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Constructing The Sustainable Workplace Interior Through Material Practices, Audrey Natasya, Phebe Valencia, Agnes Satyawati Azarja, Bambang Tutuka Adi Nugroho Apr 2025

Constructing The Sustainable Workplace Interior Through Material Practices, Audrey Natasya, Phebe Valencia, Agnes Satyawati Azarja, Bambang Tutuka Adi Nugroho

ARSNET

This study discusses the design development of a sustainable workplace interior, using PITA office—a furniture company in Indonesia—as the context of study. The design aims to create a sustainable office environment that reflects the company's commitment to sustainability, particularly in relation to various interior material practices. This study applies Nirmal Kishnani's six principles of sustainable design within the Asian context to the interior design of the PITA office, encompassing the principles of efficacy, ecology, wellness, embeddedness, advocacy, and integration. A qualitative approach was implemented through observation, documentation, and interviews to analyse the context based on the six sustainable design principles …


Newport Manual On The Law Of Naval Warfare, Second Edition, Newport Manual Expert Group Apr 2025

Newport Manual On The Law Of Naval Warfare, Second Edition, Newport Manual Expert Group

International Law Studies

The Newport Manual on the Law of Naval Warfare, Second Edition, is a continuing effort to restate the law of naval warfare as a purely lex lata exercise. Like the first edition of 2023, it is designed to provide a practical guide for commanders and seafarers, lawyers and officials, and educators and students. In doing so, the Manual includes developments in warfighting technologies in recent decades, which have significantly influenced the nature of war at sea. This second edition has been edited by four of the original authors following an extensive review and revision process.


The Future Of Citizen Science For Marine Litter Research: What Are The Benefits To Be Realised And The Challenges To Be Overcome?., Matthew Peacock, N. P. Ghilardi-Lopes, A. Turra, Thais Rech, L. A. Kawabe, Birgitta Gatersleben, Kayleigh Wyles Apr 2025

The Future Of Citizen Science For Marine Litter Research: What Are The Benefits To Be Realised And The Challenges To Be Overcome?., Matthew Peacock, N. P. Ghilardi-Lopes, A. Turra, Thais Rech, L. A. Kawabe, Birgitta Gatersleben, Kayleigh Wyles

School of Psychology

Public engagement in marine litter research is increasing. Further advancing this approach requires a critical examination of the benefits of citizen science and the primary challenges that we must overcome. A thematic analysis of survey responses from 56 professionals (scientists and project organisers) who use citizen science to investigate marine litter revealed nine significant benefits alongside ten key challenges. Benefits were identified for the citizen scientists (e.g., learning something new), science (e.g., reducing data collection costs), and the environment (e.g., less plastic waste in the environment). Challenges identified fell within three categories related to: 1) involving citizens in science (e.g., …


The Overlooked Experience: Black Females Seeking Mental Health Services On Hbcu Campuses, Shanta' Atkinson Apr 2025

The Overlooked Experience: Black Females Seeking Mental Health Services On Hbcu Campuses, Shanta' Atkinson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Researchers have identified a variety of invisible barriers, including Strong Black Woman (SBW), stigma, and religion, that exist for Black females who would be seeking mental health services. There is minimal qualitative data to identify the treatment barriers that Black females experience when seeking mental health services. The experiences of Black females seeking mental health services on HBCU campuses have not been the sole focus of research. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to fill the gap in the literature by exploring the lived experiences of Black females on HBCU campuses who have sought mental health services on …


Insights Into School Administrators' Perceptions: Navigating The Role Of School Counselors Through Lived Experiences, Veronica Renee Martin-Perkins Apr 2025

Insights Into School Administrators' Perceptions: Navigating The Role Of School Counselors Through Lived Experiences, Veronica Renee Martin-Perkins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The role of school counselors in K-12 education is critical to fostering student success; however, their effectiveness is frequently undermined by role ambiguity, administrative misperceptions, and the misalignment of duties with the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model. Few studies have explored the lived experiences of K-12 school administrators and how these experiences shape perceptions of counselor roles and responsibilities. This qualitative, hermeneutic phenomenological study examined how administrators' perceptions influence school counselors’ deployment, responsibilities, and collaboration within school settings. The research was guided by two questions: (1) How do K-12 administrators make meaning of their lived experiences with the …


Effective Professional Education And Training Program In A Long-Term Acute Care Hospital, Matthew Hamilton Apr 2025

Effective Professional Education And Training Program In A Long-Term Acute Care Hospital, Matthew Hamilton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The determinants contributing to successful professional development programs in long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities, which enhance clinical staff performance and healthcare outcomes, remain unclear. Guided by Bandura’s social learning theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore clinicians’ perspectives on the key determinants of an effective professional education and training program in an LTAC hospital in a Northeast U.S. metro area. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 clinicians who were recruited from an LTAC facility. Thematic analysis, following Saldaña’s framework, identified institutional barriers, financial constraints, time limitations, and unmet training needs as major challenges. Participants emphasized the …


Strategies To Improve Recruitment And Retention Of Nurses In Rural Emergency Departments, Thomas Allen Ortiz Apr 2025

Strategies To Improve Recruitment And Retention Of Nurses In Rural Emergency Departments, Thomas Allen Ortiz

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Leaders of rural emergency departments (EDs) in the United States face persistent challenges in recruiting and retaining RNs. The aim of this integrative review was to identify strategies to mitigate these challenges. The review question focused on best practices leaders can implement to decrease problems with the recruitment and retention of rural ED nurses. A review of the literature published within the past five years yielded 31 empirical and non-empirical articles, which were analyzed using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) appraisal tool. Overarching themes and subthemes were subsequently identified. The Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Human Resource Management frameworks …


Baccalaureate Nursing Students’ Beliefs About Peer Feedback In The Nursing Skill Lab: Value, Quality, And Importance, Danielle Elizabeth Fleming Apr 2025

Baccalaureate Nursing Students’ Beliefs About Peer Feedback In The Nursing Skill Lab: Value, Quality, And Importance, Danielle Elizabeth Fleming

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Peer feedback is an instructional method used in nursing education to support student success in the nursing program and professional practice. While a large body of evidence supports the merits of peer feedback as an instructional method, there is limited research on its use in nursing students, especially within the skill lab. The purpose of this study, guided by the feedback intervention theory, was to examine nursing students’ beliefs about peer feedback in the nursing skill lab and how those beliefs change over time. Archival data from the Beliefs About Peer Feedback Questionnaire (BPFQ) from a public midwestern university was …


Strategies For Integrating Data Analytics In Accounting, Alisa C. Disalvo Apr 2025

Strategies For Integrating Data Analytics In Accounting, Alisa C. Disalvo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The increased need for data analytics proficiency requires accounting program directors and faculty to explore strategies to reduce the technology skills gap between education and professional requirements. Grounded in the technology acceptance model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore strategies that program directors use to integrate data analytics into the accounting program curriculum. The participants were 8 program directors and 2 faculty with over 2 years of program change experience in the accounting department. Data were collected through semi structure interviews with 10 participants and comparative data analysis with the AICPA & NASBA report. Through a …


Faculty Perceptions Of Using Technology To Facilitate Virtual Debriefing In Graduate Health Sciences Education, Kelly Anne Chamberlain Layne Apr 2025

Faculty Perceptions Of Using Technology To Facilitate Virtual Debriefing In Graduate Health Sciences Education, Kelly Anne Chamberlain Layne

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Simulation, with face-to-face debriefing, has been widely used in occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) education to provide realistic experiences for students without harming clients. However, researchers have not studied technology acceptance by graduate entry-level (EL) OT and PT faculty with virtual debriefing. Virtual debriefing has become more common in recent years; thus, it is essential for universities to understand faculty adoption of this effective teaching and learning technology. Guided by the technology acceptance model framework of Gu et al., the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore faculty perceptions of using technology to facilitate virtual debriefing …


Experiences Of Bhutanese Refugees Receiving Services From Outpatient Mental Healthcare Centers In The United States, Kul B. Dahal Apr 2025

Experiences Of Bhutanese Refugees Receiving Services From Outpatient Mental Healthcare Centers In The United States, Kul B. Dahal

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Refugees coming to the United States may encounter difficulties when receiving mental healthcare services from outpatient mental healthcare centers because of lack of awareness about services. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore experiences of Bhutanese refugees involving receiving services from outpatient mental healthcare centers in the United States. The health belief model was used as a conceptual framework to provide insights regarding Bhutanese refugees’ perceived benefits and barriers to increase awareness. Using convenience sampling, 10 Bhutanese refugees aged 18 or above who received outpatient mental healthcare services currently or in the past and lived in the midwestern …


Location Tracking Applications And Emerging Adult Relationship Quality: Moderated By Rejection Sensitivity, Michelle Lee Hayes Apr 2025

Location Tracking Applications And Emerging Adult Relationship Quality: Moderated By Rejection Sensitivity, Michelle Lee Hayes

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Location-tracking applications promise increased connection, safety, and closeness among romantic partners. However, persistent monitoring in romantic relationships has been associated with heightened feelings of intrusion and mistrust, particularly among individuals with insecure attachment. Such surveillance can exacerbate rejection sensitivity, leading to jealousy, conflict, and deteriorating relationship quality, or monitoring may alleviate fears of rejection and enhance relationship satisfaction. From the lens of attachment theory, this quantitative research study examined whether rejection sensitivity moderates the relationship between the use of location-tracking applications and relationship quality among emerging adults. I collected information from an online survey using four instruments to collect data …


The Virginia Water Resources Research Center’S Experience With An Audio Show, Alan Raflo Apr 2025

The Virginia Water Resources Research Center’S Experience With An Audio Show, Alan Raflo

Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education

This article describes one state water center’s 14-year experience in producing a short, audiobased information product and poses key questions for water centers and institutes considering audio technologies to tell their states’ water stories. From 2010 to 2024, Virginia Water Radio (VWR), produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, sought to use a short audio show to inform Virginia residents about the abundance, complexity, and use of the state’s water resources. Originally designed to be carried by radio stations, VWR evolved into a primarily podcasted show that was accompanied by a blog providing supporting material. The show produced 674 …


Fifty Years Of Water Research Projects In California: Keyword Analysis And Qualitative Coding With Natural Language Processing (Nlp) Models, Erik Porse Apr 2025

Fifty Years Of Water Research Projects In California: Keyword Analysis And Qualitative Coding With Natural Language Processing (Nlp) Models, Erik Porse

Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education

Global freshwater resources are increasingly strained in many regions, driven by agricultural expansion, population growth, energy production, and climate change. Research in water science and management seeks to address challenges that industrialized societies face to ensure water of sufficient quality and quantity. What themes have been prominent in water research in past decades and how have these themes changed over time? While the field of water management has often relied on expert judgement to identify research needs, recent analytical tools provide novel opportunities to evaluate the evolution of research priorities in water management. This paper presents a thematic analysis of …


Long-Term Water Quality Trends In The Monongahela River Basin, Sitraka Rabemanjakasoa, Sarah Nelson, Leslie Hopkinson, Rachel Spirnak, Melissa O'Neal Apr 2025

Long-Term Water Quality Trends In The Monongahela River Basin, Sitraka Rabemanjakasoa, Sarah Nelson, Leslie Hopkinson, Rachel Spirnak, Melissa O'Neal

Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education

The West Virginia Water Research Institute (WVWRI) has been monitoring water quality in the Monongahela River basin since 2009 through its Three Rivers QUEST (3RQ) initiative. This study examined 3RQ data for trends in the water quality of the Monongahela River basin. Water quality was monitored at 18 sampling locations in the Monongahela River basin with six locations on the main stem and 12 locations on main tributaries. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved alkalinity, dissolved sulfate (SO4), and dissolved analyte concentrations (aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na)) were measured during …


Preparing The Next Generation Of Water Professionals In New York State: A Review Of Educational Programs And Models By The New York State Water Resources Institute, Rewa Phansalkar, Kristen Hychka, Chris Bowser, Emily Fell, Brian Rahm Apr 2025

Preparing The Next Generation Of Water Professionals In New York State: A Review Of Educational Programs And Models By The New York State Water Resources Institute, Rewa Phansalkar, Kristen Hychka, Chris Bowser, Emily Fell, Brian Rahm

Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education

Careers in water are critical for sustainable management of this important resource. However, the water sector is facing workforce challenges like skill gaps, aging professionals, and lack of diversity. The New York State Water Resources Institute (NYSWRI) at Cornell University is hoping to address these issues through interdisciplinary and tiered educational models that integrate academic learning about water resources with real-world applications. This article highlights NYSWRI’s approaches, including K-12 engagement in partnership with state agencies, university-level training through internships and coursework, and professional development via continuing education, with an emphasis on hands-on research, field experiences, and community collaboration. Despite challenges …


Bridging The Gap Between Science And Technology: A Descriptive Study Identifying Factors Influencing 6-8th Grade Science Teachers’ Implementation Of Virtual Laboratory Simulations, Coral Nicole Hoesli Apr 2025

Bridging The Gap Between Science And Technology: A Descriptive Study Identifying Factors Influencing 6-8th Grade Science Teachers’ Implementation Of Virtual Laboratory Simulations, Coral Nicole Hoesli

Theses and Dissertations

Teachers at a South Carolina middle school in the United States were not implementing virtual laboratory simulations at the same rate as other middle schools in the district. This descriptive research examined 6th-8th grade middle school science teacher perceptions and influencing factors behind the choice to implement virtual laboratory simulations. The study examined two research questions: (1) what are the personal and social factors influencing science teachers’ decisions to implement a virtual laboratory simulation, and (2) what are the structural factors influencing science teachers’ decisions to implement a virtual laboratory simulation?

The National Educational Technology Plan (NETP) and the International …


Young Children’S Reading Experiences In An Online Family Book Club Centered On Multimodal Responses, Ling Hao Apr 2025

Young Children’S Reading Experiences In An Online Family Book Club Centered On Multimodal Responses, Ling Hao

Theses and Dissertations

This ethnographic case study explored Chinese American children’s heritage language and culture learning and their multimodal responses to culturally relevant picture books. I focus on six Chinese American families who participated in an online family book club. The children were between four and six years old. In each session, I first introduced Chinese characters or cultural traditions related to the book, and then had an interactive read aloud of a culturally relevant picture book. The children discussed the book with one parent and came up with a question and a connection. The children then responded to the book through creating …


Image-Based Sexual Abuse Victimization: Causes, Consequences, And Seeking Justice, Albina Laskovtsov Apr 2025

Image-Based Sexual Abuse Victimization: Causes, Consequences, And Seeking Justice, Albina Laskovtsov

Theses and Dissertations

As technological advances and innovative communication methods are integrated into everyday life, concerns over the misuse and abuse of such technologies has warranted further interrogation. The particular act of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) or nonconsensual pornography, has garnered much media and academic attention. IBSA is understood as the creation, dissemination, and/or threatening to create or disseminate illicit sexual images or videos of someone without their explicit consent. This three-article dissertation employs a three-fold approach in exploring the phenomenon of IBSA.

First, it applies a cyber theory of victimization, routine activity theory (RAT), in order to assess the risk of and …


Understanding The Instructional Decisions Of Middle-School Mathematics Teachers: Three Case Studies, Alissa Lockwood Apr 2025

Understanding The Instructional Decisions Of Middle-School Mathematics Teachers: Three Case Studies, Alissa Lockwood

Theses and Dissertations

This action research study aimed to explore how middle-school mathematics teachers make instructional decisions in the absence of a required curriculum. While the school site has an adopted textbook, many of the mathematics teachers view this resource as invaluable. Better understanding the decision-making process of mathematics teachers at the school site can provide critical information to better support the teachers. The research question that guided this action research was: How does it seem that middle-school mathematics teachers make instructional decisions? This sequential two-phase qualitative study examined decision-making from a 6th, 7th, and 8th grade mathematics …


Creating Systems Of Professional Learning To Encourage Deep Thinking In Social Studies: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth Poda King Apr 2025

Creating Systems Of Professional Learning To Encourage Deep Thinking In Social Studies: A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth Poda King

Theses and Dissertations

This paper describes a problem that developed due to a lack of systems in place to provide professional learning for teachers in social studies. This problem was ignited when revised standards were adopted which shifted from heavy content focus to skills and content. Standards requiring both skills and content encourage student inquiry and promote deep thinking by students through the use of historical evidence. Therefore, the purpose of the improvement science plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles was to develop a system of job-embedded professional learning to assist teachers with teaching strategies that use historical evidence to promote deep thinking in social studies …


How Exposure To Professional Development Affects Teachers’ Use Of Tier One Behavior Interventions, Taurean Jarquise Robinson Apr 2025

How Exposure To Professional Development Affects Teachers’ Use Of Tier One Behavior Interventions, Taurean Jarquise Robinson

Theses and Dissertations

Research suggests that ongoing professional development is most beneficial for teachers. However, many schools cannot provide the time teachers need to participate in the frequent meetings, discussions, and reflections needed to cause professional growth. Student behavior continues to be an area in which teachers need support. Many teachers report that student behavior is one reason they often become unhappy with their jobs and leave their education career altogether. The qualitative action research study used strategies aligned with Culturally Relevant Pedagogy to offer six teachers professional development in Tier 1 behavior interventions. The data gathered measured how much Tier 1 behavior …


The Design And Optimization Of Optical Systems For The Detection And Characterization Of Phytoplankton, Caitlyn M. English Apr 2025

The Design And Optimization Of Optical Systems For The Detection And Characterization Of Phytoplankton, Caitlyn M. English

Theses and Dissertations

Phytoplankton are among the smallest organisms found in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Despite their small size, phytoplankton play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth as primary producers. Through oxygenic photosynthesis phytoplankton are also responsible for large scale carbon fixation and oxygen production. The distribution of phytoplankton in a given water resource can exhibit a high degree of variability across time and space, and this is in large part due to their varying sensitivities to environmental conditions such as resource availability and grazing by predator organisms. As such, phytoplankton community structure is widely used as an investigative tool for …


Systems Check: A Qualitative Case Study Of Educators And Parent-Educators Supporting Adolescent Readers From An Ecological Systems Perspective, Kristi Nicole Grooms Apr 2025

Systems Check: A Qualitative Case Study Of Educators And Parent-Educators Supporting Adolescent Readers From An Ecological Systems Perspective, Kristi Nicole Grooms

Theses and Dissertations

In spite of decades of research and an abundance of well-intentioned intervention efforts, supporting adolescent readers, particularly at the middle level, remains a significant area of concern for educators in the United States. The struggles are present for educators working to help underperforming readers reach grade-level and keep advanced readers motivated and engaged. At home, parents and guardians experience similar challenges. Data on adolescent comprehension performance continues to be frustrating in terms of producing consistent positive results. This qualitative action research study investigated the ongoing challenge of supporting adolescent readers, specifically within the context of 7th grade, through a systems …


Retrospective Observational Analysis In A Cohort Patients In Treatment With Alirocumab And Evolocumab: Focus On C-Ldl Values, Salvatore Coppolino, Veronica Crucitti, Febronia Federico, Emanuele Leotta, Emmanuele Soraci Apr 2025

Retrospective Observational Analysis In A Cohort Patients In Treatment With Alirocumab And Evolocumab: Focus On C-Ldl Values, Salvatore Coppolino, Veronica Crucitti, Febronia Federico, Emanuele Leotta, Emmanuele Soraci

Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research

Hypercholesterolemia is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Statins are the drugs of first choice, but many patients fail to reach the recommended levels of LDL cholesterol, or are intolerant. The PCSK9 inhibitor drugs (Alirocumab and Evolocumab) are anti-PCSK9 antibodies: represent a new pharmacological approach, and have been approved as an adjunct to Statins or in intolerant patients. The aim of the work was to carry out a retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients treated with anti-PCSK9 antibodies. The AIFA Therapeutic Plans were received by the Pharmacy from 01/01/2021 to 06/30/2023 by extrapolating data such as: sex, age, …


Spartan Daily, April 30, 2025, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications Apr 2025

Spartan Daily, April 30, 2025, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications

Spartan Daily, 2025

Volume 164, Issue 36


Empowering Education: Unveiling The Strategies Of Latina Elementary Principals In Cultivating Culturally Responsive Learning Environments, Amaris Jeanette Rivas Apr 2025

Empowering Education: Unveiling The Strategies Of Latina Elementary Principals In Cultivating Culturally Responsive Learning Environments, Amaris Jeanette Rivas

LMU Theses and Dissertations

This study employed pláticas (Cuevas-Guerra, 2025) to explore how Latina elementary school principals leverage lived experiences, cultural heritage, and community values to foster culturally responsive learning environments. Grounded in Yosso’s (2005) CCW framework and Bordas’ (2013) Latino leadership principles, two questions: (a) How do Latina principals’ early family and educational experiences shape their leadership practices? and (b) What strategies do they use to create culturally responsive schools? were explored Individual and group pláticas with five Latina principals revealed six themes: (a) familia and community bonds, (b) resilience and resistance, (c) cultural identity and pride, (d) education and knowledge, (e) collaboration …


Design And Performance Analysis Of Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensor For Industrial Processes Sensing Applications, Paul Stone Stone Brown Macheso S.B. Apr 2025

Design And Performance Analysis Of Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensor For Industrial Processes Sensing Applications, Paul Stone Stone Brown Macheso S.B.

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor has become a widespread sensing device because of its small size, passive design, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and direct ability to measure physical properties like temperature and strain. Recently, femtosecond infrared laser processing and regeneration techniques have resulted in the development of stable high-temperature gratings, which are a powerful tool in smart factories, an aspect of the fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), and show promise for application in harsh environments like high pressure, high temperature, or ionizing radiation. The development of stable high-temperature gratings that can withstand harsh environmental factors like high temperatures, pressures, and …


Flood Inundation Mapping For The Tana River Delta In Kenya, Anne N. Mugatha Apr 2025

Flood Inundation Mapping For The Tana River Delta In Kenya, Anne N. Mugatha

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study aimed at mapping flood inundation areas in the Tana River Delta. The 30 m DEM and digitized streams and road networks data were collected through remote sensing techniques followed by ground truthing. The data used also included Tana River discharge data at Garsen gauging station. Probability distributions were fitted on the annual maximum discharges. The 4 parameter generalized Gamma probability distribution was the best-fitting distribution according to goodness-of-fit criteria and the Q-Q plots and was used to generate the flood quantiles for different return periods. The generated flood quantiles were; 286 m3/s, 369 m3/s, 400 m3/s, 405 m3/s, …


Production Of Potassium-Rich Biofertilizer From Composted Banana Peels And Watermelon Rinds, Neema O. Msuya Apr 2025

Production Of Potassium-Rich Biofertilizer From Composted Banana Peels And Watermelon Rinds, Neema O. Msuya

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study investigated the production of biofertilizer from composted banana peels and watermelon rinds, focusing on the mineral content and its impact on plant growth. The process involved characterizing raw materials, producing biofertilizer, analyzing mineral concentrations (potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus), and evaluating its quality through Spiny Amaranth seed growth. A compost bin with three compartments was designed, testing three composting ratios of banana peels to watermelon rinds (2:1, 1:2 and 1:1). Composting was monitored on moisture content, pH, organic matter, and temperature for 37 days. The 1:1 ratio had the lowest temperature (33.45°C) and highest pH (7.08), while the 2:1 …