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Field Measurements Of The Fluid And Sediment-Dynamic Environment Of A Benthic Deposit Feeder, Douglas C. Miller, Richard W. Sternberg Jan 1988

Field Measurements Of The Fluid And Sediment-Dynamic Environment Of A Benthic Deposit Feeder, Douglas C. Miller, Richard W. Sternberg

Journal of Marine Research

Field measurements of flow and sediment transport at an intertidal site in False Bay, San Juan Island, Washington, U.S.A., revealed an environment dominated by wind wave-generated oscillatory flows and discrete sediment suspension events. Time series data showed that within a few tenths of a second, near-bottom suspended sediment concentrations can rise to 10 g l–1. These rapid erosion events are correlated with peak wave velocities and are followed by a more gradual (tens of seconds) decline in sediment concentration due to settling and advection. Large suspension events mixed detect able quantities of sediment to a height of 20 …

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Nitrogen Uptake And Nh4+ Regeneration By Pelagic Microplankton And Marine Snow From The North Atlantic, Patricia M. Glibert, Mark R. Dennett, David A. Caron Jan 1988

Nitrogen Uptake And Nh4+ Regeneration By Pelagic Microplankton And Marine Snow From The North Atlantic, Patricia M. Glibert, Mark R. Dennett, David A. Caron

Journal of Marine Research

Comparative rates of nitrogen uptake and NH4+ regeneration by plankton of <153 and <5 μm in size were determined in the Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream, and by plankton associated with marine snow in the Gulf Stream during May 1982. Rates of total nitrogen uptake of Sargasso Sea phytoplankton exceeded those of the Gulf Stream phytoplankton by factors ranging from 1.8 to 5.6. Rates of microplankton NH4+ regeneration equaled or exceeded rates of NH4+ uptake in the Sargasso Sea, but in the Gulf Stream were negligible in all but one case. Significant rates of NH4 …

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Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Ii: A Time-Dependent Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann, Julie W. Ambler Jan 1988

Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Ii: A Time-Dependent Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann, Julie W. Ambler

Journal of Marine Research

A system of ten coupled ordinary differential equations was developed to investigate the time-dependent behavior of phytoplankton and copepod populations associated with frontal eddy and bottom intrusion upwelling features on the outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf. Model equations describe the interactions of nitrate, ammonium, two phytoplankton size fractions (>10 μm and <10 μm), five copepod categories that represent the developmental stages of a population, and a detrital pool. Formulations for the biological processes are based primarily upon data obtained from laboratory and field experiments for southeastern U.S. continental shelf plankton populations. Time series of nutrient and plankton distributions …

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Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Iii: A Coupled Physical-Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann Jan 1988

Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Iii: A Coupled Physical-Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann

Journal of Marine Research

Gulf Stream frontal eddies and bottom intrusions provide an almost continuous input of nutrients to the waters of the outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf. However, the two types of upwelling differ in physical dynamics, frequency of occurrence and duration. To investigate the effect of these differences on biological production associated with the two upwellings, a ten-component biological model was coupled to circulation and temperature fields constructed from an optimal interpolation of current meter data obtained from moorings deployed on the mid- to outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf as part of GABEX I (February to June, 1980) and GABEX II (June …

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A Numerical Investigation Of The Somali Current During The Southwest Monsoon, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Pijush K. Kundu Jan 1988

A Numerical Investigation Of The Somali Current During The Southwest Monsoon, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Pijush K. Kundu

Journal of Marine Research

The dynamics of the Somali Current system during the Southwest Monsoon are investigated using a 2½-layer numerical model that includes entrainment of cool water into the upper layer. Entrainment cools the upper layer, provides interfacial drag, and prevents the interface from surfacing in regions of strong coastal upwelling. Solutions are forced by a variety of wind stress fields in ocean basins with western boundaries oriented either meridionally or at a 45° angle. Solutions forced by southern hemisphere easterlies develop a strong coastal current south of the equator. When the western boundary is slanted, this current bends offshore at the equator …

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Response Of Capelin To Wind-Induced Thermal Events In The Southern Labrador Current, David C. Schneider, David A. Methven Jan 1988

Response Of Capelin To Wind-Induced Thermal Events In The Southern Labrador Current, David C. Schneider, David A. Methven

Journal of Marine Research

The response of schooling fish (Capelin Mallotus villosus Müller) to coastal upwelling events in the southern Labrador Current was investigated during the summer of 1984 and 1987. Theoretical calculations showed that summer wind events, which prevail from the southwest, were capable of inducing upwelling along the western boundary of the Avalon Channel. Significant drops in the temperature of subsurface water near the coast occurred in response to longshore wind stress. Coherence of longshore winds and thermal fluctuations was significantly greater than zero at periods between 3.8 to 6.1 days at two exposed locations along the coast. Regression of temperature on …

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A Shelf/Slope Frontal Filament Off The Northeast Spanish Coast, Dong-Ping Wang, Mário E. C. Vieira, Jordi Salat, Joaquim Tintoré, Paul E. La Violette Jan 1988

A Shelf/Slope Frontal Filament Off The Northeast Spanish Coast, Dong-Ping Wang, Mário E. C. Vieira, Jordi Salat, Joaquim Tintoré, Paul E. La Violette

Journal of Marine Research

A frontal filament on the shelf break in the Balearic Sea was examined using hydrographic, drifter and satellite sensor measurements. The filament was a tongue of low-salinity shelf water marked by a sharp frontal boundary. During the four-day study period, the filament moved across the shelf break with a speed of about 20 cm/s. While drifters generally followed this movement, there were large relative motions between drifters and the filament. Particle velocities in the filament generally were larger than the advancing speed of the filament. This resulted in a strong flow convergence near the head of the filament. The hydrographic …

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Seasonal Variability Of Meridional Temperature Fluxes In The Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, Lothar Stramma, Hans-Jörg Isemer Jan 1988

Seasonal Variability Of Meridional Temperature Fluxes In The Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, Lothar Stramma, Hans-Jörg Isemer

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal meridional ocean temperature fluxes were computed in a regional study of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean east of 30°30′W between 12°30′N and 39°30′N for the upper 1500 m of the ocean. Historical oceanographic and meteorological measurements are the data base for the direct method of computing temperature fluxes. Seasonal changes in temperature fluxes caused by the seasonality of Ekman transport and geostrophic transport are strongly dependent on latitude. Between 19N and 25N the meridional temperature flux shows low seasonality. In this area the permanent subtropical gyre and the stable trade-winds result in low seasonal changes. North of 25N the …

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Convectively Driven Coastal Currents In A Rotating Basin, Scott A. Condie, Gregory N. Ivey Jan 1988

Convectively Driven Coastal Currents In A Rotating Basin, Scott A. Condie, Gregory N. Ivey

Journal of Marine Research

Density driven coastal currents were produced in the laboratory by differentially heating and cooling the end walls of a rotating rectangular cavity. After turning on the heat flux, intrusions propagated along the side walls of the cavity under an inertial buoyancy balance, with a geostrophic cross-stream balance. These boundary currents were internally stratified in temperature, while the environment during the early stages of development of the flow was isothermal. Rotational instabilities developed on the edge of the currents and broke to form cyclone-anticyclone eddy pairs. Measurements were made of the intrusion velocity, the temporal development of the width of the …

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Tide Gauge Response To Tsunamis: Measurements At 40 Tide Gauge Stations In Japan, Kenji Satake, Masami Okada, Kuniaki Abe Jan 1988

Tide Gauge Response To Tsunamis: Measurements At 40 Tide Gauge Stations In Japan, Kenji Satake, Masami Okada, Kuniaki Abe

Journal of Marine Research

The responses of tide gauges to tsunamis are examined by in situ measurements at 40 stations in northeastern Japan. Recovery of water level in the tide well is measured after the water is drained or added to create a water level difference between the inside and outside of the wells. The recovery times for a 1 m water level difference, estimated from the observations, vary from station to station and range from 65 to 1300 sec. Tsunami waveforms on tide gauge records from the 1983 Japan Sea earthquake are corrected for the observed response. For those stations with the observed …

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Oscillations Of Macrobenthos In Shallow Waters Of The Peruvian Central Coast Induced By Ei Niño 1982-83, Juan Tarazona, Horst Salzwedel, Wolf Arntz Jan 1988

Oscillations Of Macrobenthos In Shallow Waters Of The Peruvian Central Coast Induced By Ei Niño 1982-83, Juan Tarazona, Horst Salzwedel, Wolf Arntz

Journal of Marine Research

Macrozoobenthos was sampled at 15 m (January 1982–October 1984) and 34 m depth (September 1981–September 1984) in the Bay of Ancón, north of Lima. Fluctuations in density, biomass, species composition and diversity of the fauna as well as oscillations in the density of several dominant species were studied in relation to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. El Niño (EN) 1982–83 induced marked positive effects at both depths. Some of these changes prevailed in 1984 due to the increase of oxygen close to the seafloor and the persistence of higher O2 values during and after the phenomenon. The number of …

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Temperature Structure And Mixed Layer In The Kuroshio Region Over The Izu Ridge, Kimio Hanawa, Izumi Hoshino Jan 1988

Temperature Structure And Mixed Layer In The Kuroshio Region Over The Izu Ridge, Kimio Hanawa, Izumi Hoshino

Journal of Marine Research

Temperature data taken over the Izu Ridge during 1964–1986 were analyzed to present the mean temperature structure and the mixed layer in the Kuroshio Region. Since the Kuroshio radically changes its position over the Izu Ridge, in order to construct the rational mean fields, we made composite analyses of the data using a coordinate with its origin at the Kuroshio axis. In the southern part of the Kuroshio axis, the 15 and 12°C isotherms lie at depths of about 400 and 550 m, respectively, in all months analyzed. These depths are shallower by 250 m than those of the Gulf …

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Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part I: Lagrangian Particle Tracing Experiments, Joji Ishizaka, Eileen E. Hofmann Jan 1988

Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part I: Lagrangian Particle Tracing Experiments, Joji Ishizaka, Eileen E. Hofmann

Journal of Marine Research

The residence time and flow patterns of plankton populations on the outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf were studied with Lagrangian particle tracing experiments. Flow and temperature fields used for these experiments were constructed by applying optimal interpolation methods to current meter data obtained during the Georgia Bight Experiment I and II which took place 25 February to 18 June 1980 and 10 June to 24 September 1981, respectively. The interpolated fields reproduced the flow and temperature structures associated with Gulf Stream frontal eddies and bottom intrusions, which are the upwelling mechanisms of interest in this region. The general particle tracing …

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The Effect Of Boundary Conditions On Tracer Estimates Of Thermocline Ventilation Rates, Scott C. Doney, William J. Jenkins Jan 1988

The Effect Of Boundary Conditions On Tracer Estimates Of Thermocline Ventilation Rates, Scott C. Doney, William J. Jenkins

Journal of Marine Research

Using a simple box mixing model, we show that ventilation rate estimates obtained from tracer box models may be significantly smaller than fluid replacement rates. The degree to which a tracer ventilation estimate approaches the actual (fluid) ventilation rate depends on the surface boundary condition for that tracer. Ventilation rates for rapidly exchanging tracers (e.g. 3He) are close to the fluid ventilation rate while tracers with limited surface exchange (e.g. tritium) ventilate more slowly. For box mixing models, the ratio of ventilation rates for limited surface exchange tracers to rapidly exchanging tracers approaches the ratio of summer to winter …

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The Late Summer Vertical Nutrient Mixing In Long Island Sound, Dake Chen, Sarah G. Horrigan, Dong-Ping Wang Jan 1988

The Late Summer Vertical Nutrient Mixing In Long Island Sound, Dake Chen, Sarah G. Horrigan, Dong-Ping Wang

Journal of Marine Research

The occurrence of vertical nutrient mixing in central Long Island Sound was simulated for the period from July 23 to August 29, 1986 using a one-dimensional mixed-layer model based on Mellor and Yamada (1974)'s level 2 turbulence closure scheme. During most of the study period, the water column was stratified and the nutrient fluxes through the thermocline were driven by the combined effect of the wind and the tidal mixing. The nutrient entrainment at the bottom of the thermocline was tidally induced, while that at the top of the thermocline had a pulsating character resulting from the interaction of the …

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Copepods In Fram Strait In Summer: Distribution, Feeding And Metabolism, Sharon L. Smith Jan 1988

Copepods In Fram Strait In Summer: Distribution, Feeding And Metabolism, Sharon L. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

A summer study of zooplankton in the Fram Strait area of the Greenland Sea showed elevated abundances of herbivorous copepods in the marginal ice zone or ice-edge compared with copepod communities under the pack ice cover. Several physical factors contributed to this, including the large-scale current systems which deliver both North Atlantic and Arctic plankton to the ice-edge and the effect of melting ice and eddies in increasing primary productivity and standing stocks of phytoplankton. The potential importance of the ice-edge in secondary production was observed directly as increased numbers of juvenile copepods. Indirectly, it can be inferred from observations …

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Multiple Thermoclines Are Barriers To Vertical Exchange In The Subarctic Pacific During Super, May 1984, K. L. Denman, A. E. Gargett Jan 1988

Multiple Thermoclines Are Barriers To Vertical Exchange In The Subarctic Pacific During Super, May 1984, K. L. Denman, A. E. Gargett

Journal of Marine Research

As part of the Subarctic Pacific Ecosystem Research program, we made observations of upper ocean physical and biological properties at 50N; 145W during 12–21 May 1984 from a drifting buoy, instrumented with a thermistor chain and meteorological sensors; a CTD/rosette bottle profiler; a shipboard solar radiometer; and a microstructure profiler equipped with a fast response thermistor and two airfoil velocity probes. At that time, the ocean above the seasonal thermocline was divided by a shallow thermocline step (∼0.5°C) into two layers with different turbulence characteristics and dynamics. The surface layer thermal structure (even in wind speeds up to 14 m …

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Organic Geochemistry Of Particulate Matter In The Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean: Implications For Particle Dynamics, Stuart G. Wakeham, Elizabeth A. Canuel Jan 1988

Organic Geochemistry Of Particulate Matter In The Eastern Tropical North Pacific Ocean: Implications For Particle Dynamics, Stuart G. Wakeham, Elizabeth A. Canuel

Journal of Marine Research

Samples of marine particulate matter were collected in sediment traps and by in-situ filtration to depths of 1500 m during VERTEX II and III cruises in the eastern tropical North Pacific. Wax esters, triacylglycerols, fatty acids, sterols and steroidal ketones were analyzed in these samples to compare the compositions of organic matter associated with large sinking particulate aggregates sampled by sediment traps and with fine suspended material obtained by in-situ filtration. Distributions of specific compounds indicated that the organic chemical composition of large sinking particles and small suspended particles both in the euphotic zone and at mid-depth result from very …

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Phytoplankton Species Composition And Abundance In A Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring. Ii. Distributional Patterns, Richard W. Gould Jr., Greta A. Fryxell Jan 1988

Phytoplankton Species Composition And Abundance In A Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring. Ii. Distributional Patterns, Richard W. Gould Jr., Greta A. Fryxell

Journal of Marine Research

During the spring and summer of 1982, Gulf Stream warm core ring (WCR) 82B was sampled during four cruises from April to August to investigate phytoplankton distributional patterns. Discrete water samples from 28 stations were collected for identification and enumeration of phytoplankton. In April, when the water column was well mixed to 350 m, quantitative samples clustered by station when the 100 most frequently observed taxa were used as variables, indicating fairly unique assemblages at each station that were consistent with depth. Two transects across the ring in June showed a symmetrical diatom abundance maximum, dominated by Chaetoceros cf. vixvisibilis …

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The Coupling Of Wave Drift And Wind Velocity Profiles, John A. T. Bye Jan 1988

The Coupling Of Wave Drift And Wind Velocity Profiles, John A. T. Bye

Journal of Marine Research

The Stokes drift velocity profile due to Toba's equilibrium wave spectrum is shown to consist of a surface constant shear layer, an intermediate logarithmic layer and a deep exponentially decaying tail. On identifying the logarithmic layer with a wall boundary layer (which is justified a posteriori by showing that the major part of the energy dissipation by wave breaking occurs in the roughness sublayer), for a range of directionality (p) of the wave spectrum ½–2, Toba's constant (α) lies in the range 0.12–0.10 in good agreement with data. The roughness length for water (z0 …

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A Numerical Model Of Instabilities In The Florida Current, Douglas B. Boudra, Rainer Bleck, Friedrich Schott Jan 1988

A Numerical Model Of Instabilities In The Florida Current, Douglas B. Boudra, Rainer Bleck, Friedrich Schott

Journal of Marine Research

An isopycnic coordinate numerical model is configured as an infinitely long channel with the width and bottom topography of the Straits of Florida at 27N to investigate the possibility that Florida Current meanders are due to dynamical instabilities. One mass/flow configuration with which to initialize the model is developed primarily from theoretical considerations, a second from the analysis of ST ACS observations (Leaman et al., 1987). To ascertain the effect of the bottom topography, flat bottom experiments are first examined. The current is found to be baroclinically unstable in the classical sense (Eady, 1949) to perturbations with wavelengths greater …

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The Role Of The Higher Shelf Modes In Coastal Hydraulics, Roger L. Hughes Jan 1987

The Role Of The Higher Shelf Modes In Coastal Hydraulics, Roger L. Hughes

Journal of Marine Research

A simple barotropic model is used to establish the basic nature of the hydraulics of the various shelf modes in coastal flows. It shows that there is a major difference in behavior between flows with an even number of subcritical modes and those with an odd number of subcritical modes. It is suggested that a poleward flowing western boundary current exhibiting an odd number of subcritical shelf modes loses contact with the coast at that latitude at which the flow becomes critical to the next higher shelf mode. The East Australian Current and the East Cape Current are discussed as …

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Solutions For Internal Tidal Generation Over Coastal Topography, P. D. Craig Jan 1987

Solutions For Internal Tidal Generation Over Coastal Topography, P. D. Craig

Journal of Marine Research

Internal tides may be described by a hyperbolic equation which, for the case of constant buoyancy frequency, has constant coefficients. The equation is solved by using the characteristic geometry and characteristic functions to establish a set of linear algebraic equations in the modal amplitudes. The accuracy of the solutions can be assessed using energy considerations. The capability of the solution technique is demonstrated by simulating the barotropic generation of internal waves over linear topography, with emphasis on near-critical topography, when the solution exhibits high shears and discontinuous behavior at the critical slope. The structure of the waves is determined by …

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Daily And Seasonal Variations In The Spatial Distribution Of Zooplankton Populations In Relation To The Physical Structure In The Ligurian Sea Front, J. Boucher, F. Ibanez, L. Prieur Jan 1987

Daily And Seasonal Variations In The Spatial Distribution Of Zooplankton Populations In Relation To The Physical Structure In The Ligurian Sea Front, J. Boucher, F. Ibanez, L. Prieur

Journal of Marine Research

Results from five hydrographic and biological surveys at different seasons across the Ligurian Sea front, using horizontal continuous measurements and vertical profiles are presented. The vertical circulation across the front is described, and two divergences and one convergence are identified as permanent features from data. The key to find their location for each survey is given. The spatial patterns of 14 zooplankton taxa along the transect are established using variance analysis, principal component and correspondence analyses. The spatial distribution of each taxon is related to the physical structure, and the convection cells evidenced by the scheme appear as different biotopes. …

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Compositional Changes In Particulate Matter On The Iceland Rise, Through The Water Column, And At The Seafloor, M. J. Richardson, C. D. Hollister Jan 1987

Compositional Changes In Particulate Matter On The Iceland Rise, Through The Water Column, And At The Seafloor, M. J. Richardson, C. D. Hollister

Journal of Marine Research

Local resuspension of sediments along the Iceland Rise was substantiated by the collection in sediment traps of large particles whose source is clearly the seafloor. These resuspended components included benthic foraminifera, iron-oxide coated planktonic foraminifera, the glacial, subpolar assemblage planktonic foraminifera (N. pachyderma (sinistral)), and an increase in the volcanic glass and mineral grain/aggregate component with proximity to the seafloor.The horizontal flux of particulate matter in the near-bottom nepheloid layer through the region was ≃200 kg/s. The apparent vertical flux of sediment calculated from sediment traps at 500 m above bottom (mab) was an order of magnitude less than …

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Observations On The Vertical Structure Of Tidal And Inertial Currents In The Central North Sea, L. R. M. Maas, J. J. M. Van Haren Jan 1987

Observations On The Vertical Structure Of Tidal And Inertial Currents In The Central North Sea, L. R. M. Maas, J. J. M. Van Haren

Journal of Marine Research

Tidal and inertial current ellipses, measured at several locations and depths in the central North Sea during a number of monthly periods in 1980, 1981 and 1982, are decomposed into counterrotating, circular components to which Ekman dynamics are applied to determine Ekman layer depths and vertical phase differences, from which are inferred overall values of the eddy viscosity and drag coefficient. Stratification effects produce an additional vertical phase shift of the anticyclonic rotary component, indicative of an inverse proportionality of the eddy viscosity to the vertical density gradient. From the time variations of the Ekman layer depths of the semidiurnal …

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Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum And Hydrodynamics Of The Water Column, T. Vandevelde, L. Legendre, J. C. Therriault, S. Demers, A. Bah Jan 1987

Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum And Hydrodynamics Of The Water Column, T. Vandevelde, L. Legendre, J. C. Therriault, S. Demers, A. Bah

Journal of Marine Research

The vertical distributions of chlorophyll a (in vivo fluorescence) and hydrodynamic properties were monitored in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada) from 6 to 10 August 1983, using an automatic yo-yo profiling system and a chain of 4 current meters. Spectral analyses of temperature and in vivo fluorescence series showed that dominant frequencies were associated with internal waves (∼16 h inertial frequency). A subsurface chlorophyll maximum was continuously observed in the lower part of the 20 m thick photic layer, at a depth corresponding with maximum vertical stability of the water column, just above the nutricline.The depth of maximum …

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Methane Anomalies Over Tag Hydrothermal Field On Mid Atlantic Ridge, J. L. Charlou, P. Rona, H. Bougault Jan 1987

Methane Anomalies Over Tag Hydrothermal Field On Mid Atlantic Ridge, J. L. Charlou, P. Rona, H. Bougault

Journal of Marine Research

Black smoker type hydrothermal venting was discovered in July 1985 at the TAG hydrothermal field in the rift valley of the Mid Atlantic Ridge near 26N. We present here, the first methane profiles in the seawater column over this black smoker along with methane profiles away from the black smokers for comparison. The CH4 plume, spreading over 400 m above the seafloor, shows a maximum concentration of 105 nl/l at 3450 m (238 m above the bottom), correlated with a positive temperature anomaly (0.02°C). CH4 concentrations up to 2422 nl/l, correlated with a huge positive increase of in …

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The Dynamics Of Near-Bed Seston Flux And Suspension-Feeding Benthos, D. K. Muschenheim Jan 1987

The Dynamics Of Near-Bed Seston Flux And Suspension-Feeding Benthos, D. K. Muschenheim

Journal of Marine Research

Benthic suspension feeders depend on the fluid medium for their supply of edible particles. The horizontal flux of organic seston is a function of the interaction of particles of varying densities with the near-bed velocity field. Analytical and numerical models of this process predict that the shape of the flux profile varies with flow rate, bottom roughness and particle settling velocity. Bulk horizontal particle flux may either decrease or increase with height above the bed. Flume experiments with natural sediments from Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia confirmed the trends predicted by the model. In a complex suspension, denser, inorganic particles have …

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Penetrating Outflows And The Dam-Breaking Problem, Doron Nof Jan 1987

Penetrating Outflows And The Dam-Breaking Problem, Doron Nof

Journal of Marine Research

A new analytical method for computing the speed at which the nose of a rotating intrusion advances along a straight coast is proposed. The nonlinear model includes two active layers; the width of the basin in which the intrusion advances is taken to be finite. Friction is assumed to be small but the motions near the leading edge are not constrained to be quasi-geostrophic.In contrast to previous models (Stern et al., 1982; Kubokawa and Hanawa, 1984a, b) which rely on the assumption that the current head behaves like a long wave and the flow is hydrostatic, the propagation rate …

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