Digital Commons Network^™

Targeting Ccl2/Ccr2 Signaling Overcomes Mek Inhibitor Resistance In Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Rucha V Modak, Katia G De Oliveira Rebola, John Mcclatchy, Mona Mohammadhosseini, Alisa Damnernsawad, Stephen E Kurtz, Christopher A Eide, Guanming Wu, Ted Laderas, Tamilla Nechiporuk, Marina A Gritsenko, Joshua R Hansen, Chelsea Hutchinson, Sara J C Gosline, Paul Piehowski, Daniel Bottomly, Nicholas Short, Karin Rodland, Shannon K Mcweeney, Jeffrey W Tyner, Anupriya Agarwal

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: Emerging evidence underscores the critical role of extrinsic factors within the microenvironment in protecting leukemia cells from therapeutic interventions, driving disease progression, and promoting drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This finding emphasizes the need for the identification of targeted therapies that inhibit intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to overcome drug resistance in AML.

Experimental design: We performed a comprehensive analysis utilizing a cohort of ∼300 AML patient samples. This analysis encompassed the evaluation of secreted cytokines/growth factors, gene expression, and ex vivo drug sensitivity to small molecules. Our investigation pinpointed a notable association between elevated levels of CCL2 …

Temporal And Spatial Influences On Fawn Summer Survival In Pronghorn Populations: Management Implications From Noninvasive Monitoring, Cole A. Bleke, Eric M. Gese, Juan J. Villalba, Shane B. Roberts, Susannah S. French

Wildland Resources Student Research

Monitoring vital rates allows managers to estimate trends in growth rates of ungulate populations. However, connecting the influence of nutrition on ungulate demography is challenging. Noninvasive sampling offers a low-cost, low-effort alternative for measuring nutritional indices, allowing for an increased understanding of the mechanistic relationships between environmental factors, nutrition, and specific population vital rates. We examined the temporal influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) fawn recruitment. We collected fresh fecal samples from adult female pronghorn in five subpopulations spanning three sampling periods associated with critical maternal life-history stages (late gestation, early lactation, breeding season) …

A Robust Decision-Making Model For Medical Supplies Via Selecting Appropriate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Amira Salam, Mai Mohamed, Rui Yong, Jun Ye

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been used in many fields, including the field of health care, especially in delivering the necessary medical equipment and supplies, due to the many advantages they have compared to other traditional methods and the presence of different types of UAVs, to improve healthcare and provide it with the medical supplies and equipment necessary to save the lives of patients. Choosing the appropriate UAV for a specific situation represents a problem facing decision-makers, which is considered a multi-criteria decision-making problem. Since the decision-making process is cumbersome and complex, and deals with uncertainty and ambiguity. In …

Integrative Molecular Analyses Of The Md Anderson Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft (Mda Pca Pdx) Series, Nicolas Anselmino, Estefania Labanca, Peter D A Shepherd, Jiabin Dong, Jun Yang, Xiaofei Song, Subhiksha Nandakumar, Ritika Kundra, Cindy Lee, Nikolaus Schultz, Jianhua Zhang, John C Araujo, Ana M Aparicio, Sumit K Subudhi, Paul G Corn, Louis L Pisters, John F Ward, John W Davis, Elba S Vazquez, Geraldine Gueron, Christopher J Logothetis, Andrew Futreal, Patricia Troncoso, Yu Chen, Nora M Navone

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

PURPOSE: Develop and deploy a robust discovery platform that encompasses heterogeneity, clinical annotation, and molecular characterization and overcomes the limited availability of prostate cancer models. This initiative builds on the rich MD Anderson (MDA) prostate cancer (PCa) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) resource to complement existing publicly available databases by addressing gaps in clinically annotated models reflecting the heterogeneity of potentially lethal and lethal prostate cancer.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We performed whole-genome, targeted, and RNA sequencing in representative samples of the same tumor from 44 PDXs derived from 38 patients linked to donor tumor metadata and corresponding organoids. The cohort includes models derived …

The Calcineurin-Nfatc Pathway Modulates The Lipid Mediators In Bal Fluid Extracellular Vesicles, Thereby Regulating Microvascular Endothelial Cell Barrier Function, Manjula Karpurapu, Yunjuan Nie, Sangwoon Chung, Jiasheng Yan, Patrick Dougherty, Sonal Pannu, Jon Wisler, Ryan Harkless, Narasimham Parinandi, Evgeny Berdyshev, Dehua Pei, John W Christman

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transporting biologically active macromolecules. Our prior studies have demonstrated that the nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic member 3 (NFATc3) is activated in mouse pulmonary macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Inhibition of NFATc3 activation by a novel cell-permeable calcineurin peptide inhibitor CNI103 mitigated the development of acute lung injury (ALI) in LPS-treated mice. Although pro-inflammatory lipid mediators are known contributors to lung inflammation and injury, it remains unclear whether the calcineurin-NFATc pathway regulates extracellular vesicle (EV) lipid content and if this content contributes to ALI pathogenesis. In this study, EVs from mouse …

Postnatal Brain Trajectories And Maternal Intelligence Predict Childhood Outcomes In Complex Chd, Vincent K Lee, Rafael Ceschin, William T Reynolds, Benjamin Meyers, Julia Wallace, Douglas Landsittel, Heather M Joseph, Daryaneh Badaly, J William Gaynor, Daniel Licht, Nathaniel H Greene, Ken M Brady, Jill V Hunter, Zili D Chu, Elisabeth A Wilde, R Blaine Easley, Dean Andropoulos, Ashok Panigrahy

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: To determine whether early structural brain trajectories predict early childhood neurodevelopmental deficits in complex CHD patients and to assess relative cumulative risk profiles of clinical, genetic, and demographic risk factors across early development.

Study Design: Term neonates with complex CHDs were recruited at Texas Children’s Hospital from 2005–2011. Ninety-five participants underwent three structural MRI scans and three neurodevelopmental assessments. Brain region volumes and white matter tract fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity were used to calculate trajectories: perioperative, postsurgical, and overall. Gross cognitive, language, and visuo-motor outcomes were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and …

Ire1Α Determines Ferroptosis Sensitivity Through Regulation Of Glutathione Synthesis, Dadi Jiang, Youming Guo, Tianyu Wang, Liang Wang, Yuelong Yan, Ling Xia, Rakesh Bam, Zhifen Yang, Hyemin Lee, Takao Iwawaki, Boyi Gan, Albert C Koong

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis is primarily regulated by mechanisms mediating lipid hydroperoxide detoxification. We show that inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein critical for the unfolded protein response (UPR), also determines cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis. Cancer and normal cells depleted of IRE1α gain resistance to ferroptosis, while enhanced IRE1α expression promotes sensitivity to ferroptosis. Mechanistically, IRE1α's endoribonuclease activity cleaves and down-regulates the mRNA of key glutathione biosynthesis regulators glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11). This activity of IRE1α is independent of its role in regulating the UPR and is …

Heterogeneous Profile Of Ror1 Protein Expression Across Tumor Types, Maria Gabriela Raso, Elizve Barrientos Toro, Kurt Evans, Yasmeen Rizvi, Rossana Lazcano, Argun Akcakanat, Patrizia Sini, Francesca Trapani, Eva Johanna Madlener, Lorenz Waldmeier, Alexander Lazar, Funda Meric-Bernstam

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The Wnt receptor ROR1 has generated increased interest as a cancer therapeutic target. Research on several therapeutic approaches involving this receptor is ongoing; however, ROR1 tissue expression remains understudied. We performed an immunohistochemistry analysis of ROR1 protein expression in a large cohort of multiple tumor and histologic types. We analyzed 12 anonymized multi-tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs), including mesothelioma, esophageal and upper gastrointestinal carcinomas, and uterine endometrioid carcinoma, among other tumor types. Additionally, we studied 5 different sarcoma types of TMAs and 6 patient-derived xenografts (PDX) TMAs developed from 19 different anatomic sites and tumor histologic types. A total of 1142 …

Testing Hadronic-Model Predictions Of Depth Of Maximum Of Air-Shower Profiles And Ground-Particle Signals Using Hybrid Data Of The Pierre Auger Observatory, A. Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, K. Almeida Cheminant, A. Almela, B. Fick, K. Nguyen, D. Nitz, Et Al.

Michigan Tech Publications

We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles, Xmax, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core, S(1000), using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists of fitting the measured two-dimensional (S(1000), Xmax) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models epos-lhc, qgsjet-ii-04, sibyll 2.3d and leaving the scales of predicted Xmax and the signals from hadronic component at ground as free-fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains …

K(Now) W(Here), Yulin Yuan

Masters Theses, 2020-current

“How does one discover solace and belonging within these layered narratives?”

In mythology, narratives were once created to answer the incomprehensible questions of an era. These narratives unveil half-truths, customs, and convictions. K(now) W(here) is based on the experience of the artist who is Chinese and immigrated to South Africa at a young age; she elaborates the story about assimilation, authenticity, tales of her ancestral roots, and, most often, myths of identity.

The artist used narratives from Chinese mythology, collaged physically and metaphorically using tangible objects from other’s homes in combination with photography, digital media, and domestic items and assemblage …

Dose-Dependent Effects Of Gamma Radiation Sterilization On The Collagen Matrix Of Human Cortical Bone Allograft And Its Influence On Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance, Dylan B. Crocker, Thomas M. Hering, Ozan Akkus, Clare M. Rimnac

Student Scholarship

Fatigue crack propagation resistance and high-cycle S–N fatigue life of cortical bone allograft tissue are both negatively impacted in a radiation dose-dependent manner from 0 to 25 kGy. The standard radiation sterilization dose of 25–35 kGy has been shown to induce cleavage of collagen molecules into smaller peptides and accumulation of stable crosslinks within the collagen matrix, suggesting that these mechanisms may influence radiation-induced losses in cyclic fracture resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the radiation dose-dependency of collagen chain fragmentation and crosslink accumulation within the dose range of 0–25 kGy. Previously, cortical bone compact tension specimens …

Optimization And Applications Of Whispering Gallery Mode Microbubble Resonator, Maxwell Adolphson

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

Optical biosensors are frontrunners for rapid and real-time detection of analytes, particularly for low concentrations. Among them, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have recently attracted a growing focus due to their robust optomechanical and optofluidic features and high sensitivity, measuring down to single binding events in small volumes. With their unique advantages and their compatibility with different sensing modalities, these sensors have the potential to become major game changers for biomedical and environmental monitoring, among many other relevant target applications. In this dissertation we focus on one geometry of whispering gallery mode resonators, the microbubble resonator. This platform is unique, …

Collective Order And Group Structure Of Shoaling Fish Subject To Differing Risk-Level Treatments With A Sympatric Predator, Timothy M. Schaerf, Alexander D.M. Wilson, Mitchell Welch, Ashley J.W. Ward

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

It is imperative for individuals to exhibit flexible behaviour according to ecological context, such as available resources or predation threat. Manipulative studies on responses to threat often focus on behaviour in the presence of a single indicator for the potential of predation, whereas in the wild perception of threat will probably be more nuanced. Here, we examine the collective behaviour of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) subject to five differing threat scenarios relating to the presence and hunger state of a jade perch (Scortum barcoo). Across threat scenarios, groups exhibit unique behavioural profiles that differ in the durations that particular collective …

Lived Experience Of Burnout And Self-Efficacy In Intensive Care Unit Registered Nurses Caring For Covid-19 Patients In U.S. Hospitals, Trixie Alohilani Harris

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the physical and mental health of intensive care unit registered nurses (ICU RNs). Burnout in ICU RNs existed long before the pandemic; however, the massive increase in critically ill patients and the scarcity of supplies and qualified staff to care for these patients put RNs in a dangerous situation. Research addressed this topic early in the pandemic but were primarily quantitative, with minimal qualitative studies appearing later. There remained a gap in examining ICU RNs in rural hospitals in the United States. The research question for this hermeneutic phenomenological study explored the interpretation of the …

Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided Brillouin Microscopy Highlights Regional Tissue Stiffness Differences During Anterior Neural Tube Closure In The Mthfd1l Murine Mutant, Yogeshwari S Ambekar, Carlo Donato Caiaffa, Bogdan J Wlodarczyk, Manmohan Singh, Alexander W Schill, John W Steele, Jitao Zhang, Salavat R Aglyamov, Giuliano Scarcelli, Richard H Finnell, Kirill V Larin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Neurulation is a highly synchronized biomechanical process leading to the formation of the brain and spinal cord, and its failure leads to neural tube defects (NTDs). Although we are rapidly learning the genetic mechanisms underlying NTDs, the biomechanical aspects are largely unknown. To understand the correlation between NTDs and tissue stiffness during neural tube closure (NTC), we imaged an NTD murine model using optical coherence tomography (OCT), Brillouin microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here, we associate structural information from OCT with local stiffness from the Brillouin signal of embryos undergoing neurulation. The stiffness of neuroepithelial tissues in Mthfd1l null embryos …

Immunogenicity And Protective Capacity Of Sugar Abc Transporter Substrate-Binding Protein Against Streptococcus Suis Serotype 2, 7 And 9 Infection In Mice, Zujie Yan, Ruyi Pan, Junjie Zhang, Jianhe Sun, Xiaochun Ma, Nihua Dong, Xiaohui Yao, Jianchao Wei, Ke Liu, Yafeng Qiu, Katie Sealey, Hester Nichols, Michael A. Jarvis, Mathew Upton, Xiangdong Li, Zhiyong Ma, Juxiang Liu, Beibei Li

School of Biomedical Sciences

Background: Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes substantial disease in pigs. S. suis is also an emerging zoonoses in humans, primarily in Asia, through the consumption of undercooked pork and the handling of infected pig meat as well as carcasses. The complexity of S. suis epidemiology, characterized by the presence of multiple bacterial serotypes and strains with diverse sequence types, identifies a critical need for a universal vaccine with the ability to confer cross-protective immunity. Highly conserved immunogenic proteins are generally considered good candidate antigens for subunit universal vaccines. Methods: In this study, the cross-protection of …

College Students’ Domestic Kitchen Food Safety Perceptions And Knowledge, Kailing Chen, Zhihong Lin, Isabelle Do Prado, Zahra Mohammad, Karla M. Acosta, Sujata A. Sirsat

Journal of Extension

This study investigates college students’ current food safety knowledge and food-handling perceptions and utilized an online survey which designed based on previous studies as method. The questionnaire measured respondents’ food safety knowledge and perception, and were divided into knowledge, attitudes and perception categories. The results show that college students significantly lacked in basic food safety knowledge as well as food handling skills and implies a high need to develop enhanced food safety resources for college students, especially on topics related to cross-contamination prevention, correct food preparation procedures, time and temperature control, and awareness of pathogens that cause foodborne illness.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided Brillouin Microscopy Highlights Regional Tissue Stiffness Differences During Anterior Neural Tube Closure In The Mthfd1l Murine Mutant, Yogeshwari S Ambekar, Carlo Donato Caiaffa, Bogdan J Wlodarczyk, Manmohan Singh, Alexander W Schill, John W Steele, Jitao Zhang, Salavat R Aglyamov, Giuliano Scarcelli, Richard H Finnell, Kirill V Larin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Neurulation is a highly synchronized biomechanical process leading to the formation of the brain and spinal cord, and its failure leads to neural tube defects (NTDs). Although we are rapidly learning the genetic mechanisms underlying NTDs, the biomechanical aspects are largely unknown. To understand the correlation between NTDs and tissue stiffness during neural tube closure (NTC), we imaged an NTD murine model using optical coherence tomography (OCT), Brillouin microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here, we associate structural information from OCT with local stiffness from the Brillouin signal of embryos undergoing neurulation. The stiffness of neuroepithelial tissues in Mthfd1l null embryos …

Full Issue

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.

The Crucible Of War: The Personal History Of A Social Democrat In Nazi Germany, Michael Tetto

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

On Christmas Day 1943, Somewhere in Russia, Siegfried Sinz enjoyed a jovial moment with his unit of the German Army. It was a refreshing break from the trials of war, for he had been on the eastern front since June of 1941. Cautiousness, endemic of their proximity to the battle front, attended the preparations for the event. All windows needed to be sealed to prevent light from escaping into the night lest any Russians on patrol ascertain their location and attack. Unfortunately, someone did not seal one of the windows completely; a ray of light escaped to illuminate the darkened …

Elizabeth As Constantine: John Foxe And Holy Women, Courtney Jensen Peacock

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

One of the most frequently discussed issues in Renaissance feminist scholarship is the degree of authority and influence women held in their respective societies. During the sixteenth century, the most obvious indication of female power was the dramatic appearance of powerful female regents and monarchs. This was especially apparent in England, with Jane Gray, Mary Tudor, and Elizabeth Tudor each succeeding to the throne and initiating a succession of female domination for almost fifty years. Whereas women had been traditionally excluded from civil and religious authority, the advent of these female ru lers initiated a new discussion concerning the rights …

Dr. John Snow And The Nineteenthcentury British Cholera Crisis, Betsy A. Maughan

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

During the nineteenth century, Britain underwent attacks from a silent, determined killer. Invisible to the naked eye, this sinister enemy invaded towns, villages and homes with unforgiving stealth and cruelty. Lives were changed forever as panic, terror, and death overtook human habitats. The sneaky menace was Asiatic cholera. Although the first devastating British attack occurred during 1831-1832, London was fortunate enough to stay out of its destructive path. Luck ran out, however, as the second assault occurred during 1848-1849, consuming a good part of the city. Dr. John Snow, English physician, anesthetist and epidemiologist, dedicated most of his life to …

We Are Family Female Daoists, Their Institutions, And The State, Megan Holm

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

During the Tang Dynasty, Daoism put a measure of holiness on princesses who would not marry, consorts who meddled in state affairs, royal widows who would not completely retire, and maidens who would not marry. These seemingly subversive women were reincorporated into society through Daoism, and at the same time were allowed an incredible amount of personal autonomy. The freedom of Tang society enabled women to become Daoist adepts and nuns, whether seriously or in name only, within Daoist institutions that served as their new family structure.

Rapid Industrialization And Slave Labor: The Economics Of The Soviet Gulag, 1928-1940, Jeffrey S. Hardy

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Alexander Solzhenitsyn's epic work The Gulag Archipelago opened Western eyes to the unfathomable horror endured by millions of people in the forced-labor camps of the Soviet Union. Since then, countless books, articles, memoirs, etc., have been devoted to explaining the origins of the Gulag, the lives of convicts within this prison system, and the number of people who perished as a result of it. This last aspect in recent years has drawn a disproportionate amount of discussion within the scholarly (and nonscholarly) community, as if an exact number is necessary to compare Joseph Stalin with other brutal dictators, or to …

Protestant Missionaries Catalysts In The Abolition Of Foot-Binding In China, Aaron Anderson

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

Known as the "custom that lasted a thousand years," the binding of women's feet in imperial China was practiced by women of all social classes. 1 When Protestant missionaries began to establish mission stations in Qing Dynasty China during the 1800s, they came face to face with foot-binding at its zenith. 2 In the absence of official statistics documenting how prevalent the custom was, a missionary observer's estimate that roughly 90% of the Chinese women had bound feet serves as a revealing clue of the practice's universal acceptance.3 Considering how widely practiced and long-lasting the tradition of foot-binding was, the …

Paper_Coal Combustion Residuals – Productive, Reliable, And Sustainable Approaches To Remediation, Dave Donahue, Faizan Chowdhury, Max Swoboda

World of Coal Ash Proceedings

Coal combustion residuals (CCRs) are the second-largest waste material in the U.S., behind household garbage. As such, it is vital that CCRs are correctly managed to prevent environmental damage and safeguard human and animal health. With almost 5 billion tons of coal ash stored by utilities at more than 1,000 sites across the U.S. – whether in ponds as a wet slurry or in landfills as dry powder – preventing leaks into waterways or the air is an industry priority. Every day, Xylem’s experts help power plant operators safely manage CCRs by combining decades of on-the-ground expertise with cutting-edge technology …

Planning & Implementation Of Closure-By-Removal Paired With Beneficial Use, Jay Mokotoff, Angela Casbon-Scheller

World of Coal Ash Proceedings

Planning and Implementation of Closure by Removal Paired with Beneficial Use Authors Mr. Jay Mokotoff - United States - AECOM Mrs. Angela Casbon-Scheller - United States - CenterPoint Energy Abstract While there are numerous ash ponds containing saturated mixed CCR that are closing by removal, few have attempted to beneficially use the mixed CCR materials from these ponds. To comply with the CCR Rule, a large midwestern utility is closing their 170-acre valley-fill ash pond by removal and is successfully recycling the majority of the 6M cubic yards of mixed CCR materials. This presentation will focus on the advance planning …

Removal Of Selenium From Difficult-To-Treat Wastewaters Using An Innovative Reductive-Adsorptive Media, Patrick Mckeown, Madan Tandukar, Steve Woodard, Mike Nickelsen

World of Coal Ash Proceedings

Removal of Selenium from Difficult-to-treat Wastewaters Using an Innovative Reductive-adsorptive Media Authors Mr. Patrick McKeown - United States - ECT2 Dr. Madan Tandukar - United States - ECT2 Dr. Steve Woodard - United States - ECT2 Mr. Mike Nickelsen - United States - ECT2 Abstract Selenium is one of the more difficult-to-treat emerged contaminants, and is mostly prevalent in mining and power wastewater. In water and wastewater, selenium generally exists as soluble oxyanions, selenite (SeO32−) and selenate (SeO42−). Out of these, selenate is the more mobile and prevalent species, which also is more difficult to remove. With increasing focus on …

Natural Reflection:Reducing The Environmental Impact Of Architecture Through Biomimetic Design, Keenan Doricent

Symposium of Student Scholars

For my fifth year architecture thesis study, I researched how typical building projects contribute to our environmental issues today and possible ways to reduce that contribution moving forward. In my literature review, I discuss the potential of biomimetic design as a possible solution for more environmentally considerate architecture techniques. Building operations and the construction process are two of the leading contributors to energy consumption and our growing ecological footprint as an industry. Everything from sourcing materials, to site preparation, and ultimately building occupation, factor into the effect of a structure's life on the environment. The embodied and operational energy use …

Biomechanical Differences In Crawling Between Typically Developing Infants And Infants With Limb Loss, Feby Takawy, Larissa Brehm, Analise Oliver, Mark Geil

Symposium of Student Scholars

INTRODUCTION: In 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published updates to their checklists for the milestones children should achieve during typical development, and removed crawling entirely, citing a lack of normative data, inconsistent definitions, and variability timing of crawling onset (1,2). This project collected normative kinematic and spatiotemporal data on typically developing (TD) crawling infants and crawlers with limb loss (LL).

METHODS: Eleven TD infants were assessed every two weeks between onset of crawling and transition to walking. Six LL infants were assessed once without the use of a prosthesis. Infants crawled on a pressure-sensing mat that was …