementing objectivity on social media platforms. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 journalists working …

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Transitioning Away From An Oil-Based Economy Through Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, Hassen Hussain Altalhi May 2026

Transitioning Away From An Oil-Based Economy Through Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, Hassen Hussain Altalhi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

To modify the economy and make it less dependent on oil, several initiatives were launched by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2016 under the Saudi Vision 2030 umbrella. This study looked at the financial impact of Saudi Vision 2030 and assessed whether non-oil industries have responded as desired. Since the implementation of Saudi Vision 2030, several industries have demonstrated noteworthy accomplishments and contributed to the GDP of Saudi Arabia. Three such industries—tourism, small and medium-sized enterprises, and the “Saudi Made” logo campaign—were the subject of this study. The analytical objective of this research was to determine if these industries …

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Language Fluency For Bilingual Students - The Saudi Context, Maryam Ahmed Alomair May 2026

Language Fluency For Bilingual Students - The Saudi Context, Maryam Ahmed Alomair

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

As the number of bilingual students in Saudi Arabia continues to grow, it is important to determine how this could impact language fluency. This study explored bilingualism and language fluency among Saudi Arabian students. Specifically, it aimed to determine the impact of bilingualism on language fluency. In doing so, it explored some of the strategies that could be used to enhance fluency as more students continue to learn a second or even third language. Qualitative research methodology was used because it is generally applied to collect data that is descriptive of people's experiences to understand meaning from the perspective of …

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Accessible Finance For Social Entrepreneurship - The Saudi Context, Naif Mansour Mathkur May 2026

Accessible Finance For Social Entrepreneurship - The Saudi Context, Naif Mansour Mathkur

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research paper investigates the significance of financial accessibility for social entrepreneurship (SE) in fostering sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It commences with an exploration of the importance of SE, followed by a discussion on the obstacles social entrepreneurs encounter in securing financial resources. This paper delves into various financing avenues: government initiatives, venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, investor collaborations, and corporate social responsibility. Data were gathered from 300 respondents representing social entrepreneurs across diverse regions in the KSA to prioritize the factors and challenges that impede financial access for social entrepreneurs. The findings, utilizing descriptive …

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Correcting Misconceptions And Enhancement Of Reasoning Skills - Simulation-Supported Dual Situated Learning Model, Adel R. Althubyani May 2026

Correcting Misconceptions And Enhancement Of Reasoning Skills - Simulation-Supported Dual Situated Learning Model, Adel R. Althubyani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of using the Simulation- Supported Dual Situated Learning Model (Sim-DSLM) to correct students’ misconceptions, retention, and enhancement of reasoning skills. To address this objective, a quantitative, experimental approach with pre- and post-learning tests was employed. The researcher developed two tests: (1) a physics misconceptions test and (2) a reasoning thinking skills test, which were both checked for validity and reliability. The tests were administered twice, before and after lessons were taught, to 57 participants recruited randomly from the seventh grade in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The experimental group (30) was taught using the Sim-DSLM …

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Who Is Responsible For The Interpretation Of The Endower's Conditions: An Islamic Perspective, Osama Omar Al-Ashqar May 2026

Who Is Responsible For The Interpretation Of The Endower's Conditions: An Islamic Perspective, Osama Omar Al-Ashqar

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The endowment contract involves the donation of profit from assets to charitable causes. It is a contract that may need close interpretation, as conditions included by the endower may be worded ambiguously. This can lead to disputes that disrupt the use of or even freeze endowment assets. Hence, this research aims to determine who is responsible for interpreting an endower's conditions, and who is accountable in the event of an interpreter's mistake. This study used inductive reasoning to reach several conclusions: the judiciary should be the official body to interpret the conditions of an endower, judicial rulings on the interpretations …

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Translation Errors Among Bilingual Arabic Language Students: Collocations As An Example, Aliyu Ahmad, Nik Farhan Mustapha, Syed Nurulakla Syed Abdullah, Pabiyah Toklubok May 2026

Translation Errors Among Bilingual Arabic Language Students: Collocations As An Example, Aliyu Ahmad, Nik Farhan Mustapha, Syed Nurulakla Syed Abdullah, Pabiyah Toklubok

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The study of translation by bilingual female students studying Arabic had not received much attention, especially with regard to the cultural errors that these students made during English-Arabic translations, which resulted in them making mistakes in translation. This prompted the researchers to focus on this area. The main objective of this article is to explore common errors in English-Arabic collocation translation among Arabic students in the Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau and identify possible reasons for them. The researchers used a qualitative analysis approach, adopting an evaluation instrument. A semi-structured interview was also conducted among the sample group in …

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Learners' Writing Errors In Foreign Languages: Arabic And English As Examples, Ahmed Al Khateeb May 2026

Learners' Writing Errors In Foreign Languages: Arabic And English As Examples, Ahmed Al Khateeb

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The practice of writing in a foreign language is a demanding skill that requires deep understanding of relevant error types. This research focuses on understanding, analysing and specifying the error types related to writing in a foreign language in two different language settings, considering differences in their cultural and linguistic systems. The study has adopted two rubrics for marking and determining different types of error made by learners while writing in a foreign language (English or Arabic). Each rubric, with its error categories, is suitable for the nature of each language. The results of this study can lead to an …

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Writer-Reader Interaction: Investigating Interactional Metadiscourse In Advertisements From Arab Universities, Aisha Saadi Al-Subhi May 2026

Writer-Reader Interaction: Investigating Interactional Metadiscourse In Advertisements From Arab Universities, Aisha Saadi Al-Subhi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Nowadays, universities heavily rely on digital marketing and social media to recruit more students and to generate interest in their schools. Digital marketing and online advertising constitute a kind of interaction between writers and their potential readers. This paper explores how such an interaction is achieved by investigating a wide range of linguistic resources that writers use to express their stance toward the content in the text and toward the reader. A corpus of 80 academic advertisements from 38 universities, totaling approximately 2,118 words, was compiled and analyzed using Hyland’s (2005b) interactional metadiscourse. The corpus was searched manually for all …

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The Impact Of Organizational Climate On The Enhancement Of Belonging In The Hospitality Sector: The Saudi Context, Ali Abdulhadi Alalmai May 2026

The Impact Of Organizational Climate On The Enhancement Of Belonging In The Hospitality Sector: The Saudi Context, Ali Abdulhadi Alalmai

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Organizational climate is an approach used regarding organizational behavior that distinguishes an organization from others and highlights it in a better and more positive manner when compared to its competitors. This study aims to assess the degree of organizational climate dimensions (clarity of goals, effectiveness of communication, balance of power, use of resources, cohesion, morale, creativity, independence, adaptation, and problem-solving) present in five-star hotels within the regions of Makkah and Madinah in Saudi Arabia, and the impact it has on enhancing the sense of belonging in employees. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher distributed a questionnaire to …

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Saudis' Attitudes Towards Their Dialects: A Keyword Technique, Laila Mobarak Alhazmi, Hanady Abdulaziz Alfalig May 2026

Saudis' Attitudes Towards Their Dialects: A Keyword Technique, Laila Mobarak Alhazmi, Hanady Abdulaziz Alfalig

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Language attitude research uncovers perceptions about the diversity of languages and dialects. It follows how such diversity is stereotypically perceived, which influences the usage of dialects among people. Therefore, diverse contexts, such as Saudi Arabia, necessitate research attention to reveal how stereotypes Saudis hold towards their dialects might affect their usage. Little research has focused on the broad language attitudes in Saudi Arabia, and none of the previous studies have identified the major language attitudes in the region using keyword technique. Using an open-ended questionnaire, the present study identifies the major attitudes regarding the main dialects in the country: Central, …

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Flipped Learning Of Irrational Numbers: Saudi Arabia, Maha Saad Alsaeed May 2026

Flipped Learning Of Irrational Numbers: Saudi Arabia, Maha Saad Alsaeed

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

There is a growing interest in the flipped design model in K–12 mathematics classrooms, as it has been shown to have a positive influence on learning. This study aims to help improve students’ learning of irrational numbers using the flipped design model. This study outlines four design elements of the flipped environment that are shown to increase student engagement. Two eighth-grade classes (n = 60) were examined using a quasi-experimental research design in terms of students’ mathematical achievements and engagement levels. Each class was tested using a different instructional approach: traditional learning or flipped learning. The results indicated that the …

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Arab Online Courses And The Disabled: An Automated And User-Testing Approach, Jamilah Mohammed Alamri, Wejdan Abdulrahman Barashi, Rehab Alsulami, Lulwah Alharigy, Bassmah Shuaib May 2026

Arab Online Courses And The Disabled: An Automated And User-Testing Approach, Jamilah Mohammed Alamri, Wejdan Abdulrahman Barashi, Rehab Alsulami, Lulwah Alharigy, Bassmah Shuaib

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

There is a significant increase in the adoption of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) by higher education institutions worldwide and Saudi universities in particular. These pedagogical tools empower teaching and learning by providing access to online learning materials. However, all university students, including students with disabilities, encounter countless instances of inaccessibility that negatively impact their learning experience. In order to offer equal access to all students, it is of paramount importance to enhance the accessibility of LMSs and remove such barriers. The purpose of this case study is to evaluate an online course in the LMS Blackboard (Bb) using an automated …

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The Effectiveness Of A Biotechnology Enrichment Programme In Improving Gifted Students Reflective Thinking Skills And Academic Achievement, Khalid A. Hammouri, Mohamed A. Al-Ahmari May 2026

The Effectiveness Of A Biotechnology Enrichment Programme In Improving Gifted Students Reflective Thinking Skills And Academic Achievement, Khalid A. Hammouri, Mohamed A. Al-Ahmari

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study assesses the effectiveness of a biotechnology enrichment programme in improving reflective thinking skills and academic achievement among a sample of 44 gifted students at the male-only Hunain School (secondary school) in Abha. The programme presents content related to specific issues with direct relevance for students 44 scientific and practical interests, as well as encompassing discussion of controversial topics. They are equally divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. Following an experimental method and a reflective thinking scale Kember et al. (2000) and Academic )2000( Kember et al Achievement are used to promote the verifiability …

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Identifying Gifted And Talented Students And Methods To Enhance Their Development - A Conceptual Framework, Fouad Ahmed Ali Albrahim, Sumaihan Naser Al Rashidi May 2026

Identifying Gifted And Talented Students And Methods To Enhance Their Development - A Conceptual Framework, Fouad Ahmed Ali Albrahim, Sumaihan Naser Al Rashidi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research intends to address the problems of identifying gifted students, supporting their excellence and promoting their care. Identifying gifted students is a challenge for individual teachers and for educational institutions, particularly in terms of developing programs that suit and contribute to the development of their skills. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the characteristics of gifted students and the relationship of these characteristics to the identification of talent. The characteristics of the gifted have already attracted the attention of researchers and others interested in educational matters and the current article therefore seeks to answer some of the most …

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A Proposed Program Based On The 20 Principles To Develop Teachers Skills In Dealing With Gifted Students With Intellectual Disabilities In Primary School, Ahmed Mohamed Gadelmawla May 2026

A Proposed Program Based On The 20 Principles To Develop Teachers Skills In Dealing With Gifted Students With Intellectual Disabilities In Primary School, Ahmed Mohamed Gadelmawla

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The research aims to introduce a program to develop teachers’ skills in dealing with gifted, primary-school students with intellectual disabilities. This research is based on the 20 principles endorsed by )American Psychological Association (APA the American Psychological Association (APA) in its report prepared Coalition for Psychology by the Coalition of Psychology in Schools and Education (2015 entitled, “Top 20 Principles from Psychology for Pre-K to 12 Teaching in Schools and Education 2015 Top 20 principles from and Learning”. A descriptive approach has been used in this research. psychology for Pre-K to 12 teaching and learning The procedures used include an …

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Social Media And Covid-19 Rumors, Saly Saad Goudah Ibraheim May 2026

Social Media And Covid-19 Rumors, Saly Saad Goudah Ibraheim

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study is intended to identify the public's attitudes towards spreading misinformation about COVID-19 through social media sites in the Jizan region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Being a descriptive study, it depends on the survey approach. The field study was conducted using an intentional sample of those who follow the developments of the COVID pandemic through social networking websites. 300 users completed an online survey. The study found high public awareness of the meaning of umor,' its effects, the reasons for its proliferation, and the potential motives of its promoters. Study recommendations include the importance of confronting rumors …

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Breaking The Syntactic Context In Arabic Grammar - The Out-Of-Context Adjective As An Example, Abdullah Muhammad Hayyany May 2026

Breaking The Syntactic Context In Arabic Grammar - The Out-Of-Context Adjective As An Example, Abdullah Muhammad Hayyany

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The research addresses an issue known in Arabic grammar as ‘the out-ofcontext adjective’. This is when the adjective ceases to relate to the preceding noun, so that it does not become subordinate to it but rather has a different syntax. This phenomenon exists in the Arabic language but it has not been examined in one single study, hence this paper aims to treat its aspects in one single work, thus facilitating its overall study. Following a descriptive and analytical approach, the paper explains this phenomenon and distinguishes between three cases: the case where the adjective can be cut from the …

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Developing A Stress Prediction Tool For Arabic Speech Recognition Tasks, Eiman Alsharhan, Salah Alnajem May 2026

Developing A Stress Prediction Tool For Arabic Speech Recognition Tasks, Eiman Alsharhan, Salah Alnajem

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Developing natural language processing applications for Arabic must consider the different linguistic characteristics found in speech and translate those characteristics to script in order to reduce computational complexity and therefore reduce the word error rate (WER). Suprasegmental features are fundamental properties of speech that can enhance the performance of many natural speech processing applications. The present study considered stress as a prosodic feature comprising the prominence of syllables in speech by developing a tool that generated phonetic transcriptions and predicted the stress position. The generated transcription was used to create the phonetic dictionary necessary for developing an automatic speech recognition …

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Physical Education Teachers And Their Knowledge Of Observation And Analysis Skills, Mohamed Dahy Abass Hassan May 2026

Physical Education Teachers And Their Knowledge Of Observation And Analysis Skills, Mohamed Dahy Abass Hassan

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Knowledge and information related to qualitative kinetic analysis involve personal experiences, which are of great importance in physical education. Teachers conduct qualitative analysis, which is concerned with the observation and analysis of skill performance, evaluation, diagnosis, and the provision of feedback to students. The present study aimed to identify the knowledge of the skills of observation and analysis accumulated by physical education teachers in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher used the descriptive method, which was well suited to the nature of the research. A sample of 194 teachers was chosen from physical education teachers …

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Modern Arab Women And Traditional Morality, Gamil Mohammed Alamrani May 2026

Modern Arab Women And Traditional Morality, Gamil Mohammed Alamrani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study uses a descriptive–analytical methodology, based on a postmodern deconstructive feminist approach, to analyze the struggle of modern Arab women fighting against patriarchal biases, violence, and the hypocritical morality system that dominate most tribal Arab societies. Applications for the study are taken from major Arab contemporary novels that continue to create strong independent female characters to expose the misogynistic nature of selected traditional tribal Arab societies. Many of these characters challenge the existing tribal moral codes that incite physical and psychological violence against women who are suspected of violating accepted social and cultural codes of family honor. The study …

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Factors Influencing Internal Audit Fund Sufficiency, Salem M. Al Fayi May 2026

Factors Influencing Internal Audit Fund Sufficiency, Salem M. Al Fayi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study is motivated by the lack of internal audit (IA) fund research and examines the influence that the following elements have on IA fund sufficiency: IA quality factors (experience, certification and training), the independence and objectivity of Chief Audit Executives (rotation, reporting line and appointment), IA characteristics (IA department size and age), budget changes, and IA risk assessment activities. This study identifies 2,205 Chief Audit Executives and uses logistic regression to examine the impact of internal audit quality, independence, characteristics and activity on IA fund sufficiency. The results show that IA quality variables, independence and objectivity variables, IA size, …

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Using Panel Time Series Models To Investigate Causality Between Insurance And Economic Growth In Gcc Countries, Elsayed Elashkar, Abdullah Alnefaiee, Mohammad Zayed May 2026

Using Panel Time Series Models To Investigate Causality Between Insurance And Economic Growth In Gcc Countries, Elsayed Elashkar, Abdullah Alnefaiee, Mohammad Zayed

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Developing a country’s insurance sector positively affects its economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the existence and extent of mutual effects or causal relationships between the insurance sector and economic growth in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This study builds upon Arabic applied studies in the field of multivariate panel time series models by studying the relationship between insurance and economic growth. Data was used from the years 1990–2018 in the Swiss-Re database for gross written premiums, insurance density and insurance penetration as indicators of insurance activity and GDP and GDP per capita as indicators of economic growth. Several …

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Analysis Of The Reasons For Grammar Violations In Some Arabic Poems, Haifa A. Alhawass, Zaki S. Alhraiwil May 2026

Analysis Of The Reasons For Grammar Violations In Some Arabic Poems, Haifa A. Alhawass, Zaki S. Alhraiwil

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study highlights the reasons for grammar violations in some Arabic poems. Existing writings indicate that Arab poets are inclined to this type of violation for a meaningful purpose. This explains the significance of reasons in Arabic language and how important they are in Arabic syntax and linguistics. The study attempts to investigate the approved causes that were indicated in books on poetic necessity. This led to the discovery of twelve reasons, including similarity, returning to origin causes, emphasis, language extension, etc. The study also provides an example for each reason, and it shows how previous publications stressed the necessity …

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The Effectiveness Of The Fish-Bone Strategy In Learning Arabic Grammatical Rules In Saudi Arabia, Feras Mohammed Al-Madani May 2026

The Effectiveness Of The Fish-Bone Strategy In Learning Arabic Grammatical Rules In Saudi Arabia, Feras Mohammed Al-Madani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This research aims to show the effectiveness of the fish-bone strategy in learning and grasping Arabic grammatical rules among grade five students. The researcher . used a quasi-experimental approach. The study sample comprised 59 students, ( )29 ( )59 of which 29 students were the experimental group, and 30 students were the ( )30 . : control group. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher chose the following tools: a grammar achievement test, a teacher's guide, an exercise book . and student activities. The students' performances in the experimental and control groups were compared, and the results of …

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The Dependence Of University Youth On Social Media For Obtaining News About The Gulf Crisis, Falah Amer Aldahmashi May 2026

The Dependence Of University Youth On Social Media For Obtaining News About The Gulf Crisis, Falah Amer Aldahmashi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study aims to identify Saudi university students’ reliance on social media to obtain news about the Gulf crisis, and questions to what extent the Saudi youth are satisfied with the content of social media related to the Gulf crisis. The key hypothesis of the study is that . there is a great motivation among the Saudi youth to consider social media websites as primary trustful, knowledgeable and informative sources. As this research is descriptive in nature, the study organised a survey compatible with the requirements of scientific . methodology, and with the substance of the study itself. In terms …

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Syntactically-Correct Structures That Are Semantically Unacceptable, Abdel Fattah Mohamed Abboush May 2026

Syntactically-Correct Structures That Are Semantically Unacceptable, Abdel Fattah Mohamed Abboush

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

When Arabic syntacticians studied Arabic language structures together with all their possible structures, they pondered about many undecided expressions; they managed ) ( – through what they called syntax construction – to deduce syntactic rules that match the meanings of these expressions. The syntactic rules, together with their matching expressions, are the goal of Arabic language structures. Syntacticians, however, stopped at some expressions that are syntactically correct, but semantically unacceptable; most of the syntactic rules governing these expressions are found in books that tried to syntactically interpret the holy Qur’an. The main objectives of this research are to inspect . …

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Putting Together Contracts - Drafting And Interpreting, What Participants Need To Know, Ali Salem Almarri May 2026

Putting Together Contracts - Drafting And Interpreting, What Participants Need To Know, Ali Salem Almarri

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

Saudi Arabia is welcoming an increasing number of law graduates with newly obtained degrees from America and Europe to become legal professionals in their own country. Studying abroad has heightened their second language skills and cultivated an essential . understanding of American and European law. Once home, they must begin to reconcile Saudi law with international law when drafting contracts and other legal transactions. This article will highlight particular sections of contracts during the drafting process, including . strategies and techniques when constructing critical clauses. In addition, the article will discuss facilitating and collaborating with other lawyers, including foreign players. …

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Political Relations Between The Abbasid Caliphate And The Sultanate Of Rum Empire In Anatolia, Fatima Yahya Al-Rbaidi May 2026

Political Relations Between The Abbasid Caliphate And The Sultanate Of Rum Empire In Anatolia, Fatima Yahya Al-Rbaidi

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

The Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad has been associated with a series of political relations with sovereigns of states and emirates of Islamic and non-Islamic parties, considering the fact that the Caliphate is a global political strength. It also . represents the highest spiritual and religious authority of Muslims. This study reveals the nature of the political relations between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Sultanate of the Seljuks (Rum Empire) in Anatolia, from the birth of the Sultanate until the fall of the Caliphate. Moreover, relations between the two countries fluctuated in the beginning and were greatly influenced by relations between …

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