Digital Commons Network^™

Covid-19: Postmortem Diagnostic And Biosafety Considerations, J Matthew Lacy, Erin G. Brooks, Joshua Akers, Danielle Armstrong, Lauren Decker, Adam Gonzalez, William Humphrey, Romana Mayer, Matthew Miller, Catherine Perez, Jose Antonio Ruiz Arango, Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran, Wendy Stroh, Suzanne Utley

Pathology Research and Scholarship

As a result of the 2019 novel human coronavirus (COVID-19) global spread, medical examiner/coroner offices will inevitably encounter increased numbers of COVID-19-infected decedents at autopsy. While in some cases a history of fever and/or respiratory distress (eg, cough or shortness of breath) may suggest the diagnosis, epidemiologic studies indicate that the majority of individuals infected with COVID-19 develop mild to no symptoms. Those dying with-but not of-COVID-19 may still be infectious, however. While multiple guidelines have been issued regarding autopsy protocol in cases of suspected COVID-19 deaths, there is some variability in the recommendations. Additionally, limited recommendations to date have …

Letter: Thrombotic Neurovascular Disease In Covid-19 Patients., Ahmad Sweid, Batoul Hammoud, Joshua H. Weinberg, Mazen Oneissi, Eytan Raz, Maksim Shapiro, Maureen Deprince, Stavropoula Tjoumakaris, Michael R. Gooch, Nabeel A. Herial, Hekmat Zarzour, Victor Romo, Robert Rosenwasswer, Pascal Jabbour

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

Although the respiratory system is the primary target of the coronavirus, studies have demonstrated a strong tropism to the central nervous system (CNS).^1,2 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This receptor is also found in the CNS and plays a crucial role in autoregulating cerebral perfusion pressure.^3,4 Additionally, epidemiological data demonstrated increased mortality due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during flu pandemics due to a hypercoagulable state.^5,6 The triad of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2, induction of hypercoagulable state,^{5-9 …}

Covid-19: The Culprit, The People And Lessons Learned, Kayihura Manigaba, Mukundwa K. Gael

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

COVID-19 has had a palpable impact on everyone from losing jobs to losing loved ones. It has altered our social dynamics and disturbed the world economy. We should all learn something from this challenging time. This article elaborates on three lessons learned by two brothers who grew up in Rwanda right after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, where more than one million people died in 100 days. One, Dr. Kayihura Manigaba, is currently responding to the COVID-19 pandemic as a clinical pharmacy manager and as an infectious diseases pharmacy specialist at a hospital in Florida, U.S, and the other, …

Epigenetic Diet To Modulate Immune Response Against Sars-Cov-2, Andika Andika, Risa Ahdyani, Linda Erlina, Azminah Azminah, Arry Yanuar

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread to various parts of the world and caused many deaths. The victims are infected by SARS-CoV-2, a new type of coronavirus that has appeared since December 2019 and caused respiratory symptoms, fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. In addition to social distancing, wearing masks and washing hands, diet is important as a defense of the body against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, researchers conducted epigenetic diet studies that could potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2, and can be consumed and used on a daily basis.

Understanding Covid-19: From Origin To Potential Therapeutics, Muhammad Moazzam, Muhammad Imran Sajid, Hamza Shahid, Jahanzaib Butt, Irfan Bashir, Muhammad Jamshaid, Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi, Rakesh Kumar Tiwari

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to …

Evaluation Of The Humoral Immune Response As A Potential Indicator Of Disease Severity For Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19, Spencer Sterling

Capstone Experience: Master of Public Health

Members of the family Coronaviridae, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1and HCoV-OC43), are highly communicable respiratory viruses; SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS can cause severe disease, while seasonal human coronaviruses present with mild to moderate illness. Coronavirus envelope spike (S) glycoproteins are involved in receptor binding and cell fusion, and are the primary target for a neutralizing humoral response. The S protein is comprised of the S₁ and S₂ subunits; the S₁ subunit contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S_{2 …}

Prospects For Rnai Therapy Of Covid-19, Hasan Uludağ, Kylie Parent, Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi, Azita Haddadi

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a fast emerging disease with deadly consequences. The pulmonary system and lungs in particular are most prone to damage caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, which leaves a destructive footprint in the lung tissue, making it incapable of conducting its respiratory functions and resulting in severe acute respiratory disease and loss of life. There were no drug treatments or vaccines approved for SARS-CoV-2 at the onset of pandemic, necessitating an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics. To this end, the innate RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism can be employed to develop front line therapies against …

Is Sars-Cov-2 A Neurotropic Virus And A Potential Facilitator Of Cns Infection For Other Pathogens?, Jose Bordon

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.

Sars-Cov-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals A Variable Infection Gradient In The Respiratory Tract, Yixuan J. Hou, Kenichi Okuda, Caitlin E. Edwards, David R. Martinez, Takanori Asakura, Kenneth H. Dinnon, Takafumi Kato, Rhianna E. Lee, Boyd L. Yount, Teresa M. Mascenik, Gang Chen, Kenneth N. Olivier, Andrew Ghio, Longping V. Tse, Sarah R. Leist, Lisa E. Gralinski, Alexandra Schäfer, Hong Dang, Rodney Gilmore, Satoko Nakano, Ling Sun, M Leslie Fulcher, Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico, Nathan I. Nicely, Mark Cameron, Cheryl Cameron, David J. Kelvin, Aravinda De Silva, David M. Margolis, Alena Markmann, Luther Bartelt, Ross Zumwalt, Fernando J. Martinez, Steven P. Salvatore, Alain Borczuk, Purushothama R. Tata, Vishwaraj Sontake, Adam Kimple, Ilona Jaspers, Wanda K. O'Neal, Scott H. Randell, Richard C. Boucher, Ralph S. Baric

Pathology Research and Scholarship

The mode of acquisition and causes for the variable clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. We utilized a reverse genetics system to generate a GFP reporter virus to explore severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis and a luciferase reporter virus to demonstrate sera collected from SARS and COVID-19 patients exhibited limited cross-CoV neutralization. High-sensitivity RNA in situ mapping revealed the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the nose with decreasing expression throughout the lower respiratory tract, paralleled by a striking gradient of SARS-CoV-2 infection in proximal (high) versus distal (low) pulmonary epithelial cultures. COVID-19 …

Covid-19 Surveillance Testing Of Healthcare Personnel Drives Universal Masking Practice, Paul S. Schulz, Ashley M. Wilde, Steve T. Hester, Jim Frazier, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Health care professionals (HCP) are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection due to the unpredictable clinical presentation of COVID-19 disease, limited SARS-CoV-2 testing, personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages, and the inherent inability to distance from patients. Infected HCP may infect others, including coworkers, leading to a simultaneous increase in the number of infections and decrease in the availability of HCP in a community. Due to PPE shortages, many healthcare systems have faced difficult decisions regarding utilization of PPE to protect HCP, patients, and the communities they serve. We describe Norton Healthcare’s success utilizing surveillance COVID-19 testing of HCP to inform …

Why Every Hospital Needs A Covid-19 Clinical Case Review Team, Ashley M. Wilde, Paul Schulz, Brian C. Bohn, Sarah E. Moore, Matthew Song, Clayton J. Patross, Bryan Denham, Jim Frazier, Steve T. Hester, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

A hospital’s response to a global pandemic requires a coordinated effort to provide consistent guidance as information rapidly changes. In the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, diagnosis and subsequent containment was challenging due to unfamiliarity with disease presentation, unknown reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction sensitivity, and inconsistent access to testing supplies. A centralized COVID-19 clinical case review team can provide guidance on test interpretation, isolation, resource coordination and more.

Convalescent Plasma Therapy In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Patients: A Brief Review, Muhammad Arif Khan, Ikram Ullah

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a re-evaluation of the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy (CPT). This review was carried out to assess the usefulness of CPT in critically ill COVID-19 patients based on the published data to date. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second review of the usefulness of CPT in COVID-19 patients. PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Embase databases were searched for relevant reports up to June 21, 2020. Records of published data were analyzed according to eligibility criteria. Five different studies on CPT for critically ill COVID-19 patients were included …

The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities And Threats (Swot) Analysis Of The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Of Covid-19, Michael Oluyemi Babalola Ph.D

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is the etiologic agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly contagious, emergent, acute, viral pneumonia that emanated sporadically in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 became a pandemic in February 2020, leading to 4,942,687 confirmed cases and over 321,987 deaths and grounding several economies around the world as of May 2020. Although global researchers, epidemiologists, virologists, and medical professionals rose steadily to contain the disease, in-depth knowledge of the virus and concerted efforts to combat it are still evolving. This research sought to elucidate the biological Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to SARS-CoV-2, with a view to …

Cardiac Surgery During The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Perioperative Considerations And Triage Recommendations, Vivek Patel, Ernesto Jimenez, Lorraine Cornwell, Trung Tran, David Paniagua, Ali E Denktas, Andrew Chou, Samuel J Hankins, Biykem Bozkurt, Todd K Rosengart, Hani Jneid

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, represents the third human affliction attributed to the highly pathogenic coronavirus in the current century. Because of its highly contagious nature and unprecedented global spread, its aggressive clinical presentation, and the lack of effective treatment, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection is causing the loss of thousands of lives and imparting unparalleled strain on healthcare systems around the world. In the current report, we discuss perioperative considerations for patients undergoing cardiac surgery and provide clinicians with recommendations to effectively triage and plan these procedures during the coronavirus disease …

False-Negative Sars-Cov-2 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (Rt-Pcr) Is An Important Consideration For Patient Management And Infection Prevention: A Case Report From The Louisville Covid-19 Epidemiology Study, Matthew Song Pharmd, Bcidp, Ashley M. Wilde, Sarah E. Moore Pharmd, Brian C. Bohn Pharmd, Clayton J. Patross, Bryan Denham, Paul Schulz, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

We report a case of false-negative SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on a nasopharyngeal swab. Treating clinicians and infection preventionists should maintain a high suspicion for COVID-19 in the appropriate clinical setting despite negative test results. Utilization of chest computed tomography (CT) should be strongly considered in the diagnostic work-up for suspected COVID-19, particularly in areas with limited RT-PCR availability.

Adapting A Teaching Hospital To A Covid Environment

Jefferson Surgical Solutions

The last ten days have been unlike any other we have known. People throughout the world are acting to slow the spread of a dangerous virus that threatens to strain the capacity of our hospitals and our caregivers; and its effects have already deeply impacted normal day to day life. I ask for your support and forbearance during this difficult time.

Charles J. Yeo, MD, FACS, Enterprise Chair of Surgery, shared those words in a letter to the Department of Surgery on March 19, 2020. In the days and weeks following, the Department came together to meet the unprecedented challenges …

Convalescent Plasma In Covid-19, Ranjit S. Banwait, Joshua K. Salabei, Troy J. Fishman, Uma G. Iyer

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

The recent pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, which causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has had devastating impact on a global and national scale. In order to overcome this outbreak it is imperative we find treatments that are safe and effective. To date, no definitive treatment is available that can curtail the spread of this viral syndrome. Convalescent plasma (CP) is one such option that has repeatedly served as an important tool in treatment of various bacterial and viral infections, especially in the setting of no specific antimicrobial or vaccination against an infectious disease. Herein, we review the history of CP, prior …

A Comparison Efficacy Study Of Commercial Nasopharyngeal Swabs Versus A Novel 3d Printed Swab For The Detection Of Sars-Cov-2, Forest W. Arnold, Gerald Grant, Phillip F. Bressoud, Stephen P. Furmanek, Donghoon Chung, Nadine Sbaih, Dipan Karmali, Meredith Cahill, George Pantalos

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Introduction: The large volume of diagnostic tests required by the response to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a shortage of commercial nasopharyngeal swabs. In an effort to alleviate the shortage, swabs created by 3D printing may be a solution.

Methods: We designed and produced 3D printed swabs and sought to compare their ability to detect SARS-CoV-2 in patients admitted for COVID-19 or who were suspected of having COVID-19.

Results: A total of 30 patients were swabbed with a commercial and a 3D printed swab. Results matched in 27 of 30 patients (90%). Two patients were discordant with a positive commercial …

Calculating Life And Death In A Time Of Covid, Larry Hirschhorn, Phd

School of Continuing and Professional Studies Coronavirus Papers

The current pandemic makes us feel helpless. We can respond to its predation pragmatically but its silent march through the population promotes dread. Our helplessness undermines our belief in our culture as the source of our self-esteem and felt significance. One response to our experience of helplessness is the omnipotent stance, the idea that we can master the virus, stop it in its tracks, command one another to comply with injunctions and wreak a path of destruction by devastating the economy. Omnipotence promotes magical thinking. In the service of defeating death, we ignore actual suffering; deaths of despair and deaths …

2020-06-29/30 Daily Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing, Christophe G. Lambert, Shawn Stoicu, Ingrid Hendrix, Lori D. Sloane, Mari Anixter, Anastasiya Nestsiarovich, Praveen Kumar, Nicolas Lauve, Morgan Edwards-Fligner, Melissa Cossé, Alexendra Yingling, Cristian Bologa, Kristine Tollestrup, Douglas J. Perkins

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

Executive Summary:

NM Highlights: NM cases update. ABQ nursing home hit hard. UNM student family housing closure. White Sands National Park reopening. 52% of federal COVID-19 relief money for tribal communities. Bill signed to help NM taxpayers. US Highlights: Polarization of political elite response on Twitter. International Highlights: China’s military to use Ad5-nCoV vaccine in trials. Economics, Workforce, Supply Chain, PPE: Decontaminate N95 respirators using a microwave. Epidemiology Highlights: Mask-wearing prevents transmission. Face-masks associated with Italy’s declining epidemic. Healthcare Policy Recommendations: Social distancing reassessed? Lessons learned from previous pandemics. Digital tools against COVID-19. Investigating cultural and psychological factors to reduce …

Unm Global Health Covid-19 Therapeutic Evidence, Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing Team

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

No abstract provided.

Unm Global Health Covid-19 Practice Guidelines, Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing Team

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

No abstract provided.

2020-06-22/23 Daily Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing, Christophe G. Lambert, Shawn Stoicu, Ingrid Hendrix, Lori D. Sloane, Mari Anixter, Anastasiya Nestsiarovich, Praveen Kumar, Nicolas Lauve, Randy Ko, Jenny Situ, Alexendra Yingling, Tudor I. Oprea, Kristine Tollestrup, Orrin Myers, Douglas J. Perkins

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

Executive Summary:

NM Highlights: Balloon Fiesta postponed. Robot to sanitize ABQ International Sunport. NMSU plan for fall 2020. NM public schools reopening plan. Fewer hospitalizations for COVID-19. NM case update. US Highlights: Visa restrictions. International Highlights: Second wave in South Korea. Epidemiology: Lockdown can suppress COVID-19. Case fatality rate associated with incidence. Predictors of ICU care and ventilators. Anxiety and depression from COVID-19. Asymptomatic patients as source of infection. Heterogeneous populations affect herd immunity. Healthcare Policy Recommendations: New FDA guidance on clinical trials conduct. Practice Guidelines: The guidelines are provided on COVID-19 diagnostics (Infectious Diseases Society of America), respiratory support …

Intoxication With Endogenous Angiotensin Ii: A Covid-19 Hypothesis, Adonis Sfera, Carolina Osorio, Nyla Jafri, Eddie Lee Diaz, Jose Campo Maldonado

School of Medicine Publications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has spread rapidly around the globe. However, despite its high pathogenicity and transmissibility, the severity of the associated disease, COVID-19, varies widely. While the prognosis is favorable in most patients, critical illness, manifested by respiratory distress, thromboembolism, shock, and multi-organ failure, has been reported in about 5% of cases. Several studies have associated poor COVID-19 outcomes with the exhaustion of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells, lymphopenia, and elevated serum levels of D-dimer. In this article, we propose a common pathophysiological denominator for these negative prognostic markers, endogenous, angiotensin II toxicity. We hypothesize …

2020-06-15/16 Daily Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing, Christophe G. Lambert, Shawn Stoicu, Lori D. Sloane, Mari Anixter, Anastasiya Nestsiarovich, Praveen Kumar, Nicolas Lauve, Morgan Edwards=Fligner, Clinton Onyango, Cristian Bologa, Kristine Tollestrup, Douglas J. Perkins

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

Executive Summary:

NM Highlights: NM case updates. Tribal outreach campaign. Santa Fe firefighters support first responders. US Highlights: COVID-19 hospitalizations rise in Texas. US retail sales up in May. Projected COVID-19 deaths in US. International Highlights: COVID-19 prevention and control in Africa. COVID-19 response and challenge in Africa. Epidemiology Highlights: Herd immunity in Europe. Social distance measures effects. Modeling infections in India. Fecal analysis. Wastewater-based Epidemiology Consortium. Healthcare Policy Recommendations: Public health approach to lockdown debate. All of Us Program adds new COVID-19 initiatives. Practice Guidelines: Guidelines are reviewed on urology care. IBD endoscopy. Convalescent plasma use. Testing: Patient predictors …

2020-06-12/13/14 Daily Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing, Christophe G. Lambert, Shawn Stoicu, Ingrid Hendrix, Lori D. Sloane, Anastasiya Nestsiarovich, Praveen Kumar, Nicolas Lauve, Jenny Situ, Clinton Onyango, Perez Olewe, Cristian Bologa, Orrin Myers, Douglas J. Perkins

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

Executive Summary:

NM Highlights: NM case count. Increased road travel. ABQ ART to resume. Film industry to reopen. US Highlights: Policy advocacy to end mass Incarceration. International Highlights: COVID-19 cases in Italy. Temperature checks at Canada airports. Economics, Workforce, Supply Chain, PPE: Epidemiology Highlights: Mask stability. Supply operations management. Masks going to transport companies. Digital tools for awareness. Customers like clean stores. Epidemiology: Michigan hospitalization risk factors. Ranking the risks of reopening. Pandemic growth rate scaling. Outbreak detection and contract tracing. Worldwide mortality report. Screening pregnant women. Social learning model for pandemics. Healthcare Policy Recommendations: Re-opening of sports centers. Minimize …

2020-06-10/11 Daily Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing, Christophe G. Lambert, Shawn Stoicu, Lori D. Sloane, Mari Anixter, Anastasiya Nestsiarovich, Praveen Kumar, Nicolas Lauve, Natalie Adolphi, Morgan Edwards-Fligner, Melissa Cossé, Alexandra Yingling, Perez Olewe, Cristian Bologa, Kristine Tollestrup, Orrin Myers, Douglas J. Perkins

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

Executive Summary:

NM Highlights: Governer’s update on COVID-19 efforts. NM case count. Testing for food industry workers. Testing for lawmakers and staffers. Face coverings mandatory in Santa Fe. Lawmakers prepare to $2.4B budget hole. Learning loss due to lockdown. US Highlights: EPA orders unsafe products removed. Cases on the rise after roll back. Economics, Workforce, Supply Chain, PPE: Governments need more money. Study on masks. Hearing impaired masks. Fast spread in Africa. Kenya’s economic slowdown. Epidemiology Highlights: White House Task Force warns of spikes. Mortality risk factors. Higher mortality in cancer patients. UV-C disinfection of mobile phones. Practice Guidelines: Benefits …

2020-06-8/9 Daily Unm Global Health Covid-19 Briefing, Christophe G. Lambert, Shawn Stoicu, Ingrid Hendrix, Lori D. Sloane, Mari Anixter, Anastasiya Nestsiarovich, Praveen Kumar, Nicolas Lauve, Karen Armitage, Jenny Situ, Morgan Edwards-Fligner, Clinton Onyango, Perez Olewe, Cristian Bologa, Kristine Tollestrup, Douglas J. Perkins

HSC Covid 19 Briefings

Executive Summary:

NM Highlights: Governor’s interview. NM case count. Longer furlough for Santa Fe city employees. ABQ playgrounds reopening. Mask madness tournament. COVID-19 spending receipts. Zagster closes operations in ABQ. US Highlights: Shutdowns prevented deaths. Foster care delays. International Highlights: Scientist strike for anti-racism. New Zealand lifts lockdowns. Economics, Workforce, Supply Chain, PPE: WHO updates mask guidance. Software to manage PPE distribution. Centrifugation testing of masks. Sustain and preserve early career investigators. Epidemiology Highlights: WHO walks back statement on asymptomatic spread. Non-pharmaceutical interventions successful. Increased risk to intellectually and developmentally disabled. Epidemiologist risk tolerance surveyed. Healthcare Policy Recommendations: Public health …

Safe And Effective Disinfection Of Show Cave Infrastructure In A Time Of Covid-19, Hazel A. Barton

International Journal of Speleology

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has been responsible for over 650,000 deaths worldwide. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs primarily through airborne transmission or direct human contact, demonstrating the importance of social distancing measures and the use of face masks to prevent infection. Nonetheless, the persistence of coronavirus on surfaces means that disinfection is important to limit the possibility of contact transmission. In this paper, the potential for various surfaces in show caves to serve as sources for SARS-CoV-2 infection is examined. Given the isoelectric potential (pI) of SARS and SARS-like coronaviruses, it is likely that they are …

Healthcare Workers In The Time Of Covid, Julio A. Ramirez, Ruth Carrico

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

No abstract provided.