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Assessing Media And Information Literacy: Scale Development And Measurement Among College Students, Erlis Cela, Alban Tufa, Melsena Danglli Apr 2025

Assessing Media And Information Literacy: Scale Development And Measurement Among College Students, Erlis Cela, Alban Tufa, Melsena Danglli

Journal of Media Literacy Education

Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is a topic discussed by many authors in recent years. Several authors have developed measurement scales and validated them mainly among students and teachers who have media and information literacy knowledge. Although no evidence is tracked for any research conducted, MIL has been an unexplored field in the Western Balkans region. This article delves into developing and testing a scale for measuring the level of Media and Information Literacy among students in Albania. Firstly, it employs an exploratory qualitative approach, with the use of focus groups, the results of which contributed to the design of …


Cognitive Diagnosis Of Media And Digital Literacy Knowledge Schema In Mexican High School Students, Janneth Trejo-Quintana, Guadalupe E. Morales-Martinez, Betsabe Hernandez-Alvarez Apr 2025

Cognitive Diagnosis Of Media And Digital Literacy Knowledge Schema In Mexican High School Students, Janneth Trejo-Quintana, Guadalupe E. Morales-Martinez, Betsabe Hernandez-Alvarez

Journal of Media Literacy Education

This research explored the mental representation of media and digital literacy (MDL) in 242 Mexican high school students through a definitional task based on the natural semantic networks technique. The participants defined ten target concepts related to MDL, using verbs, nouns, and adjectives as definers, and then they rated each definer with a scale from 1 to 10. The smaller the number, the lower the quality of the definer to conceptualize the target, while the higher the rating, the higher the quality of the definer to define it. The participants showed a beginner level in MDL despite their daily navigation …


Student Senate Meeting Minutes April 21, 2025, Student Senate-Winona State University Apr 2025

Student Senate Meeting Minutes April 21, 2025, Student Senate-Winona State University

Student Senate Meeting Minutes

This document is the official Winona State University Student Senate Minutes for April 21, 2025.


Students In Healthcare Professions: Their Knowledge Of Speech-Language Pathology, Savannah Hicks Apr 2025

Students In Healthcare Professions: Their Knowledge Of Speech-Language Pathology, Savannah Hicks

Student Theses and Dissertations

This research provides insight into interprofessional collaboration between healthcare students and advocates for speech-language pathology (SLP) by highlighting the necessity to increase the awareness of SLPs’ responsibilities and interprofessional education across all disciplines throughout college education. Specifically, healthcare professionals need to have a complete understanding of what type of care patients are receiving or who they may need to be referred to. In this research study, healthcare students completed a survey to determine their knowledge of speech-language pathology and the amount of collaboration with SLPs. The qualitative results were analyzed with coding, which created a thematic analysis. The results revealed …


Week Of April 21, 2025, Student Life Apr 2025

Week Of April 21, 2025, Student Life

College, School and Department Newsletters, Magazines, and Journals

Your weekly hub for events, resources and updates.


Using Exercise To Counteract The Effects Of Social Media, Brandy Whitford, Pelo Zinyana, Patrick J. Cooper Apr 2025

Using Exercise To Counteract The Effects Of Social Media, Brandy Whitford, Pelo Zinyana, Patrick J. Cooper

Student Publications and Presentations

Over 90% of young adults use social media, and excessive use correlates with lower self-esteem, while exercise enhances it (McAuley et al., 1997; Twenge et al., 2018). This study examines how social media use and exercise influence self-esteem. We hypothesized that social media use would negatively predict self-esteem while exercise would have a positive association. Participants (N = 583; 395 females; M age = 24.87, SD = 11.08) completed demographic surveys, time-use assessments, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. We measured social media use by summing daily minutes across platforms and recorded exercise frequency as weekly days of 15+ minutes of …


Bisphenol A Effects On Stress Behaviors, Alexis Galindez, Kevin Sosa, Emily Pintilie, Cassandra S. Korte Apr 2025

Bisphenol A Effects On Stress Behaviors, Alexis Galindez, Kevin Sosa, Emily Pintilie, Cassandra S. Korte

Student Publications and Presentations

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used polycarbonate plastic found in everyday items like water bottles, food containers, and children's toys, and is known to act as an endocrine disruptor. Due to its presence in consumer goods, human exposure to BPA is common, raising concerns about its impact on reproductive and neurological health. We aim to investigate whether BPA affects aquatic flatworms' neurological behaviors, specifically Girardia dorotocephala's phototaxis behavior to light. Using this model, we exposed planaria to varying BPA concentrations of 0.125 ppm through 2 ppm. The aim is to determine the lethal dose of BPA and assess its …


Motives Matter: Exploring Psychological Predictors Of Student Drinking Behavior, Emily Kemp, Melissa Lehman, Patrick J. Cooper Apr 2025

Motives Matter: Exploring Psychological Predictors Of Student Drinking Behavior, Emily Kemp, Melissa Lehman, Patrick J. Cooper

Student Publications and Presentations

Alcohol use among college students remains a critical area of research, particularly regarding its implications for mental health. Prior studies have established connections between alcohol dependence and mental health disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), with evidence suggesting that these issues often begin early, around age 14 (Schneier et al., 2010). Specific student populations, including student-athletes and members of Greek-letter organizations, may be at increased risk for alcohol-related problems (Turrisi et al., 2006). Building on this knowledge, this study examines whether resilience—an individual’s capacity to adapt to and recover from stressful situations—moderates the relationship …


Perceptions Of Employability With Ai Skills, Brandy Whitford, Patrick J. Cooper Apr 2025

Perceptions Of Employability With Ai Skills, Brandy Whitford, Patrick J. Cooper

Student Publications and Presentations

Artificial intelligence (AI) is making AI proficiency a key factor in hiring and career advancement. By late 2023, 75% of knowledge workers integrated AI into their workflows, with 92% reporting increased productivity and creativity (Kimbrough, 2024). Employers are adapting—66% prefer candidates with AI expertise, and 77% consider AI skills essential for career growth (Microsoft & LinkedIn, 2024). However, hiring biases related to AI-skilled applicants remain underexplored, particularly concerning gender disparities in employability perceptions. This study examines how AI-related skills influence perceived employability and whether these perceptions vary based on applicant gender. Specifically, it explores whether AI-skilled female applicants receive higher …


Educational Disparities And Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Insights From The Framingham Study, Tashoy Campbell, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani Apr 2025

Educational Disparities And Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Insights From The Framingham Study, Tashoy Campbell, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani

Student Publications and Presentations

Education influences decisions that impact the overall well-being, including cardiovascular health. However, the extent to which educational disparities affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains insufficiently explored. This study re-analyzed sample data (n=11,626) from the Framingham Study, a landmark epidemiological cohort initiated in 1948 that has provided extensive longitudinal data on cardiovascular health. A sizable proportion of participants reported low educational attainment (~30% with 0–11 years of schooling), with men slightly more likely than women to have lower education levels. Hypertension was the most prevalent CVD condition (~70%), followed by coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Logistic regression analyses revealed that …


Systematic Abuse In Women’S Soccer: A Comprehensive Analysis And Call For Reform, Emma Steinweiss, Arantza Espinosa Valencia, Sherry Andre Apr 2025

Systematic Abuse In Women’S Soccer: A Comprehensive Analysis And Call For Reform, Emma Steinweiss, Arantza Espinosa Valencia, Sherry Andre

Student Publications and Presentations

This poster presentation examines the systemic abuse in women’s soccer, a crisis that persists despite growing awareness. Through an analysis of the Sally Q. Yates Report (2022) and multiple case studies, we assess patterns of misconduct, failures of governing bodies, and the institutional responses that have enabled abuse. Notable cases include Jennifer Hermoso’s non-consensual kiss by Luis Rubiales (AP News, 2024) and sexual misconduct allegations against Bruce Mwape (McElroy, 2024). The careers of Rory Dames and Paul Riley exemplify how abusive coaches were repeatedly protected despite years of documented complaints (U.S. Soccer Federation, 2022). Additionally, the abusive coaching tactics of …


Academic Entitlement Is Associated With Lower Self-Efficacy And More Course Withdrawals, Alessia Zedde, Patrick J. Cooper Apr 2025

Academic Entitlement Is Associated With Lower Self-Efficacy And More Course Withdrawals, Alessia Zedde, Patrick J. Cooper

Student Publications and Presentations

Academic entitlement is characterized by students' belief that they deserve favorable treatment in academic settings, often without regard to their effort or engagement. This entitlement often manifests in two ways: Externalizing Responsibility (ER), where students deflect accountability for their academic success onto others, and Entitled Expectations (EE), where students expect special accommodations from instructors. This study explores two psychological constructs, ER and EE, and the association with college students' academic outcomes. A sample of 251 college students completed the academic entitlement scale (AES), which included 15-items examining ER (10-items) and EE (five-items). Three academic outcomes were measured: (1) course failures …


Comparative Analysis Of Human And Drosophila Melanogaster Circadian Rhythms Using Dam Software, Maria Eduarda Couto Dourado, Alessia Zedde, Melissa Lehman, Kimberly D. Rowland Apr 2025

Comparative Analysis Of Human And Drosophila Melanogaster Circadian Rhythms Using Dam Software, Maria Eduarda Couto Dourado, Alessia Zedde, Melissa Lehman, Kimberly D. Rowland

Student Publications and Presentations

This study aims to analyze human sleep patterns and compare them to Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) circadian rhythms using Drosophila Activity Monitoring (DAM) software. The primary objective is to determine the similarities between human and Drosophila sleep-wake cycles under controlled conditions. Human subject data will be collected through an anonymous survey assessing sleep duration, bedtime, wake-up time, mood variations, and lifestyle factors such as work schedule and caffeine intake. The collected data will be processed using DAM software to analyze human sleep-wake cycle patterns. To compare circadian rhythms, human-derived sleep patterns will be integrated into the DAM system to regulate …


Apolipoprotein Ε2 Potential Protection Against Long Term Consequence Of Traumatic Brain Injury: Thesis Proposal, Rebecca Mesidort, Kimberly D. Rowland Apr 2025

Apolipoprotein Ε2 Potential Protection Against Long Term Consequence Of Traumatic Brain Injury: Thesis Proposal, Rebecca Mesidort, Kimberly D. Rowland

Student Publications and Presentations

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the highest causes of death in the United States to date, while also posing long-term neurological effects. Research has shown that the APOE ε2 gene is a protective gene against some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer’s (Shinohara, M., 2020). This study will investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of Apolipoprotein ε2 (APOE2) as a genetic approach to a possible resilience to TBI, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Utilizing transgenic flies, expressing APOE ε2 with another fly with the UAS-CNS line, allows for a progeny line with APOE ε2 in their …


Hidden Risks: Quantifying Sources Of Phthalate Exposure From Cleansers, Vivika Arocho, Tanya Pach, Erika L. Doctor Apr 2025

Hidden Risks: Quantifying Sources Of Phthalate Exposure From Cleansers, Vivika Arocho, Tanya Pach, Erika L. Doctor

Student Publications and Presentations

To what extent does using skincare products contribute to human exposure to phthalates? Phthalates are commonly used in personal care products as fragrance stabilizers but have been linked to endocrine disruption and other health concerns. These compounds can also leach from the plastic containers into the products inside. With increased consumer awareness, it is vital to investigate the presence of phthalates in everyday consumer products, such as cleansers, which are used in daily hygiene routines. This study determines whether phthalates are present in multiple brands of cleanser products and compares their levels across different formulations. Liquid-liquid extraction followed by high-pressure …


Colorimetric Assay For Detecting Forever Chemicals, Sara Miller, Erika L. Doctor Apr 2025

Colorimetric Assay For Detecting Forever Chemicals, Sara Miller, Erika L. Doctor

Student Publications and Presentations

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals added to products like paper cups and teflon pans to make them water-resistant and durable. Exposure to PFAS have been a growing concern for the health of humans because of the migration of PFAS into foods we consume. PFAS have been linked to various health issues such as cancer, immunotoxicity, and thyroid disturbances. This research project examines a colorimetric assay for detection of PFAS in aqueous samples. Looking at the three most common PFAS, it will be determined if different concentration levels of the three PFAS affect data results. We performed the …


Barriers To Dental Care Access In Minority Communities, Sebastian Leslie, Daniel Ceccoli Apr 2025

Barriers To Dental Care Access In Minority Communities, Sebastian Leslie, Daniel Ceccoli

Student Publications and Presentations

This poster presentation examines the persistent oral health disparities affecting African American children in the United States. Drawing from four key sources, including CDC reports and cohort studies, the paper analyzes the prevalence of these disparities, explores contributing factors, and discusses strategies for addressing this public health issue. Findings indicate that African American children consistently experience higher rates of untreated dental caries and tooth decay compared to their white counterparts, with disparities persisting across different age groups. The research identifies structural, sociocultural, and familial factors contributing to these disparities and emphasizes the significant role of social determinants of health. Proposed …


Planarian Exposure To The Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), Emily Pintilie, Alexis Galindez, Cassandra S. Korte Apr 2025

Planarian Exposure To The Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), Emily Pintilie, Alexis Galindez, Cassandra S. Korte

Student Publications and Presentations

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used agricultural pesticide, primarily on crops such as corn, soybean, and wheat; in recent years, its global usage has increased. Exposure to this pesticide has been linked to adverse effects, including reproductive disorders, genetic alterations, carcinogenic effects, and endocrine disruption. Planarians, aquatic flatworms with simple anatomy, are often used in toxicological studies due to their sensitivity to various stimuli, including chemicals, and their ability to exhibit reproducible behaviors in response to exposure. This study investigates the effects of 2,4-D exposure on planarians at concentrations of 0, 25, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 100 mg/L …


Assessing The Feasibility Of Investigating Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Re-Analysis Using The Framingham Study, Théo Desroches, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani Apr 2025

Assessing The Feasibility Of Investigating Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Re-Analysis Using The Framingham Study, Théo Desroches, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani

Student Publications and Presentations

The Framingham Heart Study is one of the most comprehensive studies of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This project evaluates the feasibility of investigating key cardiovascular risk factors using a sample of the data from the Framingham Study, assessing relationships between blood pressure, smoking, gender, and myocardial infarction risk. After familiarizing ourselves with the dataset, we developed research questions to challenge and analyzed sample data (n=11,626) from the Framingham Study. Relationships between systolic (SYSBP) and diastolic (DIABP) blood pressure, smoking, gender-based hypertension predisposition, and myocardial infarction risk were evaluated using correlation and chi-square analyses. A significant correlation was found between …


Sustainability In Aviation, Nicholas Cruz, Jennifer A. Torres Apr 2025

Sustainability In Aviation, Nicholas Cruz, Jennifer A. Torres

Student Publications and Presentations

Sustainable Aviation Fuel, often referred to as SAF, is precisely what it means. There have been increasingly more conversations regarding SAF and its benefits for the aviation industry. The aviation industry is known to be one of the most significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions (World Wildlife Fund, n.d.). One research shows that global aviation emissions in 2023 alone added up to 820 million metric tons of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere (Tiseo, 2024a). Numerous airlines have already set goals for switching to SAF, as seen with United’s Flight Fund and Virgin Atlantic Airways’ Flight 100 (United, 2023b) (Virgin …


The Repercussions Of Recent Airline Accidents & Incidents On The Boeing Company, Tianna Commock Apr 2025

The Repercussions Of Recent Airline Accidents & Incidents On The Boeing Company, Tianna Commock

Student Publications and Presentations

The Boeing Company, United States-based and the world’s largest aerospace company and leading manufacturer, serves commercial jetliners, as well as defense, space, and security systems companies. However, in recent years, the company has faced scrutiny regarding its safety culture, stemming from numerous crashes involving their Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. This research will analyze crashes like the fatal Lion Air Flight 610, which crashed into the Java Sea, killing all 189 passengers and crew on October 29, 2018, and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, which crashed near Ejere, Ethiopia, killing all 157 on board on March 10, 2019. The legal actions of …


Impact Of Crowdstrike Outage On Delta Airlines, Mahiba Nasir Apr 2025

Impact Of Crowdstrike Outage On Delta Airlines, Mahiba Nasir

Student Publications and Presentations

CrowdStrike outage in July 2024 had negatively affected the operations of the airline industry; however, Delta Airlines' heavy reliance on third parties, which is also highlighted as a threat in their SWOT analysis, caused them to struggle to resume their operations (Delta Air Lines INC, 2023). To conduct my research on the financial fallout of Delta due to the outage, I looked at the existing financial reports of Q3 and compared it to Q2. I noticed they did not meet their expectations as their revenue declined by 2% from the previous quarter. The cause of this loss was proved by …


Big Five Personality Traits And Emotional Eating In Young Adults, Madisyn Mae Andrade, Patrick J. Cooper Apr 2025

Big Five Personality Traits And Emotional Eating In Young Adults, Madisyn Mae Andrade, Patrick J. Cooper

Student Publications and Presentations

Emotional eating (EE) refers to consuming food in response to emotionally provoking triggers rather than physical hunger (Tinmazoglu & Guvender-Doksat, 2020). Often acting as a learned coping mechanism, EE is associated with emotions like anxiety, depression, anger, or stress. This behavior can lead to overeating or undereating depending on the individual's emotional response and coping style, posing risks for obesity, eating disorders, and nutritional imbalances (Tinmazoglu & Guvender-Doksat, 2020). Psychological factors affect susceptibility to EE, with research indicating that personality traits interact with biological, environmental, and social influences to heighten vulnerability to disordered eating behaviors (Brown et al., 2020). This …


Circadian Rhythm Analysis In Drosophila Melanogaster With Neurodegenerative Risk Factor, Elijah Oran, Kimberly D. Rowland Apr 2025

Circadian Rhythm Analysis In Drosophila Melanogaster With Neurodegenerative Risk Factor, Elijah Oran, Kimberly D. Rowland

Student Publications and Presentations

A circadian rhythm is an organism’s natural clock regulating sleep-wake cycles. (Poe et al., 2023) Drosophila are useful for genetic and behavioral research because they have many homologous brain development genes. One of these homologous genes, the APOE-4 gene, is associated with dementia and poor recovery from brain injury in humans. (Study Reveals How APOE4 Gene May Increase Risk for Dementia, 2021) Here, we use fly genetics expression system and the Drosophila Activity Monitor (DAM) to look at sleep-wake cycles to understand whether they are affected by extra APOE-4. Previous research suggests they will have a modified circadian rhythm when …


Do Different Brands Of Environmentally Friendly Paints Affect Forensic Paint Analysis?, Hailee Leach, Emily Pintilie, Alanna L. Lecher, Erika L. Doctor Apr 2025

Do Different Brands Of Environmentally Friendly Paints Affect Forensic Paint Analysis?, Hailee Leach, Emily Pintilie, Alanna L. Lecher, Erika L. Doctor

Student Publications and Presentations

Paint chip analysis is an essential part of forensic trace evidence in many cases. Standard paint chip analysis is performed via attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This process allows an examiner to identify the chemical fingerprint that may be unique to the paint and identify the components used to manufacture the paint, including the binders. This study is a continuation of a previous study to determine if environmentally friendly paints present new problems in forensic sciences. Some environmentally friendly paints function as an absorber of volatile organic compounds, including ECOS and Sherwin Williams. In the previous study, ECOS paints …


The Impact Of Variable Decibel Level Noise Exposure On Drosophila Melanogaster, Angelina Pologeorgis, Simona Tollis, Elijah Oran, Madeline Barlow, Daniel Ceccoli, Kimberly D. Rowland Apr 2025

The Impact Of Variable Decibel Level Noise Exposure On Drosophila Melanogaster, Angelina Pologeorgis, Simona Tollis, Elijah Oran, Madeline Barlow, Daniel Ceccoli, Kimberly D. Rowland

Student Publications and Presentations

Environmental noise pollution has been associated with adverse health effects in various organisms, yet its impact on small invertebrates remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of chronic noise exposure on Drosophila melanogaster by subjecting an experimental group to noise levels ranging from 70 dB to 100 dB, while a control group remains unexposed. Key parameters to be assessed include viability, reproductive success, and activity levels, with the hypothesis that chronic noise exposure will lead to increased mortality rates, decreased reproductive output, and reduced activity compared to the control group. Both groups are housed in identical incubators with controlled temperature …


Trust In Scientists, Climate Policy, And Government Skepticism: A Global Re-Analysis, Lily Day Drons, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani Apr 2025

Trust In Scientists, Climate Policy, And Government Skepticism: A Global Re-Analysis, Lily Day Drons, Félix E. Rivera-Mariani

Student Publications and Presentations

Despite overwhelming scientific evidence on climate change, skepticism persists, influencing public resistance to policies and governmental inaction. This study analyzes survey data (doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04100-7) from 68 countries to explore public trust in scientists, sources of science information, emotional responses to climate change, and policy support. Findings indicate that while the public generally trusts scientists’ expertise and intelligence, concerns remain about their transparency and ethics. Trust in scientists is 23% higher than distrust and positively correlates with climate policy support (r = 0.30), whereas political conservatism is linked to lower trust (β = -0.0258, p < 0.001). Science communication plays a key role—TV/radio and news websites/apps are the most trusted sources, followed by social media. Regression analysis shows TV/radio increases trust by ~4%, while news websites/apps increase trust by 3.7%. Social media has a weaker effect (β = 0.00005, p > 0.05). Emotionally, anxiety and helplessness are felt …


Cell Lysis Optimization To Measure Catalase Activity, Victoria Hendricks, Erika L. Doctor, Cassandra S. Korte Apr 2025

Cell Lysis Optimization To Measure Catalase Activity, Victoria Hendricks, Erika L. Doctor, Cassandra S. Korte

Student Publications and Presentations

Catalase is an enzyme that is found in almost all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen. The purpose of catalase is to break down hydrogen peroxide into its two components, water and oxygen. This process serves a vital role to protect cells from oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. Catalase is found among many organisms, including bacteria. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a type of bacteria that is naturally found among the human digestive system where it aids in digestion and vitamin production. This study is focused on optimizing cell lysis for E. coli for catalase retrieval. Different methods …


Probiotic Promise Verses Reality: A Quantitative Analysis, Gabby Ramos Yarala, Cassandra S. Korte Apr 2025

Probiotic Promise Verses Reality: A Quantitative Analysis, Gabby Ramos Yarala, Cassandra S. Korte

Student Publications and Presentations

Understanding gut health isn't just about digestion, it's the key to unlocking mental clarity, immune efficiency, and long-term wellness. The gut microbiome consists of bacteria located in the gut. These bacteria assist with digestion, destroying harmful bacteria, and managing the immune system. Probiotics are live microorganisms found in food and drinks. Mainstream highly promoted probiotic products such as kombucha, drinkable probiotic yogurt, and apple cider vinegar were tested to determine which popular products would have the highest bacteria count. To measure these counts, a serial dilution method was used. The results suggest that drinkable probiotic yogurt had the highest probiotic …


Antibiotic Resistance In Yogurt Bacteria, Kevin Sosa, Rafaela Oda, Max Werner, Cassandra S. Korte Apr 2025

Antibiotic Resistance In Yogurt Bacteria, Kevin Sosa, Rafaela Oda, Max Werner, Cassandra S. Korte

Student Publications and Presentations

Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit gut health in their host. Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria becoming tolerant to antibiotic treatments. As the antibiotics are now useless, this resistance can cause difficulties in the treatment of bacterial infections. This study investigated the difference in antibiotic resistance in bacteria found in a probiotic yogurt vs. greek yogurt by testing the effectiveness of five antibiotics: penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. We are investigating the research question: Is there a significant difference in antibiotic resistance in bacteria from probiotic plain whole milk yogurt vs. non-probiotic greek yogurt? Using sterile …