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Application Of Neural Networks To Data Mining, Zlatinka Svetoslavova Kovacheva Apr 2025

Application Of Neural Networks To Data Mining, Zlatinka Svetoslavova Kovacheva

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Data Mining accomplishes nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information of data. The aim of data mining is to discover knowledge out of data and present it in a form that is easily comprehensible to humans. Neural Networks are analytic techniques capable of predicting new observations from other observations after executing a process of so-called learning from existing data. Neural Network techniques can also be used as a component of analyses designed to build explanatory models. Now there is neural network software that uses sophisticated algorithms directly contributing to the model building process. The latest developments in …

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Soft Chemistry Routes To New Nanosize Materials, Khaled Melghit Apr 2025

Soft Chemistry Routes To New Nanosize Materials, Khaled Melghit

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The old classical method for preparing inorganic materials is by the ceramic route or solid state reaction. It consists of mixing the starting materials at an elevated temperature. This method has been used for preparing numerous new materials until today. Three decades ago, the materials science community was aware of soft chemistry synthesis or chimie douce, especially with the emergence of nanotechnology field. Instead of the classical method, which involves high temperature, soft chemistry techniques use lower temperatures. In general, starting materials are dissolved in a liquid phase and different parameters such as pH, temperature and reaction time are adjusted …

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Experimental Design For Nonlinear Problems, K.M Abdelbasit Apr 2025

Experimental Design For Nonlinear Problems, K.M Abdelbasit

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Experimental designs for nonlinear problems have to a large extent relied on optimality criteria originally proposed for linear models. Optimal designs obtained for nonlinear models are functions of the unknown model parameters. They cannot, therefore, be directly implemented without some knowledge of the very parameters whose estimation is sought. The natural way is to adopt a sequential or Bayesian approach. Another is to utilize available estimates or guesses. In this article we provide a brief historical account of the subject, discuss optimality criteria commonly used for nonlinear models, the associated problems and ways of overcoming them. We also discuss issues …

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Synchronization And Persistence In Diffusively Coupled Lattice Oscillators, Adu A.M. Wasike, K.T. Rotich Apr 2025

Synchronization And Persistence In Diffusively Coupled Lattice Oscillators, Adu A.M. Wasike, K.T. Rotich

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

We consider the synchronization and persistence of a system of identical lattice oscillators that are diffusively coupled to their nearest neighbours. Each subsystem has a compact global attractor. This is done in the framework of invariant manifold theory. Normal hyperbolicity and its persistence are applied to obtain general conditions for the stability and robustness of the synchronization manifold. AMS(MOS) Subject classifications: 37C80, 37D10.

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Effect Of Cumulus Cell Co-Culture And Protein Supplement On Success Of In Vitro Fertilization And Development Of Pre-Implanted Embryos In Mice, Muhammad-Baqir M-R. Fakhrildin, Institute For Embryo Research And Infertility Treatment, University Of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Apr 2025

Effect Of Cumulus Cell Co-Culture And Protein Supplement On Success Of In Vitro Fertilization And Development Of Pre-Implanted Embryos In Mice, Muhammad-Baqir M-R. Fakhrildin, Institute For Embryo Research And Infertility Treatment, University Of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Successful oocyte fertilization and normal embryonic development of mice were considered the most important diagnostic criteria for the safety of materials and tools used for human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Therefore, we studied the influence of cumulus cells co-culture and protein supplement within culture medium on percentages of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and normal development of early stages of mouse embryo later. Oocytes were collected and treated with hyaluronidase to remove cumulus cells. Oocytes were divided into four groups namely: Group-1: Oocytes incubated within modified Earl’s medium (MEM) supplied with 10% inactivated bovine amniotic fluid as a …

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Conditional Fault-Diameter Of Torus Networks, Abderezak Touzene, Khaled Day Apr 2025

Conditional Fault-Diameter Of Torus Networks, Abderezak Touzene, Khaled Day

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

We obtain the conditional fault-diameter of the square torus interconnection network under the condition of forbidden faulty sets (i.e. assuming that each non-faulty processor has at least one non-faulty neighbor). We show that under this condition, the square torus, whose connectivity is 4, can tolerate up to 5 faulty nodes without becoming disconnected. The conditional node connectivity is, therefore, 6. We also show that the conditional fault-diameter of the square torus is equal to the fault-free diameter plus two. With this result the torus joins a group of interconnection networks (including the hypercube and the star-graph) whose conditional fault-diameter has …

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Some Aspects Of The Anatomy And Histology Of Digestive Tracts In Two Sympatric Species Of Freshwater Fishes, Taher Ba-Omar, Reginald Victor, Daniel Tobias Apr 2025

Some Aspects Of The Anatomy And Histology Of Digestive Tracts In Two Sympatric Species Of Freshwater Fishes, Taher Ba-Omar, Reginald Victor, Daniel Tobias

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Comparative anatomy and histology of the digestive tracts of two sympatric species of freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar (Cyprinodontidae) and Garra barreimiae (Cyprinidae) are studied. Morphometric measurements of alimentary canal such as length and the number and height of rugae in sections have been made for both species. Relationships between these morphometric characters and the total length of fish have been evaluated. The ratio between the length of alimentary canal and total length of fish in both species reflects their feeding habits. Histology of the ‘stomach’ and ‘intestine’ of these two species as shown by light microscopy has been described and …

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Effect Of Mechanical Injury And Low Temperature Storage On The Accumulation Of Glycoalkaloids In The Tubers Of 7 Varieties Of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Grown In Oman, Elsadig A. Eltayeb, Sana Salem Al-Sinani, I. A. Khan Apr 2025

Effect Of Mechanical Injury And Low Temperature Storage On The Accumulation Of Glycoalkaloids In The Tubers Of 7 Varieties Of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Grown In Oman, Elsadig A. Eltayeb, Sana Salem Al-Sinani, I. A. Khan

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Tubers from 7 potato varieties were analyzed for their rates of glycoalkaloid accumulation in response to stresses of three types of mechanical injury and low temperature storage. Mechanical injuries were found to greatly stimulate glycoalkaloid accumulation in both peel and flesh of tubers. The extent of glycoalkaloid accumulation appears to depend on variety, type of mechanical injury, and storage period. Most of the injury-stimulated glycoalkaloid accumulation occurred within 7 and 14 days after treatment. Cutting the tubers resulted in the highest content of glycoalkaloids both in flesh and peel up to levels that exceeded the upper safety limit of 200 …

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Realization Of A Simplified Controllability Computation Procedure: A Matlab- Simulink Based Tool, Ali Al-Lawati, Afaq Ahmed Apr 2025

Realization Of A Simplified Controllability Computation Procedure: A Matlab- Simulink Based Tool, Ali Al-Lawati, Afaq Ahmed

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

With the use of MATLAB-SIMULINK a simple tool has been developed to compute the controllabilities of nodes as well as branches of digital system networks. The primary advantage of this tool may be for such conditions where the study of controllability analysis of a system with different possible designs is required to give an optimal design solution. The ease of network simulation procedures together with the simple methodologies for inputting the different assigned parameters to the respective elements of the system in dynamic environments, are additional attributes of this tool.

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Solvent Extraction Of Thorium(Iv) By Didodecylphoric Acid, Fawwaz I. Khalili, Khaled M. Mousa, Ehsan I. Soudani Apr 2025

Solvent Extraction Of Thorium(Iv) By Didodecylphoric Acid, Fawwaz I. Khalili, Khaled M. Mousa, Ehsan I. Soudani

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Solvent extraction of Thorium (VI) ion from perchlorate solution using didodecylphosphoric acid, DDPA, in chloroform diluent was studied. The effects of stripping hydrochloric acid concentration, stripping time, extraction time, DDPA concentration, pH, ionic strength, supporting electrolyte and temperature on the extraction processes have been studied. From the distribution coefficient values at different temperatures,the enthalpy, the free energy and the entropy changes associated with the extraction processes were determined. The composition of the complex formed was established to be Th(ClO4)4-nRn(HR)5-n where, n=1 or 2 and (HR)2 represents the dimer of DDPA.

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Analysis Of Fire Data In Oman, K.S. Al-Jabri, A.W. Hago, A.S. Alnuaimi, S. Al-Mahrooqi Apr 2025

Analysis Of Fire Data In Oman, K.S. Al-Jabri, A.W. Hago, A.S. Alnuaimi, S. Al-Mahrooqi

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The aim of this study is to illustrate the problem of fire accidents in the Sultanate of Oman and their causes in order to find out how the existing data could be used as a base to improve fire resistance, to detect the weak points (vulnerability to fire) in existing structures, and to minimize fire occurrences in places where it is high. This will also provide useful recommendations with regard to fire safety including causes, people’s awareness and education, etc. Fire data in Oman were collected from two sources: The Directorate General of Civil Defence (Public Relations Department) and Sultan …

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Synthesis And Crystal Structure Of Overcrowded Non-Photochromic Organometallic Fulgide, Shar Saad Al-Shihry Apr 2025

Synthesis And Crystal Structure Of Overcrowded Non-Photochromic Organometallic Fulgide, Shar Saad Al-Shihry

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Pure E-isomer overcrowded organometallic fulgide 1 was obtained by using successive Stobbe condensations between ketones and succinate diester. Upon irradiation with UV light at (366 nm) it did not cyclise photochemically to the 1,8a-dihydronaphthalene derivative (1,8a-DHN) 8. The structure of 7 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

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On Group Codes Over Elementary Abelian Groups, Adnan A. Zain Apr 2025

On Group Codes Over Elementary Abelian Groups, Adnan A. Zain

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

For group codes over elementary Abelian groups we present definitions of the generator and the parity check matrices, which are matrices over the ring of endomorphism of the group. We also lift the theorem that relates the parity check and the generator matrices of linear codes over finite fields to group codes over elementary Abelian groups. Some new codes that are MDS, self-dual, and cyclic over the Abelian group with four elements are given.

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Step-Wise Group Screening Designs With Unequal A-Priori Probabilities And Errors In Observations, M.M. Manene Apr 2025

Step-Wise Group Screening Designs With Unequal A-Priori Probabilities And Errors In Observations, M.M. Manene

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The performance of step-wise group screening with unequal a-priori probabilities in terms of the expected number of runs and the expected maximum number of incorrect decisions is considered. A method of obtaining optimal step-wise designs with unequal a-priori probabilities is presented for the case in which the direction of each defective factor is assumed to be known a -priori and observations are subject to error. An appropriate cost function is introduced and the value of the group size which minimizes the expected total cost is obtained.

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Effect Of Cold And Hot Temperature On Behavioral And Selected Physiological Measures Of Uromastyx Aegyptius (Agamidae), A.A. El-Banna, A.M. Al-Johany Apr 2025

Effect Of Cold And Hot Temperature On Behavioral And Selected Physiological Measures Of Uromastyx Aegyptius (Agamidae), A.A. El-Banna, A.M. Al-Johany

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The behavioral, physiological and biochemical response to low (2°C) and high (45°C) temperatures was studied in Uromastyx aegyptius. Twelve animals were divided into two experimental groups. A third control group was kept at 22 °C. All animals in the cooling, warming, and control groups were allowed a period of 24 hours for adjustments at 22 °C. Blood samples were collected from each animal when body temperature reached the corresponding levels. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood glucose and cholesterol levels during cooling (2°C). This reduction in extracellular fluid substrates reflects an increase in cellular uptake of these substrates. Warming (45°C) resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) increase in total proteins, urea, and uric acid. These later changes could be attributed to an increase in the evaporative water loss, particularly due to the increased observed panting, and the associated reduction in plasma volume. There were no significant (P>0.05) changes in T3 and T4, during cooling nor during warming. The results of this study suggest augmentation of anaerobic metabolism of the U.aegyptius …

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Efficient Synthesis Of The Plant Growth Regulator Ancymidol, Heiko Patzelt Apr 2025

Efficient Synthesis Of The Plant Growth Regulator Ancymidol, Heiko Patzelt

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The important cytochrome P450 inhibitor ancymidol is used as a plant growth retardant and has potential for various medicinal applications. However its high price sets economic limits to large-scale applications. Here a short and high-yielding synthesis is reported, providing ancymidol in substantial amounts in a cost- and time-efficient way.

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Physiological And Behavioral Adjustments Relative To Catecholamine Levels During Nesting In Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea) And Hawksbill (Eretmochelys Imbricata) Sea Turtles In Masirah Island, Oman., A.Y.A Alkindi, I.Y. Mahmoud, Fatma Al-Siyabi Apr 2025

Physiological And Behavioral Adjustments Relative To Catecholamine Levels During Nesting In Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea) And Hawksbill (Eretmochelys Imbricata) Sea Turtles In Masirah Island, Oman., A.Y.A Alkindi, I.Y. Mahmoud, Fatma Al-Siyabi

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Plasma adrenaline (ADR) and noradrenaline (NA) levels were measured for the first time in natural populations of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and olive ridley (Lipedochelys olivacea) in Masirah Island, Arabian Sea; one of the few protected nesting grounds remaining in the world for these two endangered species. Plasma ADR and NA levels were assessed in individuals after they oviposited eggs and completed nesting exercises, and in individuals which were still searching for suitable nesting sites. Blood samples were taken from the cervical sinuses from two groups (oviposited and non-oviposited), which spent at least 1.5 h on the nesting grounds. The duration …

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Performance Evaluation Of Database Systems Using Colored Petri Nets, A.B. Mnaouer, K. Day, M. Al-Towaiq, F.A. Masoud Apr 2025

Performance Evaluation Of Database Systems Using Colored Petri Nets, A.B. Mnaouer, K. Day, M. Al-Towaiq, F.A. Masoud

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

We propose Colored Petri Net (CPN) models for replicated and centralized database systems and conduct a comparative study of their performance. The designed CPN models capture the dynamics of the studied database systems and estimate their expected performance with an appropriate level of abstraction. A number of simulation experiments were performed under various load conditions of varying parameters such as server speed, network speed, and read/write ratio. The simulation results show that under similar operation conditions, replicated systems exhibit higher performance than centralized systems in terms of query response time and system saturation levels. However, centralized systems become more competitive …

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On The Computation Of The Maximum Uncertainty Volume Of Stable Polynomials, F.M. Al-Sunni Apr 2025

On The Computation Of The Maximum Uncertainty Volume Of Stable Polynomials, F.M. Al-Sunni

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In this paper we propose a non-linear optimization based approach for the computation of the stability region for uncertain polynomials. Both box of polynomials and diamond of polynomials are addressed. Examples are presented as an illustration.

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A Monte Carlo Method For Low Pressure Radio Frequency Discharges, Lahouaria Settaouti, Abderrahmane Settaouti Apr 2025

A Monte Carlo Method For Low Pressure Radio Frequency Discharges, Lahouaria Settaouti, Abderrahmane Settaouti

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

There is increasing interest in glow discharges because of their importance to a large number of application fields, like the microelectronics industry, flat plasma display panel technology, the laser and light industry and analytical spectrochemistry. To improve the capabilities of rf glow discharges, a good understanding of the discharge physics is highly desirable. The typical calculated results include the radio frequency (rf) voltage, the electrical field distribution, the density of argon ions and electrons, the electron energy distribution function and information about the collision processes of the electrons with the Monte Carlo model. These results are presented throughout the discharge …

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Characterizations Of K- Semimetric Spaces, Abdul M. Mohamad Apr 2025

Characterizations Of K- Semimetric Spaces, Abdul M. Mohamad

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In this paper, we prove, for a space X, the following are equivalent:1. X is a D1 space with a regular-Gδ-diagonal,2. X is a D2 space with a regular-Gδ-diagonal, 3. X is a semi-developable space with Gδ (3) -diagonal, 4. X is a D1-space with a Gδ(3)-diagonal, 5. X is a D2 -space with a Gδ(3)-diagonal, 6. X is a q, -space with a G*δ (2)-diagonal, 7. X is a semi-developable space with G*δ (2)-diagonal, 8. X is a semimetrizable, c-stratifiable space, 9. X is a c-Nagata -space, 10. X is a K-semimetrizable.

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Synchronization And Oscillator Death In Diffusively Coupled Lattice Oscillators, Adu A.M. Wasike Apr 2025

Synchronization And Oscillator Death In Diffusively Coupled Lattice Oscillators, Adu A.M. Wasike

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

We consider the synchronization and cessation of oscillation of a positive even number of planar oscillators that are coupled to their nearest neighbours on one, two, and three dimensional integer lattices via a linear and symmetric diffusion-like path. Each oscillator has a unique periodic solution that is attracting. We show that for certain coupling strength there are both symmetric and antisymmetric synchronization that corresponds to symmetric and antisymmetric non-constant periodic solutions respectively. Symmetric synchronization persists for all coupling strengths while the antisymmetric case exists for only weak coupling strength and disappears to the origin after a certain coupling strength.

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Steady State Analysis Of A Upfc As Voltage Regulator For Optimal Position In The Transmission Line, S. Ali Al-Mawsawi, Mohammed R. Qader Apr 2025

Steady State Analysis Of A Upfc As Voltage Regulator For Optimal Position In The Transmission Line, S. Ali Al-Mawsawi, Mohammed R. Qader

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

It has recently been illustrated that the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) installation location plays an important role in effecting nonlinearly in the UPFC steady state performance of the system. A Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) based on UPFC as a voltage regulator is modeled and analyzed to investigate the optimal position in the transmission line. From the study made in this paper, it is shown that the location of UPFC plays a significant part in effecting nonlinearly. It is also found from the simulation results that the distribution of the active and reactive power flows can be controlled by varying …

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Comparative Study Of Plasma Parameters In Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea) And Hawksbill (Eretmochelys Imbricata) During Nesting, A.Y.A. Alkindi, I.Y. Mahmoud, J.L. Plude Apr 2025

Comparative Study Of Plasma Parameters In Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea) And Hawksbill (Eretmochelys Imbricata) During Nesting, A.Y.A. Alkindi, I.Y. Mahmoud, J.L. Plude

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of plasma level parameters during nesting activity and provide data potentially useful to future studies on the dynamics of reproductive and stress hormones in the most endangered sea turtle species in the world. Plasma parameters in the sea turtles, olive ridley (Lipodochelys oliveacea) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) from Masirah Island, Oman, were analyzed relative to nesting stress. To date, no study has been conducted on plasma parameter levels in sea turtles during nesting. Field observations were conducted under ideal temperature conditions. At the time of sampling, there was no significant …

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Derivatized Pentadentate Macrocyclic Ligands And Their Transition Metal Complexes, Muhammad S. Khan, Nawal K. Al-Rasbi, Edwin C. Constable, Adrian R. Dale, Jack Lewis Apr 2025

Derivatized Pentadentate Macrocyclic Ligands And Their Transition Metal Complexes, Muhammad S. Khan, Nawal K. Al-Rasbi, Edwin C. Constable, Adrian R. Dale, Jack Lewis

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The reaction of the pendant hydroxyethyl group in the planar pentadentate macrocyclic ligand,1,11-bis(2’-hydroxyethyl)-4,8;12,16;17,21-trinitrilo-1,2,10,11-tetraazacyclohenicosa- 2,4,6,9,12,14,18,20-octaene (L2), derived from the condensation of 2,6-pyridinedialdehyde with 6,6’-bis(2’ hydroxyethylhydrazino) -2,2’-bipyridine (L1), has been investigated. Esterification reactions are facile, and the reaction of the hydroxyethyl-substituted macrocycle with thionyl chloride yields a chloroethyl derivative. Metal complexes of the new derivatized macrocyclic ligands L3-6having general formula ML3-6X2.nH2O (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) are readily prepared.

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Effect Of The Fineness Of Artificial Pozzolana (Sarooj) On The Properties Of Lime-Pozzolana Mixes, Abdel Wahid Hago, Amer Ali Al-Rawas, Awadh Al-Sidairi Apr 2025

Effect Of The Fineness Of Artificial Pozzolana (Sarooj) On The Properties Of Lime-Pozzolana Mixes, Abdel Wahid Hago, Amer Ali Al-Rawas, Awadh Al-Sidairi

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Strength development of lime-pozzolana mortars is affected by the fineness of the pozzolan. This paper examines the effect of the fineness of artificial pozzolana on the strength development of lime-pozzolana mixtures. An artificial pozzolana produced by calcining clays from Oman was used in this study. The artificial pozzolana is locally known as “Sarooj”, and is currently being used in a big project for the restoration of historical monuments undertaken by the Omani Ministry of National Heritage and Culture. The artificial pozzolana was ground to various degrees of fineness, blended with hydrated lime with a ratio of 3:1, and the resulting …

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Mineralogy Of The Tertiary Clay Deposits In Makkah And Rabigh Quadrangles, West Central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia, M.H. Basyoni, M.A. El Askary, N.A. Saad, R.J. Taj Apr 2025

Mineralogy Of The Tertiary Clay Deposits In Makkah And Rabigh Quadrangles, West Central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia, M.H. Basyoni, M.A. El Askary, N.A. Saad, R.J. Taj

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

The mineralogy of the Tertiary clay deposits in Makkah and Rabigh quadrangles was thoroughly investigated by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses in addition to other techniques. Results show that the investigated samples are predominantly composed of montmorillonite (Ca++ and/or Mg++ rich variety) and kaolinite, associated with subordinate illite and minor chlorite. Mixed layer montmorillonite-illite is recorded only in two samples. The relative abundance of these minerals by X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the studied clay deposits are of three types. The first, which is the most common, is highly montmorillonitic, the second is made up of a …

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Metrization Of Weakly Developable Spaces, Abdul M. Mohamad Apr 2025

Metrization Of Weakly Developable Spaces, Abdul M. Mohamad

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

In this note, we present metrization of weak developability.

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A Fluid Film Squeezed Between Two Parallel Plane Surfaces Subject To Normal Oscillations, E. A. Hamza Apr 2025

A Fluid Film Squeezed Between Two Parallel Plane Surfaces Subject To Normal Oscillations, E. A. Hamza

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

We study the motion which results when a fluid film is squeezed between two parallel surfaces in relative motion. Particular attention is given to the special case where one surface is fixed and the other is impulsively accelerated from a state of rest to a state of sinusoidal oscillations in a direction normal to its plane. In addition to the presentation of analytic solutions which are based on the regular perturbation technique and on the linearised analysis of the resulting nonlinear partial differential equation, a numerical solution of the full nonlinear equation based on a finite-difference scheme is obtained. The …

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Surface Preparation Of Inas (110) Using Atomic Hydrogen, T.D. Veal, C.F. Mcconville, S.H. Al-Harthi Apr 2025

Surface Preparation Of Inas (110) Using Atomic Hydrogen, T.D. Veal, C.F. Mcconville, S.H. Al-Harthi

Sultan Qaboos University Journal For Science

Atomic hydrogen cleaning has been used to produce structurally and electronically damage-free InAs(110) surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to obtain chemical composition and chemical state information about the surface, before and after the removal of the atmospheric contamination. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS) were also used, respectively, to determine the surface reconstruction and degree of surface ordering, and to probe the adsorbed contaminant vibrational modes and the collective excitations of the clean surface. Clean, ordered and stoichiometric InAs(110)-(1×1) surfaces were obtained by exposure to thermally generated atomic hydrogen at a substrate temperature as …

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