Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Wind

Discipline
Institution
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 2491 - 2520 of 2527

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Investigations On The Microbiology Of Marine Air, Sydney C. Rittenberg Jan 1939

Investigations On The Microbiology Of Marine Air, Sydney C. Rittenberg

Journal of Marine Research

All the viable microorganisms in the air have been transferred to the atmosphere either from the land or the sea. A comparison of the micro-flora of marine air with that of normal sea water and of land areas should indicate the major source of organisms in the atmosphere over the ocean.

Go to article

Distribution Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments And Its Availability To Further Decomposition, D. Q. Anderson Jan 1939

Distribution Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments And Its Availability To Further Decomposition, D. Q. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

It has been shown, in previous contributions (1) from this Institution, that the organic matter of the marine bottom has a characteristic chemical composition, similar in many respects to the humus of field and garden soils. This organic matter is not inert but can undergo slow but gradual oxidation, a process shown (2) to be largely biological in nature. In shallower bottoms and closer to land, the organic matter was found to be oxidized more readily than that of deep seas. The non-nitrogenous constituents decomposed more readily than the nitrogenous substances, with the result that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the …

Go to article

The Correlation Of Water Movements And Disperal Of Pelagic Larval Stages Of Certain Littoral Animals, Especially The Sand Crab, Emerita, Martin W. Johnson Jan 1939

The Correlation Of Water Movements And Disperal Of Pelagic Larval Stages Of Certain Littoral Animals, Especially The Sand Crab, Emerita, Martin W. Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

The great role played by water currents in the dispersal of marine animals has long been recognized and put to use in the explanation of animal distribution both planktonic and benthic. Conversely the pelagic animals may in some instances be very useful as indicators of the source or nature of the water movements. Many years ago, Cleve (1900) recognized this fact in his investigations of passively floating life but failed to fully distinguish between geographic and biological groups (Gran 1902). evertheless the principle of his hypothesis is good as expressed by Cleve-Eulser (1928) in the following: "regular biological analysis of …

Go to article

Variations Of Sea Level On The Pacific Coast Of The United States, Eugene C. Lafond Jan 1939

Variations Of Sea Level On The Pacific Coast Of The United States, Eugene C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal Sea Level Variations.----The mean sea level during any period can be derived from the average of the hourly tide heights. These tide heights are obtained from records of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey permanent tide gauges, which are located in the principal harbors along the west coast, except the La Jolla gauge which is situated on the open coast.

Go to article

Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea-Water Off The Coast Of Southern California, R. T. Young Jr. Jan 1939

Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea-Water Off The Coast Of Southern California, R. T. Young Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In a series of papers (7a, b, c, d, e) Pettersson has described the construction and use of a transparency meter and has given the results of transparency measurements at several stations in Swedish waters. Two of the main difficulties in determining the transparency of sea-water by measuring submarine daylight arise from fluctuations of the surface intensity and from the rapid decrease of intensity with depth. The transparency meter uses an artificial source of light, thus ensuring constant intensity. The present paper reports transparency measurements for 23 stations off the coast of Southern California.

Go to article

Distribution Of Diatoms In Relation To The Character Of Water Masses And Currents Off Southern California In 1938, H. U. Sverdrup, W. E. Allen Jan 1939

Distribution Of Diatoms In Relation To The Character Of Water Masses And Currents Off Southern California In 1938, H. U. Sverdrup, W. E. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

In 1938 the" E.W. Scripps" made six cruises at intervals of two months, covering on each cruise the same area off the coast of southern California. The station plan is shown in Figure 37, but not all stations indicated in that figure could be occupied on each cruise owing to unfavorable weather conditions and the short time available for completion of the work. On all cruises observations of temperature, salinity, and oxygen were made between the surface and a depth of 600 meters....

Go to article

Studies On The Physics And Chemistry Of Estuarine Waters In Chesapeake Bay, Curtis L. Newcombe, William A. Horne, Boland B. Shepard Jan 1939

Studies On The Physics And Chemistry Of Estuarine Waters In Chesapeake Bay, Curtis L. Newcombe, William A. Horne, Boland B. Shepard

Journal of Marine Research

Estuarine waters are understood to be those water masses which by virtue of their position are directly subject to the combined action of river and tidal currents. They may be considered to reflect certain dominant forces as well as progressive trends that determine their individualistic though changing hydrographic as well as biologic properties. The factors that lend individuality to these bodies may exhibit profound differences in different latitudes and yet, in certain fundamental respects, the waters possess important characteristics in common....

Go to article

Lateral Mixing In The Deep Water Of The South Atlantic Ocean, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1939

Lateral Mixing In The Deep Water Of The South Atlantic Ocean, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

The deep-sea circulation of the Atlantic has recently been carefully analyzed by Wiist (1935) who, on the basis of the tongue-like distribution of temperature and salinity, has drawn conclusions as to the direction of flow at different depths. He considers that an exchange of deep :water between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean is maintained by a flow to the north along the bottom of Antarctic water and a flow to the south at lesser depths of North Atlantic deep water and Mediterranean water.

Go to article

Periodic Changes In Spectral Scattering And Spectral Transmission Of Daylight In Tidal Water, Wilhelm Jorgenson, C. L. Utterback Jan 1939

Periodic Changes In Spectral Scattering And Spectral Transmission Of Daylight In Tidal Water, Wilhelm Jorgenson, C. L. Utterback

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal changes in the transmission of certain spectral bands of solar radiation in the inshore waters of the Pacific Northwest were reported by Williams and Utterback (1) for the year 1934 and by tterback and l\1iller (2) for the years 1935 and 1936….

Go to article

Correlations In Aquatic Ecology With An Example Of Their Application To Problems Of Plankton Productivity, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1939

Correlations In Aquatic Ecology With An Example Of Their Application To Problems Of Plankton Productivity, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Much of the ecological work of the present time is concerned with the direct observation of natural variations in environment and biota, followed by an examination of the relationships between variables and speculation as to their meaning….

Go to article

Plankton Studies. Ii. The Western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1939

Plankton Studies. Ii. The Western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

The results of the first paper of this series, a study of the plankton in a tropical shallow water region in the Gulf of Mexico, suggested the desirability of extending the observations to more typically oceanic areas in order to analyze productivity factors in relation to the depth of water and to attempt to estimate the relative productivity of northern and southern seas. Opportunity for such an investigation was obtained during a cruise of the "Atlantis" from the northern coast of Cuba to Woods Hole. Eighteen stations were established during the cruise, and measurements were made at each station of …

Go to article

Transport And Convergence Of The North Atlantic Drift Current Computed From The Average January Pressure Distribution, Edward M. Brooks Jan 1939

Transport And Convergence Of The North Atlantic Drift Current Computed From The Average January Pressure Distribution, Edward M. Brooks

Journal of Marine Research

According to Montgomery (1936, 1938), one of the important effects of the wind blowing over the sea surface is its production of positive and negative convergence in the drift current, which is essentially limited to a surface homogeneous layer usually less than 50 meters thick. This convergence results from the net transport of the drift current at right angles to the wind, the magnitude of the transport being such that the deflecting force acting on it exactly compensates the wind stress. Of course, this involves the assumption that the drift current has come to equilibrium with the wind. To avoid …

Go to article

On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss Jan 1938

On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss

Journal of Marine Research

The question as to whether the organic matter in the sea bottom is inert or is available as a nutrient for the bottom fauna and bottom-inhabiting bacteria is a problem of special interest in the cycle of life in the sea. A number of marine animals, making up the benthos or the bottom fauna, must depend upon this organic matter for their nutrition while the sea bottom also harbors an extensive bacterial population which require the energy to be derived from various nutrient elements for cell synthesis and respiration.

Go to article

Tides And Tidal Currents In The Gulf Of Panama, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1938

Tides And Tidal Currents In The Gulf Of Panama, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

The following discussion deals with two specific problems: first, the increase in the range of tide between t he en tra nce and the head of the Gulf of P anama; and second, the variations in the tidal current velocities between the entrance and the head of the Gulf. Both phenomena are shown to be related to the bottom topography....

Go to article

Radium Content Of Some Inshore Bottom Samples In The Pacific Northwest, C. L. Utterback, L. A. Sanderman Jan 1938

Radium Content Of Some Inshore Bottom Samples In The Pacific Northwest, C. L. Utterback, L. A. Sanderman

Journal of Marine Research

The radium content of ordinary rock formations is quite well established and has been summarized by J efferys (3). However, a comparatively few radium determinations have been made on samples taken from the ocean bottom. Joly (4) has reported twelve radium determinations of surface samples collected from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pettersson (5) has reported on determinations made on twenty-eight samples, most of them taken from the Atlantic Ocean, while Piggott (6) has reported on twenty-eight samples t aken largely from the Pacific Ocean. Evans (1) has reported on one sample taken from off the Coast of California.

Go to article

Isopycnic Analysis Of Current Flow By Means Of Identifying Properties, Albert Eide Parr Jan 1938

Isopycnic Analysis Of Current Flow By Means Of Identifying Properties, Albert Eide Parr

Journal of Marine Research

With regard to the identifying properties by which, in the writer's opinion, the actual trajectories of ocean currents can be more confidently traced than by the dynamic topographic method (see preceding acticle, Parr 1938, a) nothing much needs to be said in the present article. To the extent that these properties do serve to identify water masses of the same derivation in the course of their movement and their gradual changes, and do differentiate these water masses from those of other origins, the validity of the conclusions to be drawn from a study of the distribution of these properties would …

Go to article

On The Validity Of The Dynamic Topographic Method For The Determination Of Ocean Current Trajectories, Albert Eide Parr Jan 1938

On The Validity Of The Dynamic Topographic Method For The Determination Of Ocean Current Trajectories, Albert Eide Parr

Journal of Marine Research

In a previously published statement (P arr 1937, b) the writer has listed the main reasons why, in the present state-of our knowledge of the actual as distinct from the ideal dynamics of ocean currents, he feels inclined to take greater confidence in the evidence of the actual paths of flow obtained from a study of the identifying properties of the water masses, than in the conclusions reached by present efforts to deduce the trajectories of motion from hydrodynamic calculations and considerations. In this article a further elaboration and elucidation of these objections against the unrestricted use of dynamic methods …

Go to article

On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, Ii, C. G. Rossby Jan 1938

On The Mutual Adjustment Of Pressure And Velocity Distributions In Certain Simple Current Systems, Ii, C. G. Rossby

Journal of Marine Research

In a previous report (Rossby, 1937) the author investigated certain changes in the mass distribution which accompany t he slow lateral diffusion of momentum in a straight parallel current in an unlimited ocean of constant depth. The principal results of this investigation may be st ated as follows:...

Go to article

The Occurance And Distribution Of Nitrfying Bacteria In The Sea, Cornella L. Carey Jan 1938

The Occurance And Distribution Of Nitrfying Bacteria In The Sea, Cornella L. Carey

Journal of Marine Research

Of all the phases in the cycle of nitrogen in the sea perhaps that of the oxidation of ammonia has received the most attention, and yet many questions related to this process are still unsettled. Evidences of nitrifying bacteria have been found in marine bottom materials, particularly in shallower waters, but their presence in the water and plankton of the ocean has not been established....

Go to article

Plankton Studies I. A Preliminary Investigation Of The Plankton Of The Tortugas Region, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1938

Plankton Studies I. A Preliminary Investigation Of The Plankton Of The Tortugas Region, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with the plankton of two regions----the T ortugas and Long Island Sound----which are both shallow water areas but are otherwise extremely diverse in their ecological characteristics….

Go to article

Light Penetration In The Caribbean Sea And In The Gulf Of Mexico, George L. Clarke Jan 1938

Light Penetration In The Caribbean Sea And In The Gulf Of Mexico, George L. Clarke

Journal of Marine Research

The growing interest in the intensity of light beneath the surface of the ocean from both the physical and the biological points of view has resulted in further efforts to obtain reliable measurements under widely differing conditions and in a variety of locations. For the most part, however, these measurements have been made in northern waters and have been confined largely to coastal regions. There has resulted a paucity of precise observations in the tropical parts of the ocean. The work of Grein (1913-14) in the Mediterranean produced highly irregular results (cf. Atkins, 1932). Certain visual observations have been made …

Go to article

A Bathythermograph, Athelstan F. Spilhaus Jan 1938

A Bathythermograph, Athelstan F. Spilhaus

Journal of Marine Research

In the study of the homogeneous layer in the ocean, Rossby1 found it desirable to have an instrument which would provide a continuous record of temperature against pressure in the surface layers of the ocean. A preliminary instrument named an "oceanograph" was constructed and used during the summer of 1934. The manifold uses to which such an instrument could be put presaged a widespread employment of the apparatus. This, however, did not come about because of certain inherent difficulties in Rossby's design. The record was made on a large smoked foil, and thus entailed the attachment of multiplying linkages to …

Go to article

On The Process Of Upwelling, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1938

On The Process Of Upwelling, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

The phenomenon of upwelling which is present along many coasts has been discussed from various points of view. A general explanation of the phenomenon has been given by application of Ekman's theory of winddriven currents (Thorade, 1909; McEwen, 1912), and emphasis has been put on the velocity of the vertical motion (McEwen, 1934) or on the depth from which water is brought to the surface (Gunther, 1936; Sverdrup, 1930)....

Go to article

Fluctuations In Monthly Sea Level On Eastern U.S. Coast As Related To Dynamics Of Western North Atlantic Ocean, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1938

Fluctuations In Monthly Sea Level On Eastern U.S. Coast As Related To Dynamics Of Western North Atlantic Ocean, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

In the determination of the pressure and velocity distributions in the oceans, very little use has heretofore been made of the observations of sea level available from the many permanent tidal stations. Insofar as the tidal stations have been interconnected by accurate leveling surveys, such observations would aid in the determination of absolute pressure and velocity distributions....

Go to article

Some Energy Relations Between The Sea Surface And The Atmosphere, George F. Mcewen Jan 1938

Some Energy Relations Between The Sea Surface And The Atmosphere, George F. Mcewen

Journal of Marine Research

Interrelations between processes of radiation, convection, and evaporation near the sea surface are determined quantitatively, for the North P acific Ocean. The object was to investigate these processes of heat changes as a whole rather than to consider any one of them in detail. In particular, revised values of a coefficient giving the time rate of temperature change were determined for use in a method of calculating surface currents from temperature. Observations of a twenty-year series of North Pacific Ocean surface temperatures in an eastern area extending from latitude 20° to 50° were selected so as to be least influenced …

Go to article

On The Hydrographic Mechanism Of The So-Called Brown Zones Associated With Tidal Glaciers, C. H. Hartley, M. J. Dunbar Jan 1938

On The Hydrographic Mechanism Of The So-Called Brown Zones Associated With Tidal Glaciers, C. H. Hartley, M. J. Dunbar

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of zones of muddy, ice-free water at the sea faces of tidal glaciers has been recorded from Alaska (Gilbert, 1910), and from Spitzbergen (Stott, 1936). In view of their great significance in local ecology an understanding of the causes of these so-called "Brown Zones" seemed desirable and the problem of their establishment was first attacked hydrographically by the Oxford University Expedition to Spitzbergen, in 1933....

Go to article

Bacteria As Food For Certain Marine Inverebrates, Claude E. Zobell, Catharine B. Feltham Jan 1938

Bacteria As Food For Certain Marine Inverebrates, Claude E. Zobell, Catharine B. Feltham

Journal of Marine Research

Because of their ability to convert dissolved organic matter into cell substances and to synthesize protoplasm below the depths to which radiant energy penetrates sea water, bacteria may play an important role in the nutrition of marine animals. It has been well established experimentally that bacteria serve as an important source of food supply for protozoa (Luck et al, 1931) but it is not definitely known to what extent they may play a role in the nutrition of higher forms of animal life....

Go to article

Studies On The Isolation Of Bacteria-Free Cultures Of Marine Phytoplankton, Claude E. Zobell, J. Harold Long Jan 1938

Studies On The Isolation Of Bacteria-Free Cultures Of Marine Phytoplankton, Claude E. Zobell, J. Harold Long

Journal of Marine Research

Physiological studies on phytoplankton such as nitrogen assimilation requires the use of pure cultures. It is a matter of relative ease to separate the various forms and cultivate them under artificial conditions but difficulty is frequently encountered in freeing the phytoplankton of contaminating bacteria.

Go to article

Analysis Of Current Profiles By A Study Of Pycnomeric Distortion And Identifying Properties, A. E. Parr Jan 1938

Analysis Of Current Profiles By A Study Of Pycnomeric Distortion And Identifying Properties, A. E. Parr

Journal of Marine Research

It has, of course, always been recognized that one of the greatest uncertainties of dynamic oceanographic calculations is that which results from the necessity of selecting without definite evidence a surface of assumed zero motion to which the calculated relative velocities can be referred for evaluation in absolute terms....

Go to article

The Relation Of Dissolved Oxygen To Nitrogen In Some Atlantic Waters, Norris W. Rakestraw, Victor M. Emmel Jan 1938

The Relation Of Dissolved Oxygen To Nitrogen In Some Atlantic Waters, Norris W. Rakestraw, Victor M. Emmel

Journal of Marine Research

The use of the oxygen content of sea water to indicate the state of biological activity has become such common practice that one is apt to lose sight of the fact that it is subject to certain qualifications….

Go to article

First Prev Next Last