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Project #049: Forum-Beyond The Bedside: How Interdisciplinary Rounds Streamline Icu Care And Transitions, Kristina Boudreau, Sarah Beldin, Gillian Grafton, Paul S. Villalba Sep 2025

Project #049: Forum-Beyond The Bedside: How Interdisciplinary Rounds Streamline Icu Care And Transitions, Kristina Boudreau, Sarah Beldin, Gillian Grafton, Paul S. Villalba

Quality Expo 2025

No abstract provided.


Project #128: Sepsis Ed Triage Processes, Kristin Baffo, Megan Cahill, Errin Couck, Brandie Devos, Omar Francis, Beth A. Laurencelle, Sheila A. Meshinski, Adam Sinistaj, Amanda Yore, Kyle J. Kulas, Ann Osinski Sep 2025

Project #128: Sepsis Ed Triage Processes, Kristin Baffo, Megan Cahill, Errin Couck, Brandie Devos, Omar Francis, Beth A. Laurencelle, Sheila A. Meshinski, Adam Sinistaj, Amanda Yore, Kyle J. Kulas, Ann Osinski

Quality Expo 2025

No abstract provided.


Project #094: Pharmacy Roles In Hcahps Score Improvement, Lindsay Schwalbach, Cristina Blazer Sep 2025

Project #094: Pharmacy Roles In Hcahps Score Improvement, Lindsay Schwalbach, Cristina Blazer

Quality Expo 2025

No abstract provided.


Project #018: Pre-Risk Stratification Plan, Diane Fidler, Adam Hafeez, Christian P. Fisher Sep 2025

Project #018: Pre-Risk Stratification Plan, Diane Fidler, Adam Hafeez, Christian P. Fisher

Quality Expo 2025

No abstract provided.


Faculty Advisory Committee Minutes Of The Academic Senate 2025-09-29, University Of Dayton. Faculty Affairs Committee Sep 2025

Faculty Advisory Committee Minutes Of The Academic Senate 2025-09-29, University Of Dayton. Faculty Affairs Committee

All Committee Minutes

Approved minutes of a meeting of the Faculty Affairs Committee of the Academic Senate of the University of Dayton.


Amicus Brief In Support Of Ross Intelligence In Ross Intelligence V. Thomson Reuters, Jess Miers, Bryan L. Frye, Mateusz Blaszczyk Sep 2025

Amicus Brief In Support Of Ross Intelligence In Ross Intelligence V. Thomson Reuters, Jess Miers, Bryan L. Frye, Mateusz Blaszczyk

Akron Law Faculty Publications

This amici curiae brief, filed in Thomson Reuters Enterprise Centre GmbH and West Publishing Corp. v. ROSS Intelligence Inc. before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, argues that Thomson Reuters failed to state a viable claim for copyright infringement against ROSS Intelligence. The amici—law professors specializing in copyright and technology—contend that Westlaw’s headnotes are uncopyrightable factual summaries of judicial opinions and that the West Key Number System has long been in the public domain. The brief distinguishes between AI “pretraining” and “fine-tuning,” emphasizing that ROSS’s fine-tuning process relied on expert-created materials rather than wholesale copying. It cautions …


Brief For Amici Curiae Brian L. Frye, Jess Miers, And Mateusz Blaszczyk In Support Of Appellant, Bryan L. Frye, Jess Miers, Mateusz Blaszczyk Sep 2025

Brief For Amici Curiae Brian L. Frye, Jess Miers, And Mateusz Blaszczyk In Support Of Appellant, Bryan L. Frye, Jess Miers, Mateusz Blaszczyk

Scholarly Works

This is an amicus curiae brief filed by Brian L. Frye, Jess Miers, and Mateusz Blaszczyk in support of ROSS Intelligence, Inc., arguing that Thomson Reuters's claim for copyright infringement should be dismissed.


Security And Reliability Considerations In Modern Bluetooth Audio Implementations, John Trevino Sep 2025

Security And Reliability Considerations In Modern Bluetooth Audio Implementations, John Trevino

Theatre Faculty Publications

This paper provides a practical overview of security and reliability considerations relevant to modern Bluetooth audio implementations. Drawing from platform documentation and observed behavior in consumer devices, the report focuses on profile-level characteristics, common architectural constraints, and real-world reliability factors that affect both communication and media playback scenarios. The goal is to offer a clear, outcomes-oriented summary suitable for practitioners, educators, and technical evaluators. No proprietary techniques or implementation-specific methods are discussed.


Staff Education For Health Care Providers On Improving Health Care Outcomes For Lgbtq+ Youth And Adolescent Patients, Sheila Shafer Sep 2025

Staff Education For Health Care Providers On Improving Health Care Outcomes For Lgbtq+ Youth And Adolescent Patients, Sheila Shafer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This project was focused on the significant challenges faced by LGBTQ+ adolescents and young adults, specifically those aged 12 to 25 years, who seek mental health care services. Research indicated that discrimination and stigma against this demographic contribute to disproportionately poorer mental health outcomes, underscoring the urgent need for culturally competent health care delivery. The purpose of this project was to educate professionals on the necessary skills and knowledge about the unique needs of LGBTQ+ patients. The question was the following: Would an educational intervention improve providers’ knowledge and confidence in diagnosing and treating the mental health needs of LGBTQ+ …


Educating Correctional Nurses On The Use Of A Mindfulness Program To Reduce Work Stress, Victoria Ngozi Emelogu Sep 2025

Educating Correctional Nurses On The Use Of A Mindfulness Program To Reduce Work Stress, Victoria Ngozi Emelogu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Correctional nurses deliver care in environments marked by violent incidents, chronic understaffing, and moral distress. These conditions heighten occupational stress, jeopardize patient safety, and accelerate staff turnover, yet few U.S. jails provide evidence-based training in rapid self-regulation strategies. The purpose of this staff education project was to evaluate whether a 2-week curriculum could increase correctional nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported skills (KAS) for on-shift mindfulness use. Pender’s health promotion model framed the intervention, Bloom’s taxonomy and Kirkpatrick’s evaluation model informed learning objectives and outcome levels. Five correctional nurses at a large urban jail completed an anonymous 10‑item KAS survey before …


Implementing Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Screening In Adult Mental Health: A Staff Education Initiative, Precious Nmachi Adaso Sep 2025

Implementing Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Screening In Adult Mental Health: A Staff Education Initiative, Precious Nmachi Adaso

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This project was a staff education program aimed at the use of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) as a universal depression screening instrument within a mental health facility. The project was conducted in an urban area of the United States at an outpatient behavioral health facility and was focused on addressing the stagnation in the staff’s correct use of evidence-based measures of depression screening that inhibits the prompt detection and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The practice focused question was: Following participation in a staff education program, will staff demonstrate increased knowledge on depression screening and use of the …


Ndls Communicator: Week Of 09.29.25, Notre Dame Law School Sep 2025

Ndls Communicator: Week Of 09.29.25, Notre Dame Law School

NDLS Communicator

Faculty Briefs

  • Nicole Garnett
  • Roger Alford
  • Tricia Bellia
  • Lloyd Mayer
  • Paolo Carozza
  • Fr. John Paul Kimes
  • Emily Bremer
  • Carter Snead
  • Jeff Pojanowski
  • Derek Muller
  • David McIlroy
  • Avishalom Tor

ND Law in the News

  • Notre Dame Law School's Exoneration Justice Clinic celebrated the one-year anniversary of Anthony Bedolla's exoneration and freedom.
  • The newly established Salvi Family Mock Trial Fellowship was mentioned in a CBS42 article.

Events

  • Law and Economics Workshop: Adi Leibovitch, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  • Judge Not: A Catholic Lawyer's Perspective with Julian Velasco
  • Faculty Colloquium
  • An Argument For Unsigned Shortened Supreme Court Opinions with Professor Meg Penrose, Texas A&M …


Opposition Of Debtor To Committee's Motion To Dismiss Sep 2025

Opposition Of Debtor To Committee's Motion To Dismiss

Catholic Dioceses in Bankruptcy

No abstract provided.


Nyls Professor Susan J. Abraham Helps Bring Restorative Justice To Broadway, Jennifer Bancamper Sep 2025

Nyls Professor Susan J. Abraham Helps Bring Restorative Justice To Broadway, Jennifer Bancamper

NYLS Community News

No abstract provided.


Bridging Theory And Practice: The Vision And Action Plan Of The Istr Research For Practice Affinity Group, Angie Holzer, Christopher Dayson, Dana Doan, Patricia Quinn, Tayyeb Hadi, Michele Fugiel Gartner, Carissa Van Den Berk-Clark, Ana María Sánchez, Farouq Aliyu Muhammad, Romina Farías, Christopher Einolf Sep 2025

Bridging Theory And Practice: The Vision And Action Plan Of The Istr Research For Practice Affinity Group, Angie Holzer, Christopher Dayson, Dana Doan, Patricia Quinn, Tayyeb Hadi, Michele Fugiel Gartner, Carissa Van Den Berk-Clark, Ana María Sánchez, Farouq Aliyu Muhammad, Romina Farías, Christopher Einolf

Journal of Nonprofit Innovation

This article presents the strategic vision and comprehensive action plan of the International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR) Research for Practice (R4P) Affinity Group, established to address the persistent gap between academic research and nonprofit practice in the third sector. Recognizing that practitioners are primarily focused on action and problem-solving while academics concentrate on knowledge accumulation and theory building, the R4P initiative creates a systematic framework for enhanced collaboration to maximize societal impact and advance evidence-informed practice. The R4P model employs a multi-dimensional approach through seven specialized sub-committees—Advocacy, Education & Training, Practitioner Engagement & Matchmaking, Research Accessibility and Sharing, …


Land Struggles, Resistance, And Mutual Protection Along The Colorado-New Mexico Border: The Sacred Right Of Self-Preservation, José A. Rivera Ph.D Sep 2025

Land Struggles, Resistance, And Mutual Protection Along The Colorado-New Mexico Border: The Sacred Right Of Self-Preservation, José A. Rivera Ph.D

Faculty Publications

Mutual protection societies proliferated in the American Southwest during a period of rapid social change, 1870-1930, coincident with significant changes in the region’s political economy and increased competition for land and water resources. To resist encroachment and protect their natural resources, hispano communities in Colorado and New Mexico organized mutual benefit and protective associations known as mutualistas, with a large number concentrated in the San Luis Valley of Colorado as well as in many rural counties of northcentral New Mexico. The Costilla Valley of New Mexico is a prototypical hispano settlement initially established as part of the expansive Sangre …


An Analysis Of Sentences Error In Business Email Writing Of Thai Efl Students, Chayakorn Sutakote, Khomsin Sarntong, Pongsatorn Pawabutra Sep 2025

An Analysis Of Sentences Error In Business Email Writing Of Thai Efl Students, Chayakorn Sutakote, Khomsin Sarntong, Pongsatorn Pawabutra

Journal of Education Studies

This research aimed to 1) examine and classify types of sentence errors in business email writing produced by students, and 2) analyze the frequency, ranking, and percentage distribution of sentence errors identified in business email writing of students. The study analyzed 192 business emails with content focusing on inquiries, requests for action, information exchange, and scheduling/confirming appointments. The research instruments employed were 1) a collection form for email writing samples from students and 2) an assessment form for error classification. Data analysis used an adapted framework from Corder (1974) and Gass et al. (2013), implementing a systematic four-stage process including …


Design Thinking As A Tool For Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies Through Multidisciplinary And Cross-National Collaborative Learning Environments, Arpasri Tewata, Krittika Inta, Supornphan Konchiab, Tawan Watakit, Sumana Sorathiwa Sep 2025

Design Thinking As A Tool For Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies Through Multidisciplinary And Cross-National Collaborative Learning Environments, Arpasri Tewata, Krittika Inta, Supornphan Konchiab, Tawan Watakit, Sumana Sorathiwa

Journal of Education Studies

This research aimed to 1) compare students’ entrepreneurial skills before and after participating in design thinking activities under a multidisciplinary and international collaborative learning project, and 2) investigate the relationships between each phase of the design thinking process and entrepreneurial skills. The participants were 60 Thai students from a university in northern Thailand who were selected to participate in the international collaboration program. The research instruments included an entrepreneurial skills questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results showed 1) students’ entrepreneurial skills significantly improved after participating in the program, particularly …


Bridging The Chinese Language Curriculum In Thailand: Alignment And Development Strategies For Transitioning From Secondary To The Expectations Of Higher Education, Apisara Pornrattananukul Sep 2025

Bridging The Chinese Language Curriculum In Thailand: Alignment And Development Strategies For Transitioning From Secondary To The Expectations Of Higher Education, Apisara Pornrattananukul

Journal of Education Studies

This study aimed to 1) analyze and compare the alignment of content standards, competency standards, and language proficiency levels between the Chinese language learning standards in Thailand’s Basic Education Core Curriculum (2008) at the upper secondary level and the Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education at the elementary level (implemented on July 1, 2021); 2) propose a set of guidelines for developing secondary-school Chinese language curricula that articulate with the Chinese Proficiency Standards for International Chinese Language Education at Level 3 (issued in 2021). The research utilized a custom-designed content analysis form. The analysis focused on three …


Validity And Reliability Assessment Of Cross-Culturally Adapted Bebras Test For Evaluating Computational Thinking In Junior High School Students, Jarupa Kitcharoenpanya, Pongprapan Pongsophon, Ekarat Tanak Sep 2025

Validity And Reliability Assessment Of Cross-Culturally Adapted Bebras Test For Evaluating Computational Thinking In Junior High School Students, Jarupa Kitcharoenpanya, Pongprapan Pongsophon, Ekarat Tanak

Journal of Education Studies

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Bebras test, which was cross-culturally adapted and adjusted to fit the Thai context. Both Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Modern Test Theory (MTT) were employed to analyze the data. The sample comprised of 115 grade 9 students. The research instrument was the Bebras test, a standardized assessment developed by Vilnius University in Lithuania. Data analysis employed CTT, yielding an average difficulty index of 0.57 and an average discrimination index of 0.42. Additionally, the Rasch model was applied to assess the students’ abilities and item difficulties. The findings revealed that …


Sibling Species Differently Distributed Around A Co2 Vent Show Transplantation Proteomic Remodelling, While Displaying Metabolomic Signatures Associated With Their Origin, Lucy Turner Sep 2025

Sibling Species Differently Distributed Around A Co2 Vent Show Transplantation Proteomic Remodelling, While Displaying Metabolomic Signatures Associated With Their Origin, Lucy Turner

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The cellular homeostatic response (CHR) and cellular stress response (CSR) work together to maintain homeostasis. Studying phylogenetically closely-related species inhabiting different environments can help investigate the interplay between the CHR and CSR. We conducted reciprocal in situ transplant experiments in a natural CO2 vent (Ischia, Italy), using the sibling annelid species Platynereis cf.. dumerilii and Platynereis cf.. massiliensis which have been shown to have different preferential distributions around the CO2 vent. Following transplantations, we characterised the response of each individual’s proteome, metabolome, and lipidome, to short or long-term exposure to different pCO2 regimes (i.e., high and low), and confirmed its …


Psychiatry Of Intellectual Disability In The Uk: Looking Back, Moving Forward, Rohit Shankar, Richard Laugharne Sep 2025

Psychiatry Of Intellectual Disability In The Uk: Looking Back, Moving Forward, Rohit Shankar, Richard Laugharne

Peninsula Medical School

In this century, psychiatry for people with intellectual disability in the United Kingdom has undergone profound shifts, shaped by deinstitutionalization, legislative reform, a focus on psychotropic reduction, an increasing recognition of the premature mortality, and a growing recognition of rights-based, person-centred approaches. Despite progress, entrenched challenges remain, including fragmented services, inconsistent outcome measures, inappropriate psychotropic prescribing, and health inequalities. The coming decades promise transformative opportunities through genomics, digital health, and personalized interventions, through integrated management of co-occurring conditions, but risk deepening inequities if inclusion is not intentional. This paper synthesizes past developments, including the impact of abuse scandals, legal reforms, …


Refining The Geochronologic Framework Of The Early Cretaceous Nonmarine Western Interior Basin, Usa, Jack Fekete Sep 2025

Refining The Geochronologic Framework Of The Early Cretaceous Nonmarine Western Interior Basin, Usa, Jack Fekete

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The Early to mid-Cretaceous marks a period of dynamic shifts in tectonism, depositional environments, climate, and biota across the mid-North American continent. However, despite their importance for understanding crucial biotic and geologic transitions during this period, nonmarine Early Cretaceous strata of the Western Interior Basin (WIB) remain poorly constrained geochronologically. Radiometric dating of syndepositional detrital minerals, such as ash-fall zircon, offers a solution to refining geochronologic frameworks. However, a magmatic lull in the Cordilleran magmatic arc during the Early Cretaceous limited the delivery of syndepositional zircon to the WIB, impeding such refinement. In this dissertation, I developed and tested new …


Current States In Understanding Oligodendroglia-Mediated Neurological Issues In Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Nf1), Benjamin E Aghoghovwia, Cheng-En Shen, Sabiha Bano, Nandini Shyamala, Alesandra Echeandia Marrero, Khushboo Irshad, Samer Sharafaldin, Nicole M Brossier, Yuan Pan Sep 2025

Current States In Understanding Oligodendroglia-Mediated Neurological Issues In Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Nf1), Benjamin E Aghoghovwia, Cheng-En Shen, Sabiha Bano, Nandini Shyamala, Alesandra Echeandia Marrero, Khushboo Irshad, Samer Sharafaldin, Nicole M Brossier, Yuan Pan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is among the most common neurogenetic disorders and is associated with an increased risk of developing tumors in the nervous system. Additionally, up to 80% of patients with NF1 experience neurological complications, including deficits in attention, memory, and executive function. Significant effort has been dedicated to studying how NF1 mutations autonomously dysregulate neuronal function. Increasing evidence indicates that NF1 mutations also dysregulate the oligodendroglial lineage that contributes to neurological issues in NF1. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how NF1 mutations impact the oligodendroglial lineage homeostasis and plasticity. We also discuss gaps in knowledge, potential …


In Vivo Crispr Screening In Head And Neck Cancer Reveals Uchl5 As An Immunotherapy Target, Cong Fu, Zahra Alipour, Douglas R Adkins, Rebecca D Chernock, Et Al. Sep 2025

In Vivo Crispr Screening In Head And Neck Cancer Reveals Uchl5 As An Immunotherapy Target, Cong Fu, Zahra Alipour, Douglas R Adkins, Rebecca D Chernock, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with a significant unmet need for enhancing immunotherapy response given current modest efficacy. Here, we perform an in vivo CRISPR screen in an HNSCC mouse model to identify immune evasion genes. We identify several regulators of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response, including the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 5 (UCHL5). Loss of Uchl5 in tumors increases CD8


Chimes: September 29, 2025, Calvin University Sep 2025

Chimes: September 29, 2025, Calvin University

Chimes

Calvin's international population remains high amid uncertainty by Ashley Hamons

Calvin celebrates 150 years with homecoming weekend by Ellery Johnson

When it rains it pours: Torrential rains bring flooding around campus by Maya Oeverman & McKenna Wilkinson

"Pioneers": Calvin's Triathlon team leaves lasting legacy after being cut by Zach Kern & Hendrik Beelen

Explainer: Creeds, Confessions and what they mean for Calvin by Joe Toly


Motion Impact Score For Detecting Spurious Brain-Behavior Associations, Benjamin P Kay, David F Montez, Scott Marek, Joshua S Siegel, Babatunde Adeyemo, Timothy O Laumann, Athanasia Metoki, Roselyne J Chauvin, Andrew N Van, Vahdeta Suljic, Samuel R Krimmel, Ryland L Miller, Dillan J Newbold, Annie Zheng, Nicole A Seider, Kristen M Scheidter, Julia S Monk, Jarod L Roland, Evan M Gordon, Abraham Z Snyder, Deanna M Barch, Nico U F Dosenbach, Et Al. Sep 2025

Motion Impact Score For Detecting Spurious Brain-Behavior Associations, Benjamin P Kay, David F Montez, Scott Marek, Joshua S Siegel, Babatunde Adeyemo, Timothy O Laumann, Athanasia Metoki, Roselyne J Chauvin, Andrew N Van, Vahdeta Suljic, Samuel R Krimmel, Ryland L Miller, Dillan J Newbold, Annie Zheng, Nicole A Seider, Kristen M Scheidter, Julia S Monk, Jarod L Roland, Evan M Gordon, Abraham Z Snyder, Deanna M Barch, Nico U F Dosenbach, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

In-scanner head motion introduces systematic bias to resting-state fMRI functional connectivity (FC) not completely removed by denoising algorithms. Researchers studying traits associated with motion (e.g. psychiatric disorders) need to know if their trait-FC relationships are impacted by residual motion to avoid reporting false positive results. We devised Split Half Analysis of Motion Associated Networks (SHAMAN) to assign a motion impact score to specific trait-FC relationships. SHAMAN distinguishes between motion causing overestimation or underestimation of trait-FC effects. We assessed 45 traits from n = 7270 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. After standard denoising with ABCD-BIDS and without …


Current States In Understanding Oligodendroglia-Mediated Neurological Issues In Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Nf1), Benjamin E Aghoghovwia, Cheng-En Shen, Sabiha Bano, Nandini Shyamala, Alesandra Echeandia Marrero, Khushboo Irshad, Samer Sharafaldin, Nicole M Brossier, Yuan Pan Sep 2025

Current States In Understanding Oligodendroglia-Mediated Neurological Issues In Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Nf1), Benjamin E Aghoghovwia, Cheng-En Shen, Sabiha Bano, Nandini Shyamala, Alesandra Echeandia Marrero, Khushboo Irshad, Samer Sharafaldin, Nicole M Brossier, Yuan Pan

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is among the most common neurogenetic disorders and is associated with an increased risk of developing tumors in the nervous system. Additionally, up to 80% of patients with NF1 experience neurological complications, including deficits in attention, memory, and executive function. Significant effort has been dedicated to studying how NF1 mutations autonomously dysregulate neuronal function. Increasing evidence indicates that NF1 mutations also dysregulate the oligodendroglial lineage that contributes to neurological issues in NF1. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how NF1 mutations impact the oligodendroglial lineage homeostasis and plasticity. We also discuss gaps in knowledge, potential …


Re: Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit Berkeley Pit And Discharge Pilot Project – August 2025 Monthly Discharge Monitoring Report, Mark Thompson, Dave Griffis Sep 2025

Re: Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit Berkeley Pit And Discharge Pilot Project – August 2025 Monthly Discharge Monitoring Report, Mark Thompson, Dave Griffis

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.


Structural Variation Of The Right Coronary Ostium And Its Implications To Cardiac Medicine, Jessica L. Hensley, Joseph X. Anders, Timothy Robinson, William Srinivasan, Donald G. Matz, Ethan L. Snow Sep 2025

Structural Variation Of The Right Coronary Ostium And Its Implications To Cardiac Medicine, Jessica L. Hensley, Joseph X. Anders, Timothy Robinson, William Srinivasan, Donald G. Matz, Ethan L. Snow

The Journal of Integrative Physiology

Introduction: The high oxygen demand of the heart’s myocardium is met via perfusion through the coronary arterial system. During embryological development, the right (RCA) and left (LMCA) coronary arteries fuse onto the aortic root, creating right (RCO) and left (LCO) ostial openings respectively to join the closed circulatory system. Regardless of their widely variable branching patterns, the ability of the RCA and LMCA to perfuse the myocardium initially relies on the functional patency of the coronary ostia. The objective of this study is to examine a unique extra-ostial tissue structure found overlying an RCO and provide a literature-based discussion of …