Digital Commons Network^™

Classic Article: Control Of Salinity In An Estuary By A Transition, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer

Journal of Marine Research

A theoretical reason is developed to explain why the mouth of a vertically stratified estuary should act as a constraint on the amount of salt water available for mixing in the estuary. Flume experiments designed to test this idea are described. The effect of tides on the control action and application to various estuaries is discussed.

On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, C.-G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

The writer (Rossby 1936) recently advanced the hypothesis that the horizontal pressure gradients observed in the current systems of the atmosphere and the ocean to a large extent must be interpreted as reactions to the Coriolis’ forces impressed upon these systems by the rotation of the earth. Observational support for this point of view was found in the fact that both the temperature-salinity and oxygen-salinity correlation curves obtained from stations on both sides of the Gulf Stream in the region between Nova Scotia and Bermuda are very nearly identical, even though the individual isotherms may drop as much as 700 …

Editor's Commentary: Relation Between Variations In The Intensity Of The Zonal Circulation Of The Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Semi Permanent Centers Of Action, C.-G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

Rossby waves! Beta-plane! Here Carl-Gustav Rossby, motivated by observations of weather patterns that move upstream relative to the dominant mid-latitude eastward wind flow, formulates a com-pletely novel linearized theory to account for the tendency for large-scale disturbances to move westward and smaller-scale disturbances to move eastward relative to the winds.

Classic Article: On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss

Journal of Marine Research

The question as to whether the organic matter in the sea bottom is inert or is available as a nutrient for the bottom fauna and bottom-inhabiting bacteria is a problem of special interest in the cycle of life in the sea. A number of marine animals, making up the benthos or the bottom fauna, must depend upon this organic matter for their nutrition while the sea bottom also harbors an extensive bacterial population which require the energy to be derived from various nutrient elements for cell synthesis and respiration...

Editor's Commentary: The Influence Of Deposit-Feeding Organisms On Sediment Stability And Community Trophic Structure, Robert C. Aller, David K. Young

Journal of Marine Research

This seminal paper by Donald Rhoads and David Young was a highly creative, interdisciplinary break from the standards of the time. It brought a new focus onto how benthic organisms modify sediment properties, potentially mediating interactions with other species, structuring community distributions, and governing coupling between sedimentary deposits and overlying waters...

Editor's Commentary: Effect Of Coriolis Force On Edge Waves (I) Investigation Of The Normal Modes, Kenneth H. Brink

Journal of Marine Research

In the oceanographic literature, there are not too many publications so clearly ahead of their time as is this one. Reid starts out by asking about the effect of Earth’s rotation on edge waves. Edge waves are essentially long gravity waves found over the continental shelf and up onto the beach. They are topographically constrained to propagate strictly alongshore, but in either direction. By the mid-1950s, interest in this was growing as people realized that edge waves are more than a mathematical curiosity. Rotation was expected to be important for long, low frequency (periods of tens of minutes, out to …

Classic Article: The Influence Of Deposit-Feeding Organisms On Sediment Stability And Community Trophic Structure, Donald C. Rhoads, David K. Young

Journal of Marine Research

Deposit-feeding and suspension-feeding benthos in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, show marked spatial separation; suspension feeders are largely confined to sandy or firm mud bottoms while deposit feeders attain high densities on soft muddy substrata. Food source and bottom stability have been investigated as potential factors effecting this trophic-group separation. Between October 4, 1967 and August 22, 1969, observations were made at 11 stations in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, along two widely separated transects over bottoms ranging in texture from silt to fine and medium sand. Water depths at these stations ranged from 3 m to 20 m. Scuba divers made many of …

Editor's Commentary: On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, C.-G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

These are the original geostrophic adjustment papers. Rossby starts out by asking what,if anything, limits the ability for a flow to be in geostrophic balance (to precisely follow pressure contours on a rotating planet). This topic is now a classroom standard, but we often forget how insightful the original articles are...

Relation Between Variations In The Intensity Of The Zonal Circulation Of The Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Semi-Permanent Centers Of Action, C.-G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

This paper attempts to interpret, from a single point of view, several at first sight independent phenomena brought into focus through the synoptic investigations carried on at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the last few years. Since this interpretation is very largely based on a consideration of the changes in vorticity which must occur in vertical air columns which are displaced from one latitude to another and since such vorticity changes play a fundamental role also in Ekman’s general ocean current theory (Ekman 1932), the results would appear to be of enough interest to physical oceanographers to warrrant their …

Editor's Commentary: On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Robert C. Aller, Margaret Hotchkiss

Journal of Marine Research

Selman Waksman is best known for his work on natural antibiotics, for which he originated the term and received a Nobel Prize. However, he and co-workers also extensively investigated soil microbes and their interactions with biogeochemical processes and elemental cycling...

Import, Export, And Recycling Of Dissolved Nutrients In The Ogeechee River Estuary (Georgia, Usa), William B. Savidge, Kathryn R. Doyle, Brock Woodson

Journal of Marine Research

We constructed an empirical mass balance model of nutrient fluxes in the Ogeechee River estuary (Georgia, USA) from eight surveys of seasonal estuarine nutrient concentrations during 2015 and 2016. The model results indicated a net removal of dissolved phosphorus and a net production of dissolved nitrogen (N) within the estuary over an annual cycle. During summer and autumn low flow periods, much of the dissolved N discharged to the ocean seems to be recycled into the estuary in the form of phytoplankton biomass. As a result, the outwelled N is not new nitrogen fueling coastal production but is nitrogen trapped …

Classic Article: Steady Flow In A Frictionless Homogenous Ocean, N. P. Fofonoff

Journal of Marine Research

A mathematical model is developed to study the free (frictionless) steady horizontal flow which can occur in a homogeneous ocean of constant depth. The flow satisfies the dynamic constraint that the vertical component of absolute vorticity is constant along a streamline. The conclusion is reached that in an enclosed ocean a free steady circulation cannot have any slow broad eastward currents. The eastward currents must occur as narrow streams of high velocity and high relative vorticity. Intensified currents are present along the eastern and western coasts. The theory which is developed for the homogeneous ocean of constant depth can be …

Classic Article: Effect Of Coriolis Force On Edge Waves (I) Investigation Of The Normal Modes, Robert O. Reid

Journal of Marine Research

Essentially two classes of free edge waves can exist on a sloping continental shelf in the presence of Coriolis force. For small longshore wave length, fundamental waves of the first class behave like Stokes edge waves. However, for great wave lengths (of several hundred kilometers or more) the characteristics of the first class are significantly altered. In the northern hemisphere the phase speed for waves moving to the right (facing shore from the sea) exceeds the speed for waves which move to the left. Also, the group velocity for a given edge wave mode has a finite upper limit. Waves …

Editor's Commentary: The Relationship Of Vertical Turbulence And Spring Diatom Flowerings, Peter Franks

Journal of Marine Research

The dynamics of spring blooms of phytoplankton in temperate waters are usually associated with H.U. Sverdrup’s 1953 “critical depth” model. However, more than a decade earlier, Gordon Riley published a statistical and mechanistic analysis of data he had gathered over two spring “flowerings” on Georges Bank...

Classic Article: The Relationship Of Vertical Turbulence And Spring Diatom Flowerings, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

The causes underlying the initiation of the spring diatom flowering have been a subject of vigorous discussion in recent years. With the gradual accumulation of records it has become quite clear that no one factor controls this peculiar phenomenon. The obvious prerequisite, an abundant supply of nutrient salts in the euphotic zone, is generally satisfied during the autumn and early winter, yet a flowering does not in most cases follow immediately. In a few localities, such as Cape Cod Bay and Ipswich Bay (Bigelow 1926), the Woods Hole region (Fish 1925), and Long Island Sound (Riley 1941a), diatom bursts have …

On Transcribing Richard Wagners Siegfried Idyll For 21st-Century Wind Ensemble Instrumentation, Brian Edward Hodge

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This project contains a transcription of Wagners Siegfried Idyll for wind band. The dissertation project includes documentation as to the transcription process, as well as historical references for Richard Wagner and for two previously transcribed contrasting approaches with Lucien Cailliets Elsas Procession to the Cathedral and Micheal Votta/John Byrds adaptation of Trauermusik. A detailed theoretical analysis of the original work is presented to contextualize the transcription process.

Antioxidant Compounds From Marine Seaweeds And Their Mechanism Of Action, Trishna Debnath, Eun-Kyung Kim, Kwang-Geun Lee, Narayan Chandra Debnath, Ramkumar Mathur

Journal of Marine Research

Investigation of natural products has moved toward marine environments as they are a source of many biologically active agents. The natural antioxidant compounds isolated from seaweeds provide a valuable contribution to the innovation of new drugs for chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. While the antioxidant activity and nutritional benefits of various seaweed products are well recognized, their proper utilization as antioxidants remains at initial stages that require further investigative studies. This review provides a detailed study of isolated antioxidant compounds from seaweeds and their major mechanism of action by focusing on the reports from 2015 to 2019. The report …

Effects Of Hard Clam (Mercenaria Mercenaria) Density And Bottom Shear Stress On Cohesive Sediment Erodibility And Implications For Benthic-Pelagic Coupling, Elka T. Porter, Barbara J. Johnson, Lawrence P. Sanford

Journal of Marine Research

The interacting effects of little neck hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) density and bottom shear stress on cohesive sediment erodibility were investigated. Short-term stepwise erosion experiments in 30 and 40 cm diameter Gust microcosms over a range of 0.0083 to 0.1932 Pa were performed using sequential 20-minute constant shear stress steps while sampling turbidity regularly. In addition, sediment erodibility was monitored in two one-month long ecosystem experiments with tidal resuspension and 0, 10, and 50 hard clams in 1 m³ shear turbulence resuspension mesocosms (STURM) with an initial stepwise erosion experiment (0.313 to 0.444 Pa). In short-term erosion …

Editor's Commentary: Steady Flow In A Frictionless Homogenous Ocean, Kenneth H. Brink

Journal of Marine Research

Before the publication of this article, Stommel (1948) and Munk (1950) published their linear, frictional models of steady wind-driven ocean gyres. The innovative advance they introduced was that their models included western boundary currents (e.g., the Gulf Stream)for the first time. These were really exciting advances. Yet, these models had some dreamlike qualities (to paraphrase Stommel) in that the flow patterns were very smooth, that the intense current always hugged the western boundary, and that the eastward interior flow is broadly distributed across latitudes...

On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, Ii, C.-G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

In a previous report (Rossby 1937) the author investigated certain changes in the mass distribution which accompany the slow lateral diffusion of momentum in a straight parallel current in an unlimited ocean of constant depth…

Isolation Of Metrosideros (`Ohi`A) Taxa On O`Ahu Increases With Elevation And Extreme Environments, Elizabeth A. Stacy, Tomoko Sakishima, Heaven Tharp, Neil Snow

Life Sciences Faculty Research

Species radiations should be facilitated by short generation times and limited dispersal among discontinuous populations. Hawaii’s hyper-diverse, landscape-dominant tree, Metrosideros, is unique among the islands’ radiations for its massive populations that occur continuously over space and time within islands, its exceptional capacity for gene flow by both pollen and seed, and its extended life span (ca. >650 years). Metrosideros shows the greatest phenotypic and microsatellite DNA diversity on O`ahu, where taxa occur in tight sympatry or parapatry in mesic and montane wet forest on 2 volcanoes. We document the nonrandom distributions of 12 taxa (including unnamed morphotypes) along elevation gradients, …

Reducing Aerodynamic Drag By Adopting A Novel Road-Cycling Sprint Position, Paul F. J. Merkes, Paolo Menaspa, Chris R. Abbiss

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Purpose:

To assess the influence of seated, standing, and forward-standing cycling sprint positions on aerodynamic drag (CdA) and the reproducibility of a field test of CdA calculated in these different positions.

Methods:

A total of 11 recreational male road cyclists rode 250 m in 2 directions at around 25, 32, and 40 km·h.

Results:

A main effect of position showed that the average CdA of the 2 d was lower for the forward-standing position (0.295 [0.059]) compared with both the seated (0.363 [0.071], P = .018) and standing positions (0.372 [0.077], P = .037). Seated and standing positions did …

Spatial And Temporal Variability In Post-Larval Yellow Perch Density, Steve Hauschildt

Biology Graduate Theses

Yellow Perch Perca flavescens are important as forage for other species and for sport fishing in many northern lakes. However, estimating post-larval Yellow Perch populations can be difficult because of many environmental factors that cause unexplained variation. The objective of this study was to help reduce unexplained variation by determining a post-larval Yellow Perch population density estimate on Blackduck Lake, MN, provide guidance to help determine the number of trawls required for trawling-based recruitment indices to achieve varying levels of precision, and test for the effects of wind speed and direction on post-larval Yellow Perch spatial variability. This study estimated …

Erratum

Journal of Marine Research

Please note the correction to the following article: Bouzaiene, Maher, Milena Menna, Pierre-Marie Poulain, and Dalila Elhmaidi. 2018.“Lagrangian dispersion characteristics in the Western Mediterranean.” Journal of Marine Research 5–6, 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1357/002224018826473290.

Vortex Competition In Coastal Outflows, Sean Jamshidi, Edward Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

Experiments and field observations have shown that there are at least two modes of behavior for river plumes. In many cases, the plume turns to the right (in the Northern Hemisphere) on leaving the river mouth and follows the direction of Kelvin-wave propagation. Alternatively, a “bulge” can form in the plume and a fraction of the outflow volume becomes trapped near the mouth. This paper discusses how bulge formation can be affected by the vorticity profile at the river mouth. Due to the image effect, regions of cyclonic vorticity tend to propagate rightwards, whereas regions of anticyclonic vorticity propagate leftward …

The Regulation Of Oxygen To Low Concentrations In Marine Oxygen-Minimum Zones, Don E. Canfield, Beate Kraft, Carolin R. Löscher, Richard A. Boyle, Bo Thamdrup, Frank J. Stewart

Journal of Marine Research

The Bay of Bengal hosts persistent, measurable, but sub-micromolar, concentrations of oxygen in its oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ). Such low-oxygen conditions are not necessarily rare in the global ocean and seem also to characterize the OMZ of the Pescadero Basin in the Gulf of California, as well as the outer edges of otherwise anoxic OMZs, such as can be found, for example, in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. We show here that biological controls on oxygen consumption are required to allow the semistable persistence of low-oxygen conditions in OMZ settings; otherwise, only small changes in physical mixing or rates of primary …

Advancing Science From Plankton To Whales—Celebrating The Contributions Of James J. Mccarthy, Patricia M. Glibert, Mark A. Altabet, Joseph P. Montoya, Dennis J. Mcgillicuddy Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Hailing from Sweet Home, Oregon, where his father introduced him to the fascinations of pondwater (McCarthy 2018), Jim McCarthy graduated from Gonzaga University, and in the late 1960s joined the Food Chain Research Group at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where he received his doctorate in 1971. The Food Chain Research Group, which was becoming recognized as the premier research group on plankton, was at that time directed by such distinguished scientists as John Strickland and Dick Eppley, among others. The goal of the Food Chain Group was to understand plankton dynamics and trophodynamics, “to a degree that will enable …

Urea Uptake And Urease Activity In The Chesapeake Bay, Caroline M. Solomon

Journal of Marine Research

The importance of urea in supplying the nitrogen (N) required by planktonic communities has long been recognized, notably by James J. McCarthy in studies as early as the 1970s. Utilization of urea involves a two-step enzymatic process in phytoplankton, with urea first entering the cell via transport (i.e., urea uptake), followed by the conversion of urea into ammonium by the enzyme urease. This article describes a series of field observations and experiments conducted in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, from 2001 through 2018, aimed at understanding the relationship between urea uptake and urease activity and the role of environmental factors on …

N-Loss Stoichiometry In A Peru Odz Eddy, Mark A. Altabet, Annie Bourbonnais

Journal of Marine Research

Assuming heterotrophic denitrification as the dominant microbial process, Richards (1965) formulated a stoichiometry governing nitrogen loss in open-ocean oxygen deficient zones (ODZs). It prescribes the quantitative coupling between the oxidation of organic matter by NO^–₃ in the absence of O₂ and the corresponding production of CO₂, N₂, and PO^–3₄. Applied globally, this relationship defines key linkages between the C, N, and P cycles. However, the validity of Richards's stoichiometry is challenged by recognition of complex microbial N processing in ODZs including anammox as an important pathway and nitrite reoxidation. Whereas …

The Wave-Current Interaction In The Coastal Area, Homayoon Komijani, Jaak Monbaliu

Journal of Marine Research

In our investigation of the effect of wind-waves on barotropic mean flow in coastal areas, we compare two methods for calculating wave-induced force. The wave field is simulated by the nearshore spectral wave model SWAN. The wave-induced force (calculated using the radiation stress gradient and dissipation methods) and the Stokes drift are integrated in the COHERENS circulation model in the depth-averaged mode. The coupled set is validated using well-known academic test cases of planar beach and single-barred beach. Finally, in a two-dimensional test case based on Belgian coastal waters we compare simulations of mean flow using the two methods of …