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Cost–Benefit Analysis, Matthew D. Adler

Faculty Scholarship

This chapter will address the place of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) in constitutional law, by way of a case study. I’ll describe, and puzzle over, CBA’s absence from most U.S. constitutional doctrines, notwithstanding its major role in U.S. administrative law. The general questions that I seek to illuminate are by no means limited to the U.S. How might CBA figure within the tests that constitutional courts use to adjudicate alleged violations of constitutional rights? How might it serve to determine the structure of constitutional institutions? Would it be justified for CBA to play these doctrinal roles? But these general questions are …

Theories Of Child Development & Theories Of Religious And Spiritual Development (Rsd) In Children, Marjorie Lindner Gunnoe

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

This essay introduces readers to the foundational theories of child development and the ways in which these theories have been applied or extended to children’s religious and spiritual development (RSD). By “foundational theories,” I mean the theories introduced in the opening chapters of developmental textbooks. This essay is not a theological critique of psychological theories (for this, see Gunnoe, 2022), nor a “state of the field” review of RSD (for this, see Boyatzis, 2023). Rather, it is a primer on the broad theoretical approaches that scaffold contemporary research on RSD.

Shifting Attention: Assessing Antennular ‘Gaze’ In The Hermit Crab Pagurus Bernhardus, Ari Drummond, John Spicer, Lucy Turner, Alexander Wilson, Mark Briffa

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Attention (focused information gathering) is crucial for many cognitive processes. Traditionally dichotomised as reflexive or voluntary, behavioural research often relies on vision for assessments of attention. However, invertebrate information acquisition often utilises chemosensation or mechanosensation, potentially limiting the efficacy of a vision-based approach. We examined attention in Pagurus bernhardus hermit crabs, using antennules (the crustacean first antennae) as indicators of attentional shifts. Considering a change in flicking direction as analogous to a shift in gaze, we examined if hermit crabs show evidence of reflexive or voluntary attention. We exposed crabs to a chemosensory stimulus while manipulating factors influencing vulnerability (i.e., …

Practical Application Of Artificial Intelligence For Ecological Image Analysis: Trialling Different Levels Of Taxonomic Classification To Promote Convolutional Neural Network Performance, Amelia E.H. Bridges, Eleanor Cross, Kyran P. Graves, Nils Piechaud, Antony Raymont, Kerry L. Howell

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), into ecological research presents new opportunities for the automated analysis of image-based data. This study explores the practical application of CNNs for ecological image analysis by trialling annotation to different levels of taxonomic classification to determine their impact on model performance. We systematically compare various annotation strategies, evaluating their effects on the accuracy of CNNs in ecological contexts; as well as considering the feasibility of manually annotating training data to different levels. We demonstrate that variation in annotations groupings (animal, phylum or morphology) has little impact on model performance, …

Bibliography Of Scholarship From 2025, University Of San Diego

Annual Bibliography of USD Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Restoration Of River Connectivity Enables Long-Distance Spawning Migrations In A Potamodromous Fish, Dagmara Błońska, Ali Serhan Tarkan, Demetra Andreou, Jonathan D. Bolland, Peter Davies, Jamie R. Dodd, Phillipa Gillingham, Catherine Gutmann Roberts, Fatima Amat-Trigo, Sadi Aksu, Andrew Hindes, O. Jonas Palder, Mark Yeldham, J. Robert Britton

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Rivers across the world are increasingly fragmented due to anthropogenic barriers, with the restoration of connectivity often using fish passes. Fish passes are, however, usually designed for anadromous species, despite ecologically important non-anadromous species being present in the communities impacted by fragmentation. To assess the outcomes for non-anadromous fishes of the installation of multiple fish passes and weir modifications, the movements of the potamodromous European barbel Barbus barbus were evaluated in the lower River Severn basin, western Britain, which was fragmented by six weirs (two on a tributary, four on the Severn mainstem). Movements of individual fish were measured using …

Globalism, Localism And Blue Food Systems – How Can Cross-Scale Tensions Be Reduced? A Production Perspective From Uk Seafood Stakeholders, Alex J. Caveen, Bryce D. Stewart, Cameron Moffat, Daniel Skerritt, Estelle Jones, Huw Thomas, Lara Funk, Magnus Johnson, Mike Cohen, Michael Roach, Neil A. Auchterlonie, Samuel Peacock, Sarah Hussey, Tim Gray, Tom Pickerell, Umi Muawanah, Vasiliki Kioupi, Yvonne Sadovy De Mitcheson, Neil M. Burns, Charlotte R. Hopkins

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

‘Blue foods’ are derived from aquatic species that are caught or cultivated and are amongst the most globally traded commodities. Growing emphasis is being placed on blue foods in future transitions to sustainable food systems. However, recent international events such as the Covid-19 pandemic, UK-EU ‘Brexit’, and Russia-Ukraine war have caused renewed interest in ideological debates between globalism and localism and associated cross-scale tensions. Here, we aim to provide further insight into cross-scale tensions in blue food systems through a literature review and UK-based seafood stakeholder workshop. From our literature review, the evidence for cross-scale tensions was linked to the …

Measuring Juvenile Habitat Quality For Fishes And Invertebrates, Benjamin J. Ciotti, Elliot J. Brown, Francesco Colloca, David B. Eggleston, A. Challen Hyman, Olivier Le Pape, Romuald N. Lipcius, Margot A. M. Maathuis, Suzanne S. H. Poiesz, Kenneth A. Rose, Rochelle D. Seitz, Daniele Ventura, Karen E. Van De Wolfshaar

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Identifying the role of marine and estuarine habitats in supporting fish and invertebrate populations during vulnerable juvenile life stages is essential to achieve effective conservation and fisheries management. There remains general agreement that: (i) the quality of juvenile habitat is best measured as the contribution of juveniles to adult populations (here “juvenile–adult contribution”) and (ii) this contribution may be measured directly or inferred from habitat-specific abundance, growth and survival. Obtaining effective estimates of juvenile habitat quality using these four metrics, however, is challenging. Through a systematic review of approaches to measure juvenile habitat quality, we critically evaluate current abilities to …

You Can Do A Lot And You Don't Have To Be Scared: Learning Outside The Classroom In Alternative Provision: An Ethnographic Study, Exploring Student Behaviour And Relationships In Varied Environmental Contexts, Kelly Davis

School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences Theses

The most recent school exclusion data for England continues to demonstrate an alarming increase in both suspensions and permanent exclusions in schools across England (Prescott, 2024). In the academic year 2022-2023 there were 786,961 suspensions, the highest recorded annual number of suspensions in England (Department for Education, 2024). Permanent exclusions rose to 9,376 in the academic year 2022-2023, also the highest number of annual permanent exclusions recorded to date in England (Department for Education, 2024). The most recent termly statistics for Autumn 2024 show that both suspensions and permanent exclusions are continuing to rise, with 2023-2024 annual statistics anticipated to …

The State Of Local Anaesthetic Systemic Toxicity In 2025: The Emergence Of Lidocaine As Our Next Challenge, Eric Schwenk, J Robert Sneyd, Christopher Wu

More Faculty of Health Research

Local anaesthetics are an integral part of surgical and medical practice, but their systemic uptake can result in local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). A recent study by Fettiplace and colleagues examined the US Food and Drug administration’s Adverse Events Reporting System between 1968 and 2023. Although the reporting of death from longacting local anaesthetics decreased after the publication of relevant practice advisories, Fettiplace and colleagues also found that deaths from lidocaine remained essentially unchanged. The emergence of lidocaine as the leading reported cause of deaths attributable to LAST was unexpected, and the reasons behind the relatively higher number of deaths …

Palynology, Landscape And Land Use: Retrospect, Prospect And Research Agendas, Ralph Fyfe, Kevin Edwards, Laura Scoble

More Faculty of Science and Engineering Research

This paper provides a context for the use of anthropogenic palynology in the study of landscape and land use. Retrospective considerations indicate a history to current trends and inform future developments. Recent and prospective studies secure palynology as an essential element in archaeological and related environmental research. It is stressed that palynology is an inherently spatio-temporal discipline that can use concepts such as landscape or habitat heterogeneity as a future framework. This may be possible if recent advances in quantification of local vegetation cover, for example the use of model-based correction approaches within the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm, are more widely …

The Effect Of Exercise Training On Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Neil A. Smart, David Downes, Tom Van Der Touw, Swastika Hada, Gudrun Dieberg, Melissa J. Pearson, Mitchell Wolden, Nicola King, Stephen P.J. Goodman

School of Biomedical Sciences

Background: Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise training (EXTr) improves some lipid markers but not others; the literature is dated and analyses may be underpowered. Objectives: To clarify which lipid markers are altered with ExTr and establish if information size had yet reached futility. Methods: We conducted a systematic review/meta-analysis, with meta-regression, to establish expected effect size in lipid profile with aerobic (AT), resistance (RT) and combined (CT = AT + RT) ExTr. We conducted trial sequence analysis (TSA) to control for type I and II error and establish if information size had reached futility. …

The Micronutrient Gap: Understanding Modern Dietary Shortfalls, Kathy Redfern

School of Biomedical Sciences

Nutrition science is a relatively young discipline, yet our understanding of how diet impactshealth, wellbeing, and performance has grown significantly over the past century. Despite thissurge in research and heightened public awareness, many modern diets in developed nationsare falling short in key micronutrients such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folic acid (1). Thesetrends are driven by a range of factors, including rising consumption of ultra-processed foods(UPFs), declining nutrient density in produce, reduced sunlight exposure, and chronic stress.

Micro(Nano)Plastics In The Fish Gastrointestinal Tract: A Mini Review And Relevance To One Health Perspective, Farhan R. Khan, Nathaniel Clark, Elvis Genbo Xu

School of Biomedical Sciences

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) research in the piscine gastrointestinal tract has been a significant area of study. Understanding the environmental presence of microplastics, their potential for both localised and systemic effects, and their role as a gateway for MNPs and associated chemicals to enter the tissues and the food web, including the human food chain, is crucial. The fish gut, as a critical intersection between environmental, biotic, and human health, aligns with the One Health concept. We review the likely uptake mechanisms and toxicological damage caused by ingesting MNPs and their associated chemicals in fish, contextualised within the realms of digestive physiology …

“Flies Don't Make Honey": An Exploration Of Preschoolers’ Feelings And Actions Towards Nature, Kathrin Paal

School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences Theses

The burgeoning climate crisis resulting from anthropogenically enhanced global warming has made protection, restoration and affection for the environment an increasingly urgent matter. The irresponsible use of resources and pollution has caused, and will continue to cause, disastrous impacts on habitats and ecosystems globally; we urgently need to better care for the natural environment. Children’s perceptions towards nature are formed during early experiences. There is a research gap for age-appropriate methods to understand children’s perspectives whilst conceptualising them as the experts in their own lives and meaningfully enhancing their involvement in research. The aim of this thesis is to explore …

Safe Space: A Novel And Accompanying Critical Study Into The Participatory Culture In Fandom And A Historiographic Approach To The Fragmentation Of Popular Culture In Select Novels By Kurt Vonnegut And Thomas Pynchon., Edward Whitfield

School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences Theses

This research is submitted as both a novel and supplementary critical study. It explores the dynamic interplay between media consumers and content creators within the context of contemporary online critical discourse. The study is anchored by the novel Safe Space, a metamodern science fiction novel that explores the tension between progressive and orthodox ideologies within Anglo-American science fiction fandom – a symbolic battle in the Culture Wars.The investigation uses a historiographic, long durée (or long term) approach to test the hypothesis that periods of cultural anxiety are related to a loss of confidence in great hegemons. The research interrogates the …

Cold Water Swimming And Pregnancy: A Scoping Review And Consensus Recommendations, J. Shawe, M. Felton, J. C. Harper, C. Mark Harper, R. Stidson, M. Tipton, S. Blowers, K. Fraser, S. Hingley, E. Mcgrath, G. Bainbridge, Massey Heather

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Introduction: Cold water swimming has increased in popularity and women wish to swim throughout pregnancy. There is a lack of evidenced-based guidance to make decisions about the safety of immersion in cold water during pregnancy. Methods: Closed social media groups were asked for specific questions in relation to cold water swimming and pregnancy. This highlighted concerns including water temperature, risks to the mother and fetus, and water quality. To find evidence-based answers, a series of meetings brought together clinicians and researchers with expertise in cold water physiology, exercise physiology, fertility, obstetrics, neonatology, midwifery, water epidemiology, public health and representatives from …

Promoting An Inclusive And Humanised Environment In The Intensive Care Unit: Shift Happens, Emilio Rodriguez-Ruiz, Jos M. Latour, Margo M.C. Van Mol

School of Nursing and Midwifery

No abstract provided.

Changes In The Spatiotemporal Patterns Of Covid-19 In Japan From 2020 Through 2023, Atsuna Tokumoto, Kazuaki Jindai, Tomoki Nakaya, Mayuko Saito, Clive E Sabel, Hitoshi Oshitani

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

BACKGROUND: The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) varied among countries. The spatiotemporal trends of COVID-19 in Japan remain understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a detailed investigation of the spatiotemporal evolution of infections/deaths across prefectures in Japan, to analyze the changing patterns of COVID-19 circulation in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.

METHODS: We extracted data from nationally represented open-source data from January 15, 2020, to May 9, 2023, and we calculated the incidence rate of infection and the mortality. Further the ratios were obtained by dividing those rates in prefectural level by those in national level to make them …

“I'M Pregnant, What Do I Do?”: Exploring How People Having Abortions In Britain Find And Use Online Sources Of Information, The Sacha Study Team, Rosa Mackay, Rachel Scott, Maria Lewandowska, Rebecca Meiksin, Natasha Salaria, Patricia A. Lohr, Sharon Cameron, Melissa Palmer, Rebecca S. French, Kaye Wellings, Annette Aronsson, Paula Baraitser, Caroline Free, Louise Keogh, Clare Murphy, Wendy Norman, Jennifer Reiter, Jill Shawe, Sally Sheldon, Geoffrey Wong

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Background: Accurate, timely, and supportive information is important for high-quality abortion care. Limited research explores how people find and use online sources of information (OSI) during the abortion process, particularly in Britain. Understanding experiences of using OSI is important for the development of person-centered services and resources. Methods: We conducted a thematic analysis of qualitative data from 41 semi-structured interviews carried out in 2021/2022 with people who had recent experience of abortion in Britain. Results: Using OSI was common amongst participants. Our analysis generated four distinct motivations for doing so. People used OSI to find information about accessing abortion services. …

Structural Heart Imaging Using 3-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography: Jacc: Cardiovascular Imaging Position Statement, Gilbert H L Tang, Syed Zaid, Rebecca T Hahn, Vratika Aggarwal, Mohamad Alkhouli, Edris Aman, Sergio Berti, Y S Chandrashekhar, Scott M Chadderdon, Andreina D'Agostino, Neil P Fam, Edwin C Ho, Chad Kliger, Susheel K Kodali, Parasuram Krishnamoorthy, Azeem Latib, Stamatios Lerakis, D Scott Lim, Vaikom S Mahadevan, Devi G Nair, Jagat Narula, Patrick T O'Gara, Douglas L Packer, Fabien Praz, Jason H Rogers, Tobias F Ruf, Carlos E Sanchez, Alok Sharma, Gagan D Singh, Nicolas M Van Mieghem, Mani A Vannan, Pradeep K Yadav, Lina Ya'qoub, Firas E Zahr, Ralph Stephan Von Bardeleben

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

3-dimensional (3D) intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is emerging as a promising complement and potential alternative to transesophageal echocardiography for imaging guidance in structural heart interventions. To establish standardized practices, our multidisciplinary expert position statement serves as a comprehensive guide for the appropriate indications and utilization of 3D-ICE in various structural heart procedures. The paper covers essential aspects such as the fundamentals of 3D-ICE imaging, basic views, and workflow recommendations specifically tailored for ICE-guided structural heart procedures, such as transeptal puncture, device closure of intracardiac structures, and transcatheter mitral and tricuspid valve interventions. Current challenges, future directions, and training requirements to ensure …

Mutations In Retinal Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels Identified In Familial Cases Of Inherited Retinal Dystrophies From Pakistan, Zainab Akhtar, Kiran Afshan, Yumei Li, Sumaira Altaf, Aleesha Asghar, Ume Sughra, Wajid Ali Khan, Haiba Kaul, Rui Chen, Sabika Firasat

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Purpose: Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are ligand-gated ion channels that transduce light signals into electrical signals in the retinal photoreceptors. Pathogenic variants in CNG channel genes are reported to cause inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs). The current study used targeted panel sequencing to describe the mutational spectrum of CNG channel genes in familial cases of IRDs from eight consanguineous Pakistani families.

Methods: The current study included consanguineous Pakistani families with at least two affected members. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples by the phenol-chloroform method. Two affected members from each family were initially analyzed using targeted panel sequencing of 344 …

Folate Receptor Β Performs An Immune Checkpoint Function In Activated Macrophages, Fenghua Zhang, Md Yusuf Al-Amin, Sagar Utturkar, Rina Jiang, Gregory Cresswell, Rami Alfar, Ian Ophaug-Johansen, Gabriel Bachman, Madduri Srinivasarao, Richard Finnell, Amaya Puig-Kröger, Timothy Ratliff, Philip S Low

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Monocytes and macrophages are sentinels of the immune system that distinguish themselves from other cells by expressing the beta isoform of the folate receptor (FRβ). Because FRβ does not bind folate until the monocyte/macrophage is exposed to immunosuppressive cytokines, the question naturally arose whether FRβ might also perform an immune-related function. To examine this matter, we compared the properties of wild type (WT) and FRβ knockout mice. We observe that FRβ knockout (KO) mice display autoimmune symptoms that can include alopecia, enlarged spleens, and dermatitis, despite having normal cellular folate levels. We further demonstrate that syngeneic tumors (TRAMP C2, MC38) …

A Murine Model Of Gestational Diabetes Reveals Masld Risk And Alterations In Markers Of Hepatic Mitochondrial Metabolism, Grace E Shryack, Alexa A Krause, Simone Hernandez Ruano, Laura C Schulz, Kathleen A Pennington, R Scott Rector

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) impacts roughly 1 in 7 pregnancies and results in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in 30% of these women. Nonetheless, there exists a dearth of investigation into the relationship between GDM and MASLD. Here, we sought to investigate the potential role of hepatic mitochondrial function in GDM and MASLD.

Methods: One week prior to conception and throughout pregnancy, mice were fed either a low-fat control diet (CD) or a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet to induce an established model of GDM. Maternal livers were collected at day 0, 6.5, 13.5 and 17.5 of pregnancy. Hepatic …

The Line: Ai And The Future Of Personhood By James Boyle: Reviewed By Hannah Drayson, Hannah Drayson

School of Art, Design and Architecture

No abstract provided.

Nitrate And Nitrite Bioavailability In Plasma And Saliva: Their Association With Blood Pressure - A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Raul Bescos, Laura Gallardo-Alfaro, Ammar Ashor, Lucia Rizzolo-Brime, Mario Siervo, Patricia Casas-Agustench

School of Health Professions

In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine plasma and salivary nitrate (NO ₃ ⁻) and nitrite (NO ₂ ⁻) concentrations under resting and fasting conditions in different type of individuals and their association with blood pressure levels. A total of 77 studies, involving 1918 individuals aged 19–74 years (males = 906; females = 1012), which measured plasma and/or salivary NO ₃ ⁻ and NO ₂ ⁻ using the chemiluminescence technique, were included. Mean plasma NO ₃ ⁻ and NO ₂ ⁻ concentrations were 33.9 μmol/L and 158.3 nmol/L, respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed lower …

Leveraging Human Microbiomes For Disease Prediction And Treatment, Henok Ayalew Tegegne, Tor C Savidge

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The human microbiome consists of diverse microorganisms that inhabit various body sites. As these microbes are increasingly recognized as key determinants of health, there is significant interest in leveraging individual microbiome profiles for early disease detection, prevention, and drug efficacy prediction. However, the complexity of microbiome data, coupled with conflicting study outcomes, has hindered its integration into clinical practice. This challenge is partially due to demographic and technological biases that impede the development of reliable disease classifiers. Here, we examine recent advances in 16S rRNA and shotgun-metagenomics sequencing, along with bioinformatics tools designed to enhance microbiome data integration for precision …

Poststroke Impulsivity: A Narrative Review, Melissa B Jones, Dakota E Broadway, Malena Gimenez-Zapiola, Ricardo E Jorge

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

In this narrative review, the authors examine the multidimensional nature and presentations of impulsivity after stroke. Impulsivity manifests as immediate or premature responses, impaired delayed gratification, perseverance despite punishment, and other displays of impaired emotional and behavioral regulation. The literature on the assessments, outcomes, and treatment of patients with these various manifestations after a cerebrovascular injury is reviewed. Findings from case reports indicate that poststroke impulsivity may manifest across neurobehavioral syndromes that are not well defined in the psychiatric nomenclature, such as alien hand syndrome and atypical impulse control disorders. Overall, impulse control disorders appear to be rare poststroke. Therapeutic …

Anatomical Depiction: How Showing A Product's Inner Structure Shapes Product Valuations, Seo Yoon Kang, Junghan Kim, Arun Lakshmanan

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

Anatomical depiction is a technique where the product is decomposed into components that are spatially arranged in a layer-by-layer manner to visually explicate its inner structure. The authors demonstrate that anatomical depiction, compared to non-anatomical depiction, enhances product valuation. This effect occurs because anatomical depiction elicits a ‘coming together’ of the inner components in consumers’ minds thereby evoking a gestalt image of the product – a process labeled simulated assemblage. The elicitation of simulated assemblage in turn boosts their confidence in the product’s performance. Two field experiments first demonstrate that anatomical depiction leads to greater engagement in online settings such …

Collective Memory For The African Motherland In Interwar Black Chicago And The Limits Of The Environmental Justice Model, Colin Fisher

History: Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.