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Res Historica, Volume 5, Alpha Rho Epsilon Phi Alpha Theta, Lindsay Rae Smith Privette Phd

Res Historica

The 2026 journal of historical research by Anderson University students, Res Historica.

The editorial team for this edition of Res Historica was Dr. Lindsay Rae Smith Privette, Julia Ackerman, Callyn Wright, Logan Davis, and John Hinton. Cover art by Mary Beth Lee.

The Living Architecture Of Law, Joseph R. Goodwin

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Necessity Of U.S. Aid: The Russian-Ukrainian War, Lelin Spriggs

The Dialogue

Since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the conflict has emerged as a defining foreign-policy challenge of the twenty-first century. In the United States, the war dominates political discourse and continues to shape debates on national security and the appropriate scope of American global leadership. Although President Trump vowed during his campaign to end the war upon entering office, hostilities intensified following his inauguration, prompting renewed policy debates regarding the future and extent of U.S. military and economic support for Kyiv.

This paper argues that the United States must continue providing sustained military and economic …

Neighborhood Physical Disinvestment And Incident Diabetes Between Visits 1 And 2 Of The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study Of Latinos (Hchs/Sol)., Cara M. Smith, Elizabeth W. Spalt, Linda C. Gallo, Jordan A. Carlson, Matthew Allison, Bharat Thyagarajan, Earle C. Chambers, Amber Pirzada, Martha Daviglus, Christina Cordero, Qibin Qi, Elena Austin, Amanda M. Fretts, India Ornelas, Robert Kaplan, Joel D. Kaufman, Stephen J. Mooney

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Neighborhood-scale environmental factors, including disinvestment in infrastructure, may impact cardiometabolic disease risk. To our knowledge, no prior studies have investigated the association between neighborhood disinvestment and incident diabetes. We used a virtual street audit of Google Street View Imagery to generate a neighborhood disinvestment score for participants' residential addresses in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). An item response theory model was fit to indicators (litter, graffiti, under-maintained buildings, bars on windows, and abandoned buildings) to form a scale measuring a latent level of disinvestment. Ordinary kriging was used to estimate levels for each residential address within the …

Confessions In Cases Of Child Physical Abuse-A Capnet Study., Margaret R. Russell, Antoinette L. Laskey, Henry T. Puls, Suzanne P. Starling, Joanne N. Wood, Daniel M. Lindberg, Nancy S. Harper, Caitlin R. Mcnamara, Angela W. Bachim, Farah W. Brink, Lori D. Frasier, James Anderst, Porcia Vaughn, Kristine A. Campbell

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

OBJECTIVE: Prior research on confessions of physical abuse (PA) has explored mechanisms of injury. Little is known about conditions supporting a confession of abuse or how confessions may influence case outcomes.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study of suspected PA in children aged < 10 years at 10 centers participating in CAPNET, a multicenter child PA research network, included children with in-person Child Abuse Pediatrics (CAP) consultations between February 2021 and December 2022 and excluded children without injury. Our focus was a confession of inflicted injury known to the CAP during clinical involvement. We compared child and clinical characteristics, out-of-home (OOH) placements, and arrests between cases with and without confessions. Multivariable models using generalized estimating equations (GEE) produced adjusted predicted probabilities (APP) clustering by CAPNET site.

RESULTS: Confessions were known to CAPs in 115/4297 (2.7%) cases, with significant site variability. In a multivariable GEE model, confessions were more likely in cases with injuries with high specificity for abuse (APP 6.0% vs 1.6%, P < .001), near-fatality (APP 5.6% vs 2.3%, P < .001), and older children (APP 4.8% vs 2.5%, P = .025). OOH placements and arrests were more common in cases with confessions. CAP awareness of confessions, OOH placements, and arrests did not follow racial or ethnic patterns seen in the US child welfare system. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with OOH placements and arrests but not with CAP awareness of confessions.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight differences in case characteristics and outcomes where a confession is known to the CAP and raise questions about …

A National Security Strategy For The Middle East, Vanessa Rice, Rudy Torres, Addy Horgan, Joy Omosa, Mark Westfall

School of Public Policy Capstones

This National Security Strategy addresses the persistent national security challenges the United States faces in the Middle East, a region vital for global energy supply, economic connectivity, and a source of anti-American extremism. Recognizing the failures of past "haphazard experimentation," the strategy proposes a thoughtful, pragmatic plan prioritizing five distinct and congruent interest areas: Maintaining Regional Access, Supporting Regional Stability, Ensuring Energy Security, Defending American Citizens and Personnel, and Preserving and Protecting Western Ideals. The strategy outlines actions such as: countering Chinese and Russian influence through intelligence sharing and defense incentives; containing Iran via a new, permanent nuclear deal and …

Lessons Learned From The Implementation Of A Pragmatic Trial Evaluating Non-Pharmacological Approaches To Dementia Care In Us Nursing Homes, Carin Wong, Catherine V. Piersol, Felicia Chew, Cara Lekovitch, Victoria Shier, Mike Morris, Jenny Martínez, Julie Britton, Natalie E. Leland

Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty Papers

RATIONALE: The consistent delivery of effective evidence into nursing home practice has been shown to enhance quality of care and residents' outcomes. Pragmatic trials enable the evaluation of efficacious interventions in a real-world context, including care of residents living with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). Yet, there are limited pragmatic trials conducted in nursing homes and even less evidence on the strategies to successfully conduct such research in this setting.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the lessons learned from a pragmatic trial and provide recommendations for future successful studies in United States (US) nursing homes.

METHODS: Drawing on a case example …

Capacity For What? Elon Musk’S Doge, Public Value Destruction And The Darkside Of Policy Capacity, Adam Wellstead, Michael Howlett

Michigan Tech Publications

Purpose – This paper addresses a missing element in Wu et al.’s (2015) ninefold policy capacity framework: the ‘capacity for what’ question. Specifically, it explores the objectives toward which policy capacities are directed, focusing on how government capabilities and competencies can be utilized to either create or destroy public value. Design/methodology/approach – Through a literature review, the paper establishes the connections between public value and policy capacity. An illustrative case of value destruction, specifically, the US Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) experience during the early second term of the Trump administration, is used to demonstrate how policy capacity can be …

"Transgender Insanity" And Scapegoating: President Donald Trump's Political Rhetoric Regarding Transgender Americans, Savannah Torres

Presentations - 2026

The political rhetoric used by President Donald Trump to refer to transgender Americans results in their scapegoating.

Beyond Technology Acceptance: Ai Adoption In The United States And Korean Accounting Firms, Madeline Ortega, Brenda Vazquez Saavedra

Posters - 2026

A comparison of AI adoption between the United States and South Korea

Confessions In Cases Of Child Physical Abuse-A Capnet Study, Margaret R Russell, Antoinette L Laskey, Henry T Puls, Suzanne P Starling, Joanne N Wood, Daniel M Lindberg, Nancy S Harper, Caitlin R Mcnamara, Angela N Bachim, Farah W Brink, Lori D Frasier, James D Anderst, Porcia Vaughn, Kristine A Campbell

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: Prior research on confessions of physical abuse (PA) has explored mechanisms of injury. Little is known about conditions supporting a confession of abuse or how confessions may influence case outcomes.

Methods: This cross-sectional study of suspected PA in children aged < 10 years at 10 centers participating in CAPNET, a multicenter child PA research network, included children with in-person Child Abuse Pediatrics (CAP) consultations between February 2021 and December 2022 and excluded children without injury. Our focus was a confession of inflicted injury known to the CAP during clinical involvement. We compared child and clinical characteristics, out-of-home (OOH) placements, and arrests between cases with and without confessions. Multivariable models using generalized estimating equations (GEE) produced adjusted predicted probabilities (APP) clustering by CAPNET site.

Results: Confessions were known to CAPs in 115/4297 (2.7%) cases, with significant site variability. In a multivariable GEE model, confessions were more likely in cases with injuries with high specificity for abuse (APP 6.0% vs 1.6%, P < .001), near-fatality (APP 5.6% vs 2.3%, P < .001), and older children (APP 4.8% vs 2.5%, P = .025). OOH placements and arrests were more common in cases with confessions. CAP awareness of confessions, OOH placements, and arrests did not follow racial or ethnic patterns seen in the US child welfare system. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with OOH placements and arrests but not with CAP awareness of confessions.

Conclusions: Our findings highlight differences in case characteristics and outcomes where a confession is known to the CAP and raise questions about …

Yield Of Injury Testing For Contacts Of Children Evaluated For Physical Abuse, Lígia Batista, Joanne N Wood, Tagrid M Ruiz-Maldonado, M Katherine Henry, Jan Leonard, Angela Bachim, James D Anderst, Farah W Brink, Hannah B Sahud, Lori D Frasier, Nancy S Harper, Natalie Laub, Colleen J Bressler, Daniel M Lindberg

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Siblings and household contacts of physically abused children are at increased risk for physical abuse and may have injuries that are not clinically apparent. However, injury testing recommendations for contact children remain debated.

Objective: Our objective was to describe testing practices and yield for contacts of physically abused children.

Participants and settings: This is a cross-sectional study of children < 10 years old evaluated for physical abuse at 10 US pediatric referral centers in the CAPNET research network.

Methods: We report the proportion of contact children who had a skeletal survey (SS) or neuroimaging and describe the proportion of tests that identified injuries.

Results: Among 6256 index evaluations, 4863 contacts were identified. Among 794 contacts with physical examinations, …

Associations Between Reported Use Of Nutritional Labels And Calorie Intake In Us Adults: Findings From Nhanes 2017–2020, Ariana M. Chao, Nancy Greene, Alexandra Paul, Paule V. Joseph

College of Nursing Faculty Papers & Presentations

Objective: Caloric information is commonly displayed on nutritional fact labels and food menus. Yet evidence is limited on whether label use is associated with a reduced-calorie diet. This study examined the associations between the use of caloric information on nutritional facts and menu labels and daily caloric intake. Methods: We used data from adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2020 to conduct a cross-sectional study. Calorie label use on nutritional labels and menus was assessed using the Flexible Consumer Behavior Survey telephone interview. Caloric intake was evaluated using the mean of two 24-h diet recalls implemented …

Gnsi Decision Brief: The Three-Body Trap: The New Geometry Of Nuclear Deterrence, Seong-Hyon Lee

GNSI Decision Briefs

In the astrophysics of orbital mechanics, the “Two-Body Problem” – predicting the gravitational interaction between two objects, such as the Earth and the Moon – is mathematically solvable. The system is stable, the orbits are predictable, and the variables are calculable. However, if a third independent object of sufficient mass is introduced, the system becomes non-linear and highly unpredictable. As proven by mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1887, no single formula can solve for long-term stability in a three-body system. For eight decades, since the dawn of the nuclear age, global security operated on “Two-Body” physics. The United States and the …

Fungal Meningitis In Us Patients Who Received Epidural Anesthesia In Matamoros, Mexico, Dallas J Smith, Elizabeth Misas, Jeremy A W Gold, Nicole Evert, Thi Dang, Emilie Prot, Simone Godwin, Julieanna Rivas, Jessica Pearson, Lori Koenecke, Nirma D Bustamante, Maria Julia Marinissen, Gabriel Garcia Rodriquez, Irma López-Martínez, Caitlyn Lutfy, Samantha Williams, Axel A Vazquez Deida, Katrina M Byrd, Julian A Villalba, Sarah Reagan-Steiner, Lindsay Parnell, Lalitha Gade, Romney M Humphries, Nathan P Wiederhold, Charles Y Chiu, Joshua A Lieberman, Anastasia P Litvintseva, Tom Chiller, Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, Fungal Meningitis Response Team

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Fungal meningitis outbreaks are rare and entail high mortality rates. Beginning May 2023, we investigated fungal meningitis caused by Fusarium solani species complex occurring in US patients who received epidural anesthesia in Matamoros, Mexico.

Methods: Early epidemiological information suggested US patients with suspected fungal meningitis had undergone mostly cosmetic procedures under epidural anesthesia performed in 2 Matamoros clinics. US patients known to have received surgery at these clinics during 1 January-13 May 2023 (clinic closures date) were identified and notified by public health officials. Epidemiological and clinical data were used to update diagnostic and clinical guidance for outbreak response, …

Publication Productivity Among International Medical Graduates And U.S. Medical Graduates In Neurosurgery: A Comparative Assessment Using The Arms Race Control Score, Joanna M. Roy, Omar M. M. Mansoor, Samit Sen, Aaron C. Segura, Rithvik Naga Ganti, Basel Musmar, Gilberto Perez Rodriguez Garcia, Brett Henshey, Saarang Patel, Sruthi Ranganathan, Victor Gabriel El-Hajj, Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris, M. Reid Gooch, Robert H. Rosenwasswer, Christian Bowers, Pascal Jabbour

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Arms Race Control Score (ARCS) was developed to provide a quantitative assessment of publications among residency applicants. International medical graduates (IMGs) often have higher numbers of publications compared to U.S medical graduates (US MDs). However, there is limited knowledge of publication quality and effort among IMGs and US MDs. Our study analyzes publication productivity among IMGs and US MDs using the ARCS.

METHODS: Applicants were selected from ACGME-accredited training programs that enrolled both IMG and US MD residents over the 2018-2024 match cycle. Programs without IMG residents in a given year were excluded from the analysis. …

The Schizophrenia Effect: Families Facing Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders, Ginger A. Christmas

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Schizophrenia is primarily known for its bizarre psychosis, as the brain struggles to distinguish between what is real and what is not. This qualitative study employed constructive, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore the idea that families with a family member diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD) in the United States have specific needs, which may include social and spiritual support and integration into treatment. While the needs of families facing SSD have been studied in non-Western countries, the schizophrenia effect on families in the U.S. remains less understood. A purposive sample of 11 individuals, representing 15 family members with …

Red Moon Rising: How America Will Beat China On The Final Frontier, David T. Burbach, Greg Autry, Peter Navarro

Naval War College Review

No abstract provided.

Trends In Mammography Use Among Women Aged 40 To 74 Years In The Us, 2002-2022, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Debbie L Bennett, Adetunji T Toriola

2020-Current year OA Pubs

IMPORTANCE: Understanding how prior policies, systemic factors, and public health events have shaped mammography use among US women is essential for interpreting the 2024 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation update and identifying gaps to inform equitable public health strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze mammography use trends in US women aged 40 to 49 and 50 to 74 years from 2002 to 2022 and assess variation by sociodemographic, health care access, behavioral, and geographic factors, including associations with the 2009 USPSTF recommendation and the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor …

Hyperpolypharmacy And Readmission Risk Among Medicare Beneficiaries: The Role Of Postdischarge Care, Maria Ukhanova, Linda D Highfield, Trudy M Krause, Gayla M Ferguson, Robert O Morgan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objectives: Medication reconciliation post discharge may reduce readmission risk in populations with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. We aimed to evaluate the association between hyperpolypharmacy and 30-day readmissions; determine the impact of postdischarge care on 30-day readmissions; and identify interactions among hyperpolypharmacy, postdischarge care, and 30-day readmissions in 2 Medicare populations: individuals 65 years and older and individuals of any age with a qualifying disability.

Study design: Retrospective observational study using the 5% national sample Medicare fee-for-service claims data from 2016 to 2019.

Methods: We used descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equation models adjusted for covariates to assess the relationships among hyperpolypharmacy, …

A Comparative Effectiveness Trial For Universal Psychosocial Screening With The Psychosocial Assessment Tool (Pat) Across 18 Childhood Cancer Programs In The United States: Adoption, Penetration, And Health Equity, Lamia P. Barakat, Michele A. Scialla, Nithyasri Ramaswamy, Janet A. Deatrick, Kamyar Arasteh, Eric Sandler, Shannon N. Hammer, Anne E. Kazak

Department of Pediatrics Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Universal, systematic psychosocial screening in childhood cancer assures care matched to need and achieves a Standard of Psychosocial Care. It is accomplished inconsistently due to barriers at the family, provider, and institution level, potentially contributing to disparities in care and outcomes. We conducted a comparative effectiveness trial of two implementation strategies of an established measure (Psychosocial Assessment Tool; PAT3.0) across 18 children's cancer programs to identify strategies that resulted in higher levels of screening in English and Spanish (penetration, health equity). We also examined uptake at the institution level (adoption).

METHODS: Sites were randomized to Strategy I (web-based training …

Supporting Evidence-Based Responses To Emotional Needs In Emphysema (Serene): Protocol For A Randomized, Open-Label Mechanistic Trial Comparing Coping Skills Training And Disease-Specific Education For Depressive Symptoms Conducted In United States Health Systems, Joanna L. Hart, Daniel Carter, Chloe Hinton, James Grilli, Lily A. Brown, Nora Brier, Yingying Lu, Casey Whitman, Michael O. Harhay, Michael Sims, Carmen Alvarez, Lisa R. Miller-Matero, C. Virginia O'Hayer

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms and anxiety are highly prevalent among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), strongly associated with poor outcomes, and rarely recognized or treated. Integrating families into interventions may amplify supportive care treatment effects and overcome common challenges, yet this strategy is understudied. The Supporting Evidence-based Responses to Emotional Needs in Emphysema (SERENE) trial's main objective is to identify the mechanisms through which a family-partnered Coping Skills Training (CST) reduces depressive symptoms among patients with COPD, testing five putative mechanisms: family relationship quality, patient and caregiver self-efficacy, patient loneliness, and caregiver psychological distress.

METHODS: SERENE will enroll 375 …

Only Americans Left Behind: Iran’S Illegal Use Of Hostages As Political Pawns To Advance Their Foreign Policy, Ava Namazi

San Diego International Law Journal

The Islamic Republic of Iran has emerged as one of the most prominent contemporary practitioners of hostage diplomacy—a strategy rooted in the 1979 Hostage Crisis and sustained through recurring detentions of foreign nationals on fabricated security charges. The government uses innocent foreign nationals as political pawns to coerce Western states, including the United States, to release frozen Iranian assets held abroad. This Comment situates Iran’s use of hostage diplomacy within its post-revolutionary foreign policy, examining how the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty contributed to this tactic. Additionally, this Comment will analyze the current international legal frameworks governing hostage diplomacy and …

Seamless Security: Reforming Export Controls For A Stronger Allied Defense Industrial Base, Justin Belcher

San Diego International Law Journal

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and China’s accelerating military modernization underscore the need for the United States and its allies to reinforce their defense industrial bases to deter and prevail in future conflicts. This paper examines the historical and strategic foundations driving the need for export control reform, identifies key U.S. export control laws governing defense coproduction and co-development, and analyzes how current regulations constrain allied industrial integration. It concludes by proposing solutions to streamline export control regulations to improve the strength and resilience of the modern defense industrial base.

Coordinated Management Of Meaning In U.S.-Russia Relations: How Meanings Shaped Communication Surrounding The Potential Invasion Of Ukraine, Russell James Hampsey

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative discourse analysis applies the coordinated management of meaning theory to examine the diplomatic interactions between the United States and Russia from November 2021 to February 2022, the critical negotiation period preceding the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Systematically applying the theory’s hierarchy of meanings model to the official discourse resulted in the segmentation of 1,428 official texts for analysis. Comparative coding of the data exposes how worldviews and recursive feedback patterns shape adversarial postures, perpetuate negotiation impasses, and prevent the emergence of co-constructed meaning. This research illuminates how national meanings are actively constructed and maintained through discursive interaction, reinforcing …

Health Care Systems: Responsibilities And Resilience., Carol Iddins, Ziad Kazzi, Arthur Chang, Nicholas Maikai Studer, James Jeng, Ann Jakubowski, Ibrahim Ahmed, Cullen Case, Mark Ervin, Shannon G. Loelius, Joel Ross, Jonathan Gill, Nelson Chao

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

This paper addresses the challenges and preparedness strategies for health care systems in responding to nuclear and radiological emergencies. It emphasizes the critical role of medical centers in pre-incident preparedness, immediate response, and long-term care, focusing on the need for coordinated efforts between local, state, and federal agencies. Key components include specialized training, resource allocation, triage protocols, and the integration of networks like the Radiation Injury Treatment Network and the American Burn Association. This paper highlights the importance of resilience through collaboration, infrastructure planning, and community support to manage mass casualties and mitigate long-term health consequences. It underscores the lessons …

Nci-Designated Cancer Centers' Policies And Practices With Regard To Alcohol And Cancer: A Call To Lead, Ernest T Hawk, Stephanie L Martch, Meghan Si, Sanjay Shete

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Alcohol, a known carcinogen since 1988, increases risk of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, breast, and colorectum. More than one half of US adults consume alcohol whereas about two thirds are unsure whether or unaware that alcohol intake is linked to cancer risk.

Methods: Our objective was to survey awareness, beliefs, intentions, policies, practices, and goals/perceived responsibilities related to establishing/promoting actions to reduce alcohol-related cancer risks from leaders of 72 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers.

Results: Sixty-one percent responded. Forty-three percent either believed in or were uncertain about alcohol's purported health benefits. Nevertheless, 86% considered it part of …

Anxiety Or Depression Trends By Disability Status And Demographic Intersections In Us Adults, 2019-2023, David Adzrago, Kayo Fujimoto, J Michael Wilkerson, Typhanye V Dyer, Faustine Williams

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Importance: Mental health problems, particularly anxiety and depression, remain among the leading causes of disease burden in the US. However, trends in anxiety and depression across disability status and demographics remain understudied.

Objective: To examine trends in anxiety and depression prevalence among US adults from 2019 to 2023 by disability status and demographic characteristics.

Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used national population-based data from the National Health Interview Surveys from 2019 to 2023. Data were collected from household probability samples of noninstitutionalized US civilian adults aged at least 18 years. Data analyses were performed from December 6, 2024, …

The American College Of Radiology Diagnostic Fluoroscopy Dose Index Registry Pilot: Dosimetric Performance And Benchmarking Challenges, Steve D Mann, Donald L Miller, Grant Fong, Allen R Goode, Emily L Marshall, Thomas Nishino, Pavlina Boxx, Liqiang Ren, Celalettin Topbas, Alan H Schoenfeld, Vivek Singh, Jie Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: The ACR Diagnostic Fluoroscopy Dose Index Registry (DIR-Fluoro) is expanding to include diagnostic fluoroscopy. Variations in dose reference points and overhead radiography events may introduce unique challenges for benchmarking.

Purpose: To survey the technological status and dosimetric performance of fluoroscopes participating in the DIR-Fluoro pilot project, focusing on longitudinal stability and variability of fluoroscopic dose reporting accuracy across multiple institutions and vendors.

Methods: Sixty-six fluoroscopic systems from nine institutions (24 facilities) were surveyed for facility type, fluoroscope type, image receptor type, age, dose reporting capabilities, and other key features. Of these, 56 were evaluable. Semi-annual measurements assessed reference air …

An Examination Of Racial Bias In Scoring The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Ados) Module 3: An Item Response Theory Analysis, Yuen Yvonne Yu, Austin Wyman, Calliana J Faulk, Lizzy J Fulop, Rebecca L Greenberg, Rachel M Benecke, Lauren K Steinbeck, Jessica Foy, Caitlyn Kim, George O Emory, Eric A Storch, Casey J Zampella, Benjamin E Yerys, Robert T Schultz, Julia Parish-Morris, John D Herrington, Caitlin C Clements

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Given the rising prevalence of autism among racial minority children in the United States, but persistent service use disparities, this study examines potential bias in specific items from the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS), a highly regarded autism evaluation. We leveraged unidimensional item response theory graded response models and a sample of 735 children to analyze the differential item functioning (DIF) of items within ADOS Module 3. Three items showed significant signs of racial bias: A1 (overall language level), A5 (offers information), and D5 (compulsions and rituals). On these items, Black/African American and Asian children were usually more likely to …