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Understanding The Intersections Of Pregnancy, Ipv, And Hiv Risk Among Youth In The Galápagos, Natalia Andrea Villegas Rodriguez, Rainier Masa, Cindy Fraga-Rizzo, Mimi Chapman, Brian A. Garcia, Lucero Rocha-Dela Cruz, Lizbeth Arvizu, Amy Kaiser Aug 2026

Understanding The Intersections Of Pregnancy, Ipv, And Hiv Risk Among Youth In The Galápagos, Natalia Andrea Villegas Rodriguez, Rainier Masa, Cindy Fraga-Rizzo, Mimi Chapman, Brian A. Garcia, Lucero Rocha-Dela Cruz, Lizbeth Arvizu, Amy Kaiser

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background and Purpose: Ecuador has one of the highest rates of youth pregnancy and intimate partner violence (IPV) (1). Youth pregnancy and IPV may also increase other risks, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (2). In Ecuador, HIV remains a concentrated epidemic that disproportionately affects youth aged 15–24 (2,3). Despite nationwide concern, little is known about these issues in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador. The unique context of the Galapagos requires a distinct exploration of pathways linking youth pregnancy, IPV and HIV. The purpose of this study is to understand young adults’ perspectives about risk and protective factors for youth …


Unmanned Aerial Support Program In Portland Police Bureau: A Case Study, Eiryn Renouard Aug 2026

Unmanned Aerial Support Program In Portland Police Bureau: A Case Study, Eiryn Renouard

Dissertations and Theses

With the Portland Police Bureau (PPB) adopting drone technology in 2024 as a tactical tool, officers have begun to experience change in the way they approach their roles as they learn to work in conjunction with this new technology. Known as the Unmanned Aerial Support program (UAS), this drone program is embedded into PPB's patrol unit. The recency of the program offers an opportunity to examine how a new program using new technology builds its culture and impacts the perspectives and behaviors of its participating officers. By interviewing officers and conducting field observations of the officers and drones in action, …


Brief Of Amici Curiae Scholars For The Advancement Of Children’S Constitutional Rights In Support Of Respondents: St. Mary Catholic Parish V. Roy, Catherine Smith, Tanya Washington, Robin Walker Sterling, Suzette Malveaux, Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, Sara S. Hildebrand, Abigail L. Fleming, Jeremiah Chin Aug 2026

Brief Of Amici Curiae Scholars For The Advancement Of Children’S Constitutional Rights In Support Of Respondents: St. Mary Catholic Parish V. Roy, Catherine Smith, Tanya Washington, Robin Walker Sterling, Suzette Malveaux, Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, Sara S. Hildebrand, Abigail L. Fleming, Jeremiah Chin

Scholarly Articles

This Court should consider those most directly impacted by the decision in this case: the intended beneficiaries of Colorado’s Universal Preschool Program (“UPK”), Colorado’s children. To paraphrase Shakespeare, though they be but little, they are constitutional rights-bearers and are thus entitled to be free from state-funded discrimination.

Amici are scholars of children and the law, education law, family law, and anti-discrimination law. Amici draw this Court’s attention to the significant harms children in the LGBT community would bear should Colorado be compelled to allow state-funded religious schools to discriminate against preschoolers. Exempting religious schools from the State’s equal-opportunity and antidiscrimination …


Faculty Senate Charges 2026-2027_8.24.26, Faculty Senate Aug 2026

Faculty Senate Charges 2026-2027_8.24.26, Faculty Senate

Faculty Senate Charges

Each year, the President and Executive Committee work together to develop charges for the Faculty Senate's standing committees. These charges lay out goals for the Senate's work over the year 2026-2027.


Embedding Transformative Social Emotional Learning Into Writing Instruction, Kristen Holsomback Aug 2026

Embedding Transformative Social Emotional Learning Into Writing Instruction, Kristen Holsomback

Masters Projects

In order for students to succeed in writing tasks they must have social emotional competencies in self-regulation, engagement, and relationship skills. Many teachers are unprepared to teach these SEL competencies embedded in writing instruction. This project explores the need to embed Transformative SEL within writing instruction with a framework in culturally sustaining pedagogies. With a background in sociocognitive theory and sociocultural theory, this project seeks to equip teachers with the skills necessary to address students SEL competencies of: self-regulation, self-awareness, and relationship skills. Self-regulation skills comprise goal setting, self-instructions, self-monitoring, and self-reinforcement. Self-awareness skills include self-efficacy and student engagement. Relationship …


Distributed Avionics As A Foundational Architecture For Cubesat Constellations And Swarms, Aaron S. Swagei, Ali Guarneros-Luna Aug 2026

Distributed Avionics As A Foundational Architecture For Cubesat Constellations And Swarms, Aaron S. Swagei, Ali Guarneros-Luna

Small Satellite Conference

Motivation

CubeSat constellations and swarms require spacecraft that can tolerate subsystem faults without relying exclusively on a single centralized flight computer. Distributing sensing, control, and fault-management authority can improve containment and enable graceful degradation.

Objective

Develop and experimentally evaluate a distributed CubeSat avionics architecture in which subsystem nodes retain local fault-management authority while an F´-based OBC provides mission-level coordination.

The FlatSat is used as a representative spacecraft-level building block for future constellation and swarm architectures.


August 24, 2026, The Daily Mississippian Aug 2026

August 24, 2026, The Daily Mississippian

Daily Mississippian (all digitized issues)

No abstract provided.


Perfect Storm Impeding Strategic Leadership Decision-Making At Uc Berkeley, John Kraft, Arthur Kraft, Hank Adler Aug 2026

Perfect Storm Impeding Strategic Leadership Decision-Making At Uc Berkeley, John Kraft, Arthur Kraft, Hank Adler

Business Faculty Articles and Research

Exogenous events have disrupted higher education and impacted the decision-making skills of university presidents. While all university presidents are affected, the problem is most acute at the thirty-six AAU members of the power four conferences. The exogenous events were the precipitous cancellation of federal research grants, the on again and off again restrictions on both new and current foreign students studying at US universities, the proposed 15% limit on indirect costs, the tax on university endowments, the changes in student loan programs, the annual $20.5 million NIL revenue sharing settlement for Division I (DI) athletes, and their share of the …


Supporting The Humans In Human Services: Understanding The Impacts Of Indirect Trauma Exposures & Promoting Resilience To Bolster Professional Wellbeing And Strengthen Service Provision, Mandy Jr O'Malley Aug 2026

Supporting The Humans In Human Services: Understanding The Impacts Of Indirect Trauma Exposures & Promoting Resilience To Bolster Professional Wellbeing And Strengthen Service Provision, Mandy Jr O'Malley

Master of Arts in Human Services

The on-going exposure to the trauma of others that is regularly experienced in the daily work of human service professionals carries with it risks to the wellbeing of the individual professional, the health of the organization in which they work and to the quality of care that they are providing. The scope of the effects that are experienced both acutely and over time include, among others, mental and physical exhaustion, mental health symptoms that mirror those of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in those directly impacted by trauma, changes in worldview, and dramatic reductions in empathy. By understanding the consequences of …


Islamic Business Ethics, Muslim Feminism, And The Rhetorical Construction Of Entrepreneurial Legitimacy: Evidence From Emirati Women, Hayfaa A. Tlaiss, Valerie Priscilla Goby Aug 2026

Islamic Business Ethics, Muslim Feminism, And The Rhetorical Construction Of Entrepreneurial Legitimacy: Evidence From Emirati Women, Hayfaa A. Tlaiss, Valerie Priscilla Goby

All Works

Despite the United Arab Emirates’ state-led promotion of women’s entrepreneurship as central to national transformation, Emirati women entrepreneurs continue to face patriarchal norms that frame entrepreneurship as a masculine domain, rendering their entrepreneurial legitimacy both precarious and contested. Based on in-depth interviews, this study examines how women entrepreneurs construct entrepreneurial legitimacy within a patriarchal Muslim context, marked by a tension between empowerment rhetoric and gendered constraints. Drawing on Suddaby and Greenwood’s (2005) framework of rhetorical legitimation together with Islamic business ethics and Muslim feminism, we demonstrate how Emirati women entrepreneurs mobilise state-led empowerment and national transformation discourses to construct entrepreneurial …


Spatial Reconstructability Analysis: Information-Theoretic Modeling Of Categorical Raster Data, David Percy Aug 2026

Spatial Reconstructability Analysis: Information-Theoretic Modeling Of Categorical Raster Data, David Percy

Dissertations and Theses

This research focuses on the application of Reconstructability Analysis (RA), an information-theoretic machine learning (ML) methodology, to categorical spatial data in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). RA was developed in the systems community with applications including classification, prediction, pattern recognition, and decision analysis. RA is implemented in OCCAM (Organizational Complexity Computation and Modeling), a software suite developed at Portland State University that analyzes discrete data in tabular form, with observations in rows and variables in columns. While RA has been successfully applied to a variety of domains, no systematic application to georeferenced raster data arranged in regular grids has been previously …


Comparison Of Cubesat And Pocketqube Mission Timelines And Costs, Benjamin Skinner, Brian Damitz, Nathan Ford, Brian Iverson, David Long Aug 2026

Comparison Of Cubesat And Pocketqube Mission Timelines And Costs, Benjamin Skinner, Brian Damitz, Nathan Ford, Brian Iverson, David Long

Small Satellite Conference

PocketQube missions promise to reduce costs, speed up development timelines, and increase pedagogical value. We compared this mission format to CubeSat mission to compare relative strengths and weaknesses.


Experimental And Analytical Investigation Of Low-Power Resistojet Performance For Small Satellites, Ryan Mcpherson, Daniel Kichma, Nathan Paes, Benoit Larouche, Robert E. Zee Aug 2026

Experimental And Analytical Investigation Of Low-Power Resistojet Performance For Small Satellites, Ryan Mcpherson, Daniel Kichma, Nathan Paes, Benoit Larouche, Robert E. Zee

Small Satellite Conference

  • Small satellite missions increasingly require propulsion systems that can deliver meaningful maneuverability within tight limits on mass, volume, and power.
  • Water resistojet thrusters are attractive for this class of spacecraft because they are simple, nontoxic, and compatible with typical small satellite power budgets, but achieving efficient performance at low power remains challenging.
  • This work addresses that gap through coupled thermo-fluid modeling, parametric trade studies, and experimental characterization of low-power water resistojet prototypes using a low-cost vacuum testbed. 


Herding Cubecats: Challenges And Lessons Learned From A Student-Led Cubesat Organization, Matthew Verbryke, Samuel Kohls, Nathan Nguyen, Michael Carovillano, Donghoon Kim Aug 2026

Herding Cubecats: Challenges And Lessons Learned From A Student-Led Cubesat Organization, Matthew Verbryke, Samuel Kohls, Nathan Nguyen, Michael Carovillano, Donghoon Kim

Small Satellite Conference

1. What is CubeCats?

CubeCats is a student-led technical engineering organization founded in 2015 at the University of Cincinnati (UC) with the mission of providing its members with hands-on, educational experience in space systems engineering, primarily through the design, development, testing, launch, and operation of flight-worthy CubeSats and High Altitude Balloons.

CubeCats’ operating model differs significantly from many university-based satellite programs:

  • The organization is entirely managed and run by students, the majority of whom are undergraduates (UC faculty and staff serve primarily in an advisory role)
  • The organization is entirely volunteer-based, with no direct integration into coursework or on-campus research …


Minimum Variable Speed Control Moment Gyros (Vscmg) Cluster Sizing For Full Three-Axis Smallsat Attitude Control: A Numerical Study, Khang Nguyen, Christopher Damaren Aug 2026

Minimum Variable Speed Control Moment Gyros (Vscmg) Cluster Sizing For Full Three-Axis Smallsat Attitude Control: A Numerical Study, Khang Nguyen, Christopher Damaren

Small Satellite Conference

Small satellites demand high-resolution imaging, optical inter-satellite links, precision science — demand agile, accurate attitude control under tight mass, volume, and power.

Momentum-exchange actuators are the standard propellant-free solution:

  • Reaction wheels: precise, but low torque authority
  • CMGs: high torque, but singularity-prone
  • VSCMGs: variable wheel speed and gimbal angle → high torque, added DOFs for singularity avoidance, dual RW/CMG operation

The gap: VSCMG research has focused on 4-unit pyramid clusters, whose redundancy costs actuator count, volume, and power — resources SmallSats can least afford. The minimum cluster size for practical three-axis control is not well established.


Power Simulation Framework For Korucusat-2 Using Freeflyer, Sahil Singh, Annabel Rong, Mukund Karthikeyan Aug 2026

Power Simulation Framework For Korucusat-2 Using Freeflyer, Sahil Singh, Annabel Rong, Mukund Karthikeyan

Small Satellite Conference

A FreeFlyer-based power simulation was developed for KORUCUSAT-2, a low Earth orbit CubeSat designed to monitor silicon-anode battery behavior in space. The spacecraft model uses body-mounted solar panels with five modules on each of the +X, -X, +Y, and -Y faces. The simulation integrates orbital propagation, Earth shadowing, Sun-incidence angle, ground-station visibility, mode-dependent subsystem loads, and battery-state propagation to estimate electrical margin. Battery watt-hours and normalized state of charge are updated at each 30 s step so that critical, low-power, operations, and transmission modes can be evaluated against stored-energy limits. The framework provides a traceable prelaunch test bench for power-system …


Solar-Assisted Battery Charging For The Chipsat Architecture: Chipsat Updates And Validation For The Descent Mission, Mark Lohatepanont, Joshua Umansky-Castro, Val Zeitlin, Matthew Hurford, Mason Peck, Andrew Filo, Alex Burke Aug 2026

Solar-Assisted Battery Charging For The Chipsat Architecture: Chipsat Updates And Validation For The Descent Mission, Mark Lohatepanont, Joshua Umansky-Castro, Val Zeitlin, Matthew Hurford, Mason Peck, Andrew Filo, Alex Burke

Small Satellite Conference

DeSCENT is a suborbital mission to deploy 100 ChipSats from Blue Origin's New Shepard near 100 km altitude. The experiment characterizes ChipSat free-fall kinematics and dispersion, and demonstrates their potential for distributed atmospheric sensing. The updated ChipSat combines rechargeable energy storage and body-mounted solar cells with GPS, sensing, onboard logging, and 915 MHz LoRa communications. Lab testing and high-altitude balloon flights validate integrated power operation and long-range communications performance. Preliminary mechanical testing supports the remaining deployment and flight-verification effort.


Toward Plug-And-Play Sensor Integration: A Multi-Protocol Hardware Bridge For Nanosatellites, Pawan Kumar, Moritz P. Heimbach, Shayarrn Khatiwada, Jiten Thapa, Marco Schmidt Aug 2026

Toward Plug-And-Play Sensor Integration: A Multi-Protocol Hardware Bridge For Nanosatellites, Pawan Kumar, Moritz P. Heimbach, Shayarrn Khatiwada, Jiten Thapa, Marco Schmidt

Small Satellite Conference

COTS sensors speak many protocols; but the satellite bus understands only a few. An FPGA hardware bridge board reroutes heterogeneous sensor protocols (UART, SPI, RS-422, RS-485) to the single communication channel with minimum latency supporting plug-and-play with no bus redesign.


A Proposed Development Process For A Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing System For Cubesat Components, Vahini N. Patel, Victoria Coverstone Aug 2026

A Proposed Development Process For A Hardware-In-The-Loop Testing System For Cubesat Components, Vahini N. Patel, Victoria Coverstone

Small Satellite Conference

Hardware-in-the-loop testing systems, commonly known as FlatSats, are testbed systems in which spacecraft subsystems, such as the onboard computer (OBC), power system, attitude determination and control system (ADCS), and communications, are laid flat and interconnected as they would be in an actual spacecraft. This arrangement gives easy access to each subsystem, enabling hardware and software testing and troubleshooting without risking fully assembled flight hardware.

FlatSats are widely used throughout the aerospace industry, from government agencies like ESA and NASA to private companies and university research labs, due to their versatility in enabling parallel development. This accelerates timelines and reduces …


Software For The Alpha Cubesat Mission: System Architecture, Development, And Testing Behind Successful Flight Operations, Eric Zhang, Jonathan Ma, Joshua Umansky-Castro, Lauren Greenhill, Duncan Mcdonald, Damian Hackett, Maria Boza, Cameron Goddard Aug 2026

Software For The Alpha Cubesat Mission: System Architecture, Development, And Testing Behind Successful Flight Operations, Eric Zhang, Jonathan Ma, Joshua Umansky-Castro, Lauren Greenhill, Duncan Mcdonald, Damian Hackett, Maria Boza, Cameron Goddard

Small Satellite Conference

Alpha CubeSat is a 1U CubeSat designed, built, and operated by a student-led team at Cornell University. Its primary mission is to deploy a free-flying lightsail in low Earth orbit, carrying gram-scale "ChipSat" flight computers as a demonstration of low-cost distributed sensing in space. The spacecraft was built around commercial, off-the-shelf hardware, including a Teensy 3.5 microcontroller as the primary flight computer and a RockBLOCK Iridium modem for communication, and was developed and flown under the constraints that define a student program: a small power budget, a rotating team, limited development time, and an intermittent operations radio link. The CubeSat …


Faculty Senate Executive Committee Agenda August 24, 2026, Utah State University Aug 2026

Faculty Senate Executive Committee Agenda August 24, 2026, Utah State University

Faculty Senate & Faculty Senate Executive Committee

3:00 Call to Order

Approval of Minutes - April 13, 2026

3:05 University Business

3:20 Faculty Senate Business

3:35 Reports

EPC Annual Report

Empowering Teaching Excellence

Center for Instructional Design and Innovation

4:00 Additional Business

Adjourn: 4:30 pm


Faculty Senate Executive Committee Minutes August 24, 2026, Utah State University Aug 2026

Faculty Senate Executive Committee Minutes August 24, 2026, Utah State University

Faculty Senate & Faculty Senate Executive Committee

  • Call to Order
  • Approval of Minutes - April 13, 2026
  • University Business
  • Faculty Senate Business
  • Reports
  • EPC Annual Report
  • Empowering Teaching Excellence (ETE)
  • Center for Instructional Design and Innovation
  • Additional Business
  • Adjourn: 4:39


Lighting Up The Moon: A Scheduling Framework For Cislunar Space Based Solar Power Orchestration, Vaibhav Bhosale, Andrew Woo, Ada Gavrilovska, Christopher R. Valenta, Ketan Bhardwaj Aug 2026

Lighting Up The Moon: A Scheduling Framework For Cislunar Space Based Solar Power Orchestration, Vaibhav Bhosale, Andrew Woo, Ada Gavrilovska, Christopher R. Valenta, Ketan Bhardwaj

Small Satellite Conference

Surviving the Lunar Night

  • 14 Earth day lunar nights
  • More batteries, more mass, higher cost


Leadership Practices And Their Influence On Employee Retention And Productivity In Group Homes, Tolif Bekele Gemechu Aug 2026

Leadership Practices And Their Influence On Employee Retention And Productivity In Group Homes, Tolif Bekele Gemechu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Employee retention and workforce productivity have consistently challenged residential group homes serving adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, reducing continuity of care, increasing costs, and limiting organizational effectiveness. This qualitative case study explored how leadership practices influenced employee retention, workforce productivity, and alignment with the Baldrige Excellence Framework. The study was guided by three research questions addressing leadership practices, employee engagement and retention, workforce productivity, and organizational alignment. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 DSPs and leaders and analysis of organizational documents, workforce records, policies, and procedures. Thematic analysis using NVivo software was conducted, with trustworthiness established through …


Registered Nurses’ Perceptions Of Relational Service Behaviors In Nursing Practice, Dadakpoye Tina Johnson Aug 2026

Registered Nurses’ Perceptions Of Relational Service Behaviors In Nursing Practice, Dadakpoye Tina Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nurses play a central role in shaping patient experiences through clinical care and relational service behaviors. However, little is known about registered nurses’ perceptions and experiences of relational service behaviors in contemporary health care settings. The purpose of this interpretive description qualitative study was to explore registered nurses’ perceptions and experiences of relational service behaviors and their role in promoting patient-centered care. Herzberg’s two-factor theory provided the conceptual framework for examining how intrinsic motivators and extrinsic workplace factors influence relational engagement. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 registered nurses from diverse clinical practice settings. Interview data were analyzed using Braun …


Ndls Communicator: Week Of 08.24.26, Notre Dame Law School Aug 2026

Ndls Communicator: Week Of 08.24.26, Notre Dame Law School

NDLS Communicator

The Latest News

  • Notre Dame Law School Welcomes New Faculty Members for 2026–27 Academic Year
  • ND Law Professor Jimmy Gurulé Leads Trainings for Mexican Foreign Affairs Officials and Advances the Program for the Defense of Mexican Nationals

Faculty Briefs

  • Rick Garnett
  • Roger Alford
  • Msr. John Paul Kimes
  • Mary Ellen O'Connell
  • Judy Fox
  • Vinny Versagli

[Almuni Notes]

  • Dennis Wieboldt '26 J.S.
Events
  • Faculty and Staff Kick Off Luncheon
  • Western Legal Exceptionalism and the Test of Comparative Law Talk by Matteo Niccolini, Associate Professor of Comparative Public Law, University of Verona, Italy
  • Faculty Meeting
Looking Ahead
  • The University of Notre Dame is …


Becoming Blind: Innovative Nurse Case Management For Improved Outcomes, Amie Koch Aug 2026

Becoming Blind: Innovative Nurse Case Management For Improved Outcomes, Amie Koch

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Globally over 338 million people live with blindness or moderate to severe vision impairment, and is predicted to double by 2025. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder that causes sudden, severe vision impairment. Onset can occur throughout the lifespan, however it most often occurs during the teen/young adult years in males and young adult/middle age for females. LHON-affected individuals face health-care barriers, financial hardship, and psychosocial challenges. Individuals with LHON vision impairment are at increased risk for unintentional injuries, loneliness, depression, anxiety, and lower quality of life. A non-profit organization supporting LHON patients collaborated with …


Staff Education To Improve Healthcare Staff Knowledge Of An Electronic Scheduling System In An Intensive Outpatient Program (Iop), Catherine Kinyili Aug 2026

Staff Education To Improve Healthcare Staff Knowledge Of An Electronic Scheduling System In An Intensive Outpatient Program (Iop), Catherine Kinyili

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This Doctor of Nursing Practice staff education project aimed to improve staff knowledge of the newly implemented electronic scheduling and booking kiosk system. A transition from a paper-based to an electronic scheduling system led to reduced staff efficiency, communication challenges, scheduling errors, and delays in patient care. An evaluation identified inconsistent staff knowledge of the newly implemented electronic scheduling system. The practice-focused question for the project was: Among healthcare staff in an intensive outpatient program, how does a one-time structured education and training session affect staff knowledge of a new electronic scheduling system? The purpose of this project was to …


Strategies For Recruiting Skilled Field Accountants, Gale James Aug 2026

Strategies For Recruiting Skilled Field Accountants, Gale James

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The inability of accounting leaders to recruit skilled accountants can negatively affect a business's profitability. Chief financial officers and accounting leaders who struggle to recruit accountants are at risk of business instability due to a shortage of skilled applicants. The purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore successful strategies accounting firm leaders used to recruit skilled accountants in North Carolina. This research project was grounded in transformational leadership framework and the decision field theory. The participants in this study consisted of five chief financial officers working at accounting firms who were able to recruit accountants. Data were collected …


Helio: Ai Solar Weather Forecasting For Proactive Small Satellite Constellation Response, Kylie Nager, James Kirk, Cagri Kilic Aug 2026

Helio: Ai Solar Weather Forecasting For Proactive Small Satellite Constellation Response, Kylie Nager, James Kirk, Cagri Kilic

Small Satellite Conference

Challenge:

Small satellite constellations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) operate in an environment directly exposed to space weather while providing communications, remote sensing, positioning, and other critical services. Geomagnetic storms heat and expand the thermosphere, increasing neutral density, atmospheric drag, and orbital decay. These effects are especially hazardous during post-deployment and orbit-raising operations when satellites remain at low altitude with limited propulsion and recovery margins.

Operational Gap:

NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center products provide essential situational awareness, but satellite operators must still translate environmental forecasts into spacecraft-specific decisions. This translation can introduce operational delay particularly when protective actions must be …